{"link":"https://cassiopaea.org/forum/threads/mass-extinctions-evolutionary-leaps-and-the-virus-information-connection.50332","id":50332,"title":"Mass Extinctions, Evolutionary Leaps, and the Virus-Information Connection\n","user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","date":"2021-03-29T17:24:53+0200","path":["Forums","Cassiopaean Sandbox","Books"],"tags":[],"poll":{"title":"","answers":[]},"posts":[{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":938795,"date":"2021-03-29T17:24:53+0200","text":"We're currently writing a book titled "Mass extinction, evolutionary leap and the virus-information connection". It is a kind of follow-up to "Earth changes and the human-cosmic connection", in the sense that:
1/ it zooms out from (current) Earth changes to cyclical mass extinction (and the subsequent evolutionary leaps)
2/ it zooms in the the human-cosmic connection to address the specifics of the link between viruses and the information Field.

In the following posts, I will share relevant parts of "Mass extinction, evolutionary leap and the virus-information connection". Of course, these parts are still work in progress and the discussions in this thread can help improving the content of the book.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":938814,"date":"2021-03-29T18:39:57+0200","text":"To give an idea of the structure of the book and its lines of force, here's the temporary table of content:

Introduction : 4

Part 1 : comets and mass extinction 13
Mass extinctions 14
Causes of mass extinction 16
The 27 million year cometary cycle 22
Other cometary induced mass extinctions 32

Part II : Life explosion 36
Saltarism vs Darwinism 37
Peculiar life forms around cometary impacts 39
The K/T boundary 43
The cambrian life explosion 45
Other life explosion 46
Beyond the mechanical action of cometary event 49

Part III: Viruses are the drivers of life 54
Anteriority of viruses 55
Pervasiveness of virus 57
Beneficial viruses 58

Part IV: Viruses and meteorites 62
Comet and plagues, an historical perspective 63
Meteorites carrying micro organism 65
Upper atmosphere microorganism 70
Electro Magnetic pulses 72

Part V: The information Field 77
Information theory & consciousness 78
The Field 84
Collective resonance 94

Part VI: Information field, viruses and protein 99
DNA as antennas 100
Proteins as tuners 102
DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field 106
Fractals 108
From geometric shape to electromagnetic signature 112
The interesting case of homeopathy 116

Part VII: 6th extinction and coronavirus 120
The ongoing 6th extinction 121
Authorities and Life 123
Authorities and Control 126
Dumbing Down the Population 128
The Mind-Altering Virus 130
Man-Made Viruses 131
Man-Made SARS-CoV-2 132
Engineered for What Purpose? 135
Fort Detrick And Viruses 137
Fort Detrick and Mind Control 140
Made in China or Made in the USA? 142
From an Obedience Vaccine to a Mutated Disobedience Virus? 146
Covid vaccine 152
Conclusion 157

As you can see, Part I et II deal with mass extinctions and the subsequent evolutionary leaps. It shows that cometary events are the main cause of mass extinctions and that, soon after, more complex life forms seems to appear out of nowhere.

Part III and IV show that new viruses introduced by cometary events participate to remove obsolete life-forms and introduce the genetic material code enabling the evolutionary leap of the "spared" life forms.

Part V and VI show how the virus-enhanced DNA of life forms and the proteins coded by this DNA act as receivers tuned onto the information field. The properties of a substance are not defined by its composition but its geometry. The connection between proteins/DNA and the information field are geometric and electromagnetic. The fractal nature of DNA, viruses, proteins and the background ELF electromagnetic field reinforces the connection between life forms and any given "area" of the information field.

Part VII address the coronavirus story, an unstable Fort Detrick obedience virus that mutated in a disobedience virus (SARS-COV-2) for which obedience RNA vaccines had to be imposed. The weakening of the population immune system through fear, stress, no herd immunity and the deleterious RNA vaccines makes us highly vulnerable to a real epidemics (a new virus from space and/or a recombination between RNA vaccine sequences and viruses like the Black Death already contained in our DNA). From this perspective the 6th extinction might very well be man-made but not for the usually invoked reason: global warming. However, like during the preceding mass extinctions, the new viruses that remove obsolete life-forms might provide the genetic material for the survivors to experience an evolutionary leap.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":679,"user":"Mark7","id":938819,"date":"2021-03-29T19:21:35+0200","text":"Earth changes and the human-cosmic connection is one of my all-time favorite books. This new one will be a page-turner as well. I really liked how The Electric Universe Theory sort of collapsed various standard complex theories about the sun, gravitation, planetary rotation, weather, and more into something understandable and elegant, and it's all powered by a cosmic wind of electrical potential.

What would light do when crossing the realm border, would it diffract and/or change 'speed'? Can we quantify 'frequencies' in the information field? Can individuals' FRVs be quantified or measured, or is that third density thinking? We have had so many advances in computer and electronic technology, but nothing much has changed about core electrical theory since Maxwell. I'm guessing things like light and matter have undiscovered aspects in higher densities.

What would a simple ruler look like in a realm where 'physicality is variable'.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7948,"user":"irjO","id":938829,"date":"2021-03-29T20:07:07+0200","text":"This book sounds amazing already!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":938830,"date":"2021-03-29T20:16:47+0200","text":"
Pierre said:
Of course, these parts are still work in progress and the discussions in this thread can help improving the content of the book.
Click to expand...
Crowd sourcing research !
It hadn’t occurred to me before but that’s what you guys do. Pierre you’re awesome \"😎\"
If there any specifics that needing more references I’m sure we can all help.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8478,"user":"United Gnosis","id":938885,"date":"2021-03-30T01:42:58+0200","text":"
Pierre said:
We're currently writing a book titled "Mass extinction, evolutionary leap and the virus-information connection". It is a kind of follow-up to "Earth changes and the human-cosmic connection", in the sense that:
1/ it zooms out from (current) Earth changes to cyclical mass extinction (and the subsequent evolutionary leaps)
2/ it zooms in the the human-cosmic connection to address the specifics of the link between viruses and the information Field.

In the following posts, I will share relevant parts of "Mass extinction, evolutionary leap and the virus-information connection". Of course, these parts are still work in progress and the discussions in this thread can help improving the content of the book.
Click to expand...

Thank you very much for sharing, I am looking forward to resonate with your thoughts!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2167,"user":"Alejo","id":938891,"date":"2021-03-30T03:45:36+0200","text":"This sounds soo incredible! Thanks for sharing and creating this little teaser :D I had not considered this at all from that viewpoint, extinction as an uninstallation in order to install an update of sorts.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11297,"user":"Pearce","id":938945,"date":"2021-03-30T16:14:13+0200","text":"Very much looking forward to it Pierre!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17387,"user":"Aquarian1962","id":938958,"date":"2021-03-30T18:00:01+0200","text":"
Pierre said:
To give an idea of the structure of the book and its lines of force, here's the temporary table of content:

Introduction : 4

Part 1 : comets and mass extinction 13
Mass extinctions 14
Causes of mass extinction 16
The 27 million year cometary cycle 22
Other cometary induced mass extinctions 32

Part II : Life explosion 36
Saltarism vs Darwinism 37
Peculiar life forms around cometary impacts 39
The K/T boundary 43
The cambrian life explosion 45
Other life explosion 46
Beyond the mechanical action of cometary event 49

Part III: Viruses are the drivers of life 54
Anteriority of viruses 55
Pervasiveness of virus 57
Beneficial viruses 58

Part IV: Viruses and meteorites 62
Comet and plagues, an historical perspective 63
Meteorites carrying micro organism 65
Upper atmosphere microorganism 70
Electro Magnetic pulses 72

Part V: The information Field 77
Information theory & consciousness 78
The Field 84
Collective resonance 94

Part VI: Information field, viruses and protein 99
DNA as antennas 100
Proteins as tuners 102
DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field 106
Fractals 108
From geometric shape to electromagnetic signature 112
The interesting case of homeopathy 116

Part VII: 6th extinction and coronavirus 120
The ongoing 6th extinction 121
Authorities and Life 123
Authorities and Control 126
Dumbing Down the Population 128
The Mind-Altering Virus 130
Man-Made Viruses 131
Man-Made SARS-CoV-2 132
Engineered for What Purpose? 135
Fort Detrick And Viruses 137
Fort Detrick and Mind Control 140
Made in China or Made in the USA? 142
From an Obedience Vaccine to a Mutated Disobedience Virus? 146
Covid vaccine 152
Conclusion 157

As you can see, Part I et II deal with mass extinctions and the subsequent evolutionary leaps. It shows that cometary events are the main cause of mass extinctions and that, soon after, more complex life forms seems to appear out of nowhere.

Part III and IV show that new viruses introduced by cometary events participate to remove obsolete life-forms and introduce the genetic material code enabling the evolutionary leap of the "spared" life forms.

Part V and VI show how the virus-enhanced DNA of life forms and the proteins coded by this DNA act as receivers tuned onto the information field. The properties of a substance are not defined by its composition but its geometry. The connection between proteins/DNA and the information field are geometric and electromagnetic. The fractal nature of DNA, viruses, proteins and the background ELF electromagnetic field reinforces the connection between life forms and any given "area" of the information field.

Part VII address the coronavirus story, an unstable Fort Detrick obedience virus that mutated in a disobedience virus (SARS-COV-2) for which obedience RNA vaccines had to be imposed. The weakening of the population immune system through fear, stress, no herd immunity and the deleterious RNA vaccines makes us highly vulnerable to a real epidemics (a new virus from space and/or a recombination between RNA vaccine sequences and viruses like the Black Death already contained in our DNA). From this perspective the 6th extinction might very well be man-made but not for the usually invoked reason: global warming. However, like during the preceding mass extinctions, the new viruses that remove obsolete life-forms might provide the genetic material for the survivors to experience an evolutionary leap.
Click to expand...
Fascinating!!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13817,"user":"mamibio74","id":938964,"date":"2021-03-30T18:21:48+0200","text":"This book seems captivating. If it is translated into French I am a buyer. Thank you Pierre for prevent us as soon as he is available.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3201,"user":"psychegram","id":938966,"date":"2021-03-30T18:36:16+0200","text":"I'm really looking forward to this, it sounds absolutely fascinating.

So that's two books to look forward to, together with @Laura 's, which we're all waiting for with baited breath!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":30,"user":"Joe","id":938991,"date":"2021-03-30T23:21:41+0200","text":"
psychegram said:
which we're all waiting for with baited breath!
Click to expand...
If that doesn't work, then you can try waiting with bated breath! \":-D\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17335,"user":"forest_light","id":939004,"date":"2021-03-31T03:52:57+0200","text":"Like many others, I am SO looking forward to reading this book!

Please forgive my ignorance but

Question 1: Is it possible to read this upcoming book and have fairly full comprehension of its material without first reading “Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic Connection”?

I’m just wondering because I was thinking of gifting both books to my local library along with some others from the Wave Series and maybe a couple of others. Some “gemstones contained within the cracks in the road” for other seekers.

I had a long conversation with the librarian about donating books and why I am finding it so hard to find books that have genuine merit and value in the library system. (It’s part of the reason I - gratefully- discovered Laura’s books, the website and forum.) It turns out the library doesn’t take donations unless it was published in the last couple of years and my local library generally don’t hold anything much published before 2014 unless it in high demand, which nearly made me fall on the ground. It helped me understand why I can’t find any books suggested through the ‘recommended reading’ link when you receive a ‘welcome’ message via this forum.

There is one copy of “Earth Changes” in the library in the whole of Australia which I have tried to get on interstate loan so I can do some ‘catching up’ on some level until I purchase my own copy.

When I described the the “Earth Changes” book generally (having not read it), the librarian mentioned something about the book not sounding like it was controversial so she didn’t know why there was only one copy, and I laughed and said “I guess that depends on personal perception, but shouldn’t people have the freedom to consider the dynamics suggested in the book for themselves?” She agreed, which was quite refreshing! But added she has no authority over what is accepted into the library.

Question 2: Purchasing Books
Given the ‘ethics’ of Amazon I am not keen to purchase anything through them. I know there is ‘red pill press’ so is this the preferred purchase site? I would like to purchase as directly as possible from an ethical source so Pierre / Laura and any other authors connected to this group receive the maximum return.

Happy writing, you awesome cosmic super sleuths \"✨\"\"🌈\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4619,"user":"jhonny","id":939015,"date":"2021-03-31T06:59:44+0200","text":"
forest_light said:
Question 1: Is it possible to read this upcoming book and have fairly full comprehension of its material without first reading “Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic Connection”?
Click to expand...
It depends on your knowledge about the subject, but If I were you, I would read the first one for sure. In the first book there are many pearls of knowledge, above all, many basic concepts.

This is just my humble opinion, forest_light \":-)\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":360,"user":"mabar","id":939022,"date":"2021-03-31T08:49:29+0200","text":"
forest_light said:
Question 2: Purchasing Books
Given the ‘ethics’ of Amazon I am not keen to purchase anything through them. I know there is ‘red pill press’ so is this the preferred purchase site? I would like to purchase as directly as possible from an ethical source so Pierre / Laura and any other authors connected to this group receive the maximum return.
Click to expand...
Yes it is. Here is the link:

Les Editions Pilule Rouge – …a small publisher of the world's biggest ideas

\"www.pilulerouge.com\"www.pilulerouge.com
","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":939028,"date":"2021-03-31T10:35:21+0200","text":"Merci PIERRE pour le résumé de ton livre, tu nous en avais parlé lors de notre dernière réunion Française, à l'époque j'avais attrapé le Covid Anglais (que j'ai soigné toutes seule avec du doliprane et 3 semaines au lit), j'étais souffrante et ce que tu nous as dit m'a fait tellement de bien qu'une énergie positive s'est emparée de mon corps et a perduré deux jours... C'était fascinant à vivre... J'en avais parlé lors des commentaire de notre dernière réunion Française...
Merci, j'ai hâte de lire ton livre mais je sais qu'il faut que je sois patiente car je ne lis et parle que le Français...

Thank you PIERRE for the summary of your book, you told us about it during our last French meeting, at the time I had caught the English Covid (which I treated myself with doliprane and 3 weeks in bed), I was suffering and what you told us did me so much good that a positive energy took hold of my body and lasted two days... It was fascinating to experience... I had mentioned it during the comments of our last French meeting...
Thank you, I can't wait to read your book but I know I have to be patient because I only read and speak French...

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17335,"user":"forest_light","id":939243,"date":"2021-04-02T03:14:16+0200","text":"
jhonny said:
It depends on your knowledge about the subject, but If I were you, I would read the first one for sure. In the first book there are many pearls of knowledge, above all, many basic concepts.

This is just my humble opinion, forest_light \":-)\"
Click to expand...
I value your opinion jhonny! Thank you for taking the time to offer it.

My knowledge on many levels is most certainly limited! So absolutely I will be reading everything I can get my paws on, including both of these phenomenal inspiring books. Just looking at the subject list of the second one gets me all tingly!

My question was not well worded, but related to me wondering if someone not familiar with this work (who picked it up in the library for example) would be able to comprehend clearly the material/ subject matter without reading the first book... but I guess if they didn’t fully comprehend it (but it resonated with them) it might pique their interest to explore this further.

I am assuming if I dontate books to the library that is not STS behaviour? I am not wanting to ‘lure’ anyone into anything, just leave some ‘gems’ for one who might appreciate their depth, complexity, magnificence and resonate with the essence of the original source of inspiration and knowledge. \"🙂\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":5,"user":"herondancer","id":939262,"date":"2021-04-02T06:22:15+0200","text":"I'm really looking forward to the new book. With the world's attention focused on viruses, it's a good time to rescue their reputation from being only evil. They can be beneficial when they are properly utilized! \":wizard:\" \":cool2:\"

\"www.sott.net\"

Part human, part virus: The body's intimate relationship with viral DNA

When viruses infect us, they can embed small chunks of their genetic material in our DNA. Although infrequent, the incorporation of this material into the human genome has been occurring for millions of years. As a result of this ongoing process,...
\"www.sott.net\"www.sott.net

Time to re-read Earth Changes!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2167,"user":"Alejo","id":939769,"date":"2021-04-05T03:46:52+0200","text":"As I was doing my news round today I came across this article that reminded me of the thesis of your book Pierre.

Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests
The origin of modern rainforests can be traced to the aftermath of the bolide impact at the end of the Cretaceous. Carvalho et al. used fossilized pollen and leaves to characterize the changes that took place in northern South American forests at this time (see the Perspective by Jacobs and Currano). They not only found changes in species composition but were also able to infer changes in forest structure. Extinctions were widespread, especially among gymnosperms. Angiosperm taxa came to dominate the forests over the 6 million years of recovery, when the flora began to resemble that of modern lowland neotropical forest. The leaf data also imply that the forest canopy evolved from relatively open to closed and layered, leading to increased vertical stratification and a greater diversity of plant growth forms

[...]

The end-Cretaceous event was catastrophic for terrestrial communities worldwide, yet its long-lasting effect on tropical forests remains largely unknown. We quantified plant extinction and ecological change in tropical forests resulting from the end-Cretaceous event using fossil pollen (>50,000 occurrences) and leaves (>6000 specimens) from localities in Colombia. Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) rainforests were characterized by an open canopy and diverse plant–insect interactions. Plant diversity declined by 45% at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary and did not recover for ~6 million years. Paleocene forests resembled modern Neotropical rainforests, with a closed canopy and multistratal structure dominated by angiosperms. The end-Cretaceous event triggered a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics and the evolutionary assembly of today’s most diverse terrestrial ecosystem.
Click to expand...
","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3604,"user":"Nicholas","id":940954,"date":"2021-04-11T15:24:32+0200","text":"The latest Thunderbolts Project video is a fascinating connection between the sun, Earth and comets and their effects on plagues. They seem to confirm Pierre's and Laura's observations as written in their books.
Archaeologist and Thunderbolts colleague Peter Mungo Jupp presents a radical idea that civilization destroying plagues may be governed by electromagnetism such as cosmic rays. Nature often uses triggers based on hard to pinpoint factors when losing its newest progeny. For example, we see a rise of inexplicable mice plagues, seasonal infections, aggressive behavior, locust swarms, volcanic activity, earthquakes, and tsunamis. If nature relies on electromagnetic signals, what happens when these signals become chaotic? Perhaps the devastating Bubonic plague of 1346–1353 (aka The Black Death) illustrates just such a black picture.
Click to expand...
","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17,"user":"Laura","id":940996,"date":"2021-04-11T19:32:21+0200","text":"I'm really excited about Pierre's new book. And make no mistake about it, he's doing some serious heavy lifting with querying the Cs and then doing the hard research to confirm or deny, or just simply formulate and explain things.

My own new book, "From Paul to Mark: Paleochristianity", is now ready to go. Just a few formatting tweaks and it goes to press... that is, any day now.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":940998,"date":"2021-04-11T19:37:10+0200","text":"C'est un grand pas mais quand pourrons nous espérer la traduction en Français?
Je pense que comme pour le livre de Pierre il va falloir s'armer de patience ...
En tout cas un grand merci à vous pour tout votre travail et vos efforts pour partager la connaissance ...

C'est un grand pas mais quand peut-on attendre la traduction en français?
Je pense que quant au livre de Pierre, il faudra être patient ...
En tout cas un grand merci à vous pour tout votre travail et vos efforts pour partager les connaissances ...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2744,"user":"ramaj","id":941025,"date":"2021-04-11T22:51:17+0200","text":"
Laura said:
I'm really excited about Pierre's new book. And make no mistake about it, he's doing some serious heavy lifting with querying the Cs and then doing the hard research to confirm or deny, or just simply formulate and explain things.

My own new book, "From Paul to Mark: Paleochristianity", is now ready to go. Just a few formatting tweaks and it goes to press... that is, any day now.
Click to expand...
YES!!!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":114,"user":"genero81","id":941050,"date":"2021-04-12T01:09:44+0200","text":"
Laura said:
My own new book, "From Paul to Mark: Paleochristianity", is now ready to go. Just a few formatting tweaks and it goes to press... that is, any day now.
Click to expand...

Can we preorder and pay now @Approaching Infinity ? I would really like a copy sent to me as soon as it comes off the press, if possible.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2167,"user":"Alejo","id":941073,"date":"2021-04-12T04:05:35+0200","text":"
Laura said:
I'm really excited about Pierre's new book. And make no mistake about it, he's doing some serious heavy lifting with querying the Cs and then doing the hard research to confirm or deny, or just simply formulate and explain things.

My own new book, "From Paul to Mark: Paleochristianity", is now ready to go. Just a few formatting tweaks and it goes to press... that is, any day now.
Click to expand...
Sorry Mary Balogh, but I'm gonna need to put you down for a while... :)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":941098,"date":"2021-04-12T09:13:23+0200","text":"
Alejo said:
As I was doing my news round today I came across this article that reminded me of the thesis of your book Pierre.

[...]The end-Cretaceous event triggered a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics and the evolutionary assembly of today’s most diverse terrestrial ecosystem.
Click to expand...

Thanks for sharing this abstract. It's a good example of more complex, or at least more diverse ecosystems, "developing" after cometary-induced mass extinctions.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":941100,"date":"2021-04-12T09:22:13+0200","text":"
PERLOU said:
C'est un grand pas mais quand pourrons nous espérer la traduction en Français?
Je pense que comme pour le livre de Pierre il va falloir s'armer de patience ...
En tout cas un grand merci à vous pour tout votre travail et vos efforts pour partager la connaissance ...
Click to expand...
Making "Cometary Encounters" available in French will take some time. The content of the English version is almost finished except the bibliography and the index. Once the English version is done, the English to French translation can start and will probably take months.

Concerning "Mass extinction, evolutionary leap and the virus-information connection", the draft, written in English, is now about 180 pages and almost 50,000 words. I think it will take a few more months to complete it.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3,"user":"Approaching Infinity","id":941834,"date":"2021-04-15T00:58:22+0200","text":"
genero81 said:
Can we preorder and pay now @Approaching Infinity ? I would really like a copy sent to me as soon as it comes off the press, if possible.
Click to expand...
We'll make an announcement when it's available on Amazon. No use pre-ordering from us for quicker delivery, because we have to order from Amazon too! \";-D\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2167,"user":"Alejo","id":957010,"date":"2021-07-02T04:37:31+0200","text":"As I was doing my news round up for the day I came across this article that reminded me of this book once again :)

Introduction​


Asteroid and comet impact events are known to be able to cause severe disruption to surface-dwelling organisms and ecosystems (Raup, 1992). One such example is the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact, which led to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and ∼75% of all species (Schulte et al., 2010; Morgan et al., 2016). Despite the growing understanding of the effects of impacts on life, we have little knowledge of how these events, particularly the geological changes caused by them, influence the abundance and distribution of microbial life in the deep subsurface over time as opposed to the microbial changes caused by drastic environmental changes resulting from impact (Bralower et al., 2020; Schaefer et al., 2020). As the deep microbial biosphere has an important role to play in global biogeochemical cycles, such as the carbon cycle (Amend and Teske, 2004; Colwell and Smith, 2013; Magnabosco et al., 2018), it is of considerable interest to investigate how it has been shaped by catastrophic geological events in the past.

In near-surface environments, asteroid impacts have been shown to increase the porosity and permeability of rocks, enhancing microbial colonization (Cockell et al., 2002, 2005; Pontefract et al., 2014; Osinski et al., 2020a). In contrast, sedimentary rocks which often already contain microbially accessible porosity (Friedmann, 1982), may have their porosity reduced by impact, resulting in a loss of colonization space (Cockell and Osinski, 2007). Although these observations inform us about how shock metamorphism and heating affect different rock types, we lack an understanding of how impacts shape the microbial biosphere at the regional scale and how deep subsurface fracturing of rocks, for example, influences the availability of redox couples and nutrients by changing fluid flow at lithological boundaries and within units.

The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364 drilled into the Chicxulub crater peak ring, which is a discontinuous topographic ring that is now buried by Cenozoic sediments (Figure 1). The expedition recovered a continuous core (site M0077) from 505.7 to 1,334.7 m below seafloor (mbsf) (Morgan et al., 2016, 2017) and encountered the top of the peak ring at ∼618 mbsf.
Click to expand...

From an article in spanish that discussed the study, I found this:

"The heat and pressure from the impact created a sterilized area that caused a localized extinction of the microbes that lived there," Schaefer said. "But about a million years after the impact, the crater cooled to temperatures low enough for microbial life to return and evolve in isolation for the last 65 million years," he added.
Click to expand...

If I understood correctly, there's microbial life that has been living there for 65 million years completely isolated from the rest of the planet, and this was possible due to the very impact which had originally destroyed life.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":967945,"date":"2021-08-19T16:21:09+0200","text":"In order to keep the material pertaining to Mass Extinctions, Evolutionary Leaps and Viral Information in this dedicated thread, I cross post the following post that was initially published in the Coronavirus thread.

It's only a draft, quite speculative. I don't know if it is true and if it will be included in the final edition. But you might find interesting information in there, so here it is:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Eugenics 2.0​


Race selection is not a new concept. Already 2,500 years ago, Plato advocated for selective breeding[1]. One of the legacies of Darwin’s erroneous theory was the re-emergence of eugenics in the late 19th Century[2]. By the beginning of the 20th century, eugenics policies were widely applied in the USA, Japan several European countries and, of course, Nazi Germany, whose most eugenics programs were inspired by the eugenics policies experimented in the USA[3]

Generally these policies were based on sterilizing “unfit” individuals including representatives of “inferior races” and stimulating the reproduction of “fit” individuals, including representatives of “superior races”.

But the atrocities committed by the Nazis during WW2, didn’t stop eugenics programs. Forced sterilization was still practiced during the 21st century in places like California[4], Spain[5] or Peru[6].

However there is one fundamental difference between Nazis and modern-day supporters of eugenics: the advent of genomics in general and gene editing[7] in particular. Nowadays, scientists know how to modify the human genome and to switch genes, favors traits, inhibit others. Current technology enables to sequence one full human genome in 30 minutes[8] and to create whole genetic sequences.[9]

The ideological drive to create a better race is still strong. For example, eugenics is publicly advocated by John Hopkins University professor[10] and advisor[11] of METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence), Nathaniel C. Comfort:


the eugenic impulse drives us to eliminate disease, live longer and healthier, with greater intelligence, and a better adjustment to the conditions of society; and the health benefits, the intellectual thrill and the profits of genetic bio-medicine are too great for us to do otherwise[12]
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Incidentally, it’s the same John Hopkins University, through its Coronavirus Research Center, that tracks the cases of COVID-19 worldwide and feed the media and governments with their data.[13]

The Nazi wanted to create a new superior race and eliminate inferior ones. A small feat compared to the creation and destruction of whole species. In the beginning of this book[14] we have learnt about the usual chain of events that leads to speciation:

- a host belonging to a given species is exposed to a new exogenous virus
- the exogenous virus infects the host’s germ cells
- the exogenous virus integrates the genome of host’s germ cells
- upon reproduction, the acquired parents’ exogenous virus becomes the hereditary progeny’s endogenous virus
- unlike his parents, the progeny has the new viral sequence in the genome of all of his cells
- endogenous viral sequences are mostly active during morphogenesis
- while parents are not necessarily affected phenotypically by a new virus, progeny can be phenotypically deeply affected by new viral sequences to the point of triggering the apparition of a new species[15].



© Sott.net
From a new exogenous virus to the apparition of a new species​



Keeping the background in mind, let’s go back to the RNA “vaccine” and see if it checks some of the steps described above:

1/ Integration in the host genome: We now know that genetic sequences of SARS-COV-2 have integrated the human genome as shown Liguo Zhang in December 2020[16]

RNA “vaccines” contain virtually the same viral sequence coding for the spike protein of SARS-COV-2, it is then probable that the vaccine’s RNA, like SARS-COV-2 viral fragments, will integrate and therefore modify the host’s DNA.

2/ Integration in germ cells genome

Now, let’s have a look at how the RNA “vaccine” spreads in the body of its recipient:





© Unknown
Bio-distribution of the Pfizer vaccine by organs​

Not only the highest concentration occurs in the ovaries, but unlike the other organs where the concentration is low and/or lowering, the concentration in the ovaries is high and keeps on increasing, even 48 hours after injection.

Given the ability of SARS-COV-2 to integrate hosts’ genomes and the high concentration of the Pfizer “vaccine” in the ovaries, it doesn’t seem outlandish to assume that, at least in some cases the “vaccine” genetic material will become a hereditary genetic feature of the progeny of vaccinated individuals.

3/ Genetic similarities between syncytin genes and RNA vaccine:

Coincidentally or not, the genetic sequence found in RNA vaccines is quite similar to the genetic sequence coding for syncytin:


Now you’ve got PEG, PEGylated and polyethylene glycol, and a lipid nanoparticle that will allow it to enter every cell of the body and change the regulation of our own genes with this synthetic RNA, part of which actually is the message for the gene syncytin[17]
Click to expand...

This point is confirmed by a comparison between the genetic sequences of HERV-W (the endoretrovirus coding for syncytin) and the genetic sequence of SARS-COV-2 that codes for the spike protein since the RNA contained in the Pfizer “vaccine” is a very close replica of this sequence:


[…] alignment of the endogenous elements Syn1 [syncytin-1] found on human chromosome 7, or Syn2 [syncytin-2] found on chromosome 6, or HERV-K expressed from chromosome 6, all show a number of sequence motifs with significant similarity to nCoV2019 spike protein.[18]
Click to expand...
4/ Syncytin and sterility:

Syncytin is a protein coded by an endo-retrovirus called ERV-W1. Syncytin plays a fundamental role in the formation of the placenta[19]. Its role is so critical that defective or deficient syncytin is suspected to cause sterility:


the lack or reduced expression of syncytin-1 and its receptor may lead to fertilization failure and open new avenues for the treatment of infertility.[20]
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These suspicions are apparently funded, since in the UK alone, the governmental agency in charge of monitoring the adverse effects induced by COVID vaccines received more than 13,000 reports[21] involving menstrual disruptions.

Notice that a genetically modified syncytin may cause sterility in some hosts and other effects in other hosts depending on the genetic make-up of the carrier. Indeed, we’ve seen previously the individual-specific action of viruses[22]. While one infected individual is evolutionary speaking neutralized (killed or sterilized), the sparred individuals and in particular their progeny, can experience evolutionary changes.

5/ The role of syncytin in speciation:

In a previous chapter[23] we have described how syncytin, coded by the viral sequence ERV-W, is considered as the driver of the apparition of the placentals, including virtually all mammals. Before that reproductive strategies were based on egg-laying. There’s a huge evolutionary leap in terms of morphology, immunity, metabolism between laying eggs and carrying fetuses. ERV-W and its syncytin protein are at the root of such a leap[24].

In addition, Syncytin was acquired by mammals at least seven times, during seven different genome integration events provoked by distinct viruses. Each time this integration is correlated with the aftermath of a speciation event:


[…] syncytin acquisition from distinct viruses has occurred independently at least seven times, each event happening after the divergence of the mammalian orders in which they are found.[25]
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Given the fundamental role played by syncytin in speciation, what would the effect of a genetically modified syncytin like the one coded by the RNA “vaccine”?

6/ The role of syncytin in psychiatric disorders

Syncytin is critical in embryogenesis. So, if a progeny carry a modified syncytin gene, what could be the induced morphologic differences between the progeny and his parents? The ERV coding for syncytin happens to play an important role in brain activity:


mRNA and protein expression of the ERVW-1 locus in neural tissue is implicated in neurodegeneration[26]
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Not only ERVW-1 and its protein syncytin are correlated with neurodegeneration, it is also suspected that defects in ERVW-1 leads to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia:


Preliminary evidence implicates aberrant expression of ERVW-1 in neuron and glial cells and HERV-W LTR mediated aberrant cellular protein expression in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia[27]
Click to expand...

If that’s the case, the unknown long term effects of the RNA “vaccines” are worrying. They might not manifest so much in the vaccinated people but in their progeny, specifically in the progeny’s brain.

It’s alarming because the modification of a key protein like syncytin alters de facto its receivership characteristics[28]. Proteins are tuners, and modifying a key protein can change the frequency, the region of the information field the individual is connected to[29]. Can modified syncytin, and the morphologic modifications induced by this protein tune an individual to specific regions of the information field?

Schizophrenia is a documented effect of defective syncytin and there’s a growing body of scientific literature[30] [31] [32], seriously wondering if schizophrenia is not, at least in some cases, demonic possession:


[schizophrenia] symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations […] The most common delusion types are as follows: "My feelings and movements are controlled by others in a certain way" and "They put thoughts in my head that are not mine." Hallucinatory experiences are generally voices talking to the patient or among themselves. Hallucinations are a cardinal positive symptom of schizophrenia which deserves careful study in the hope it will give information about the pathophysiology of the disorder. We thought that many so-called hallucinations in schizophrenia are really illusions related to a real environmental stimulus. One approach to this hallucination problem is to consider the possibility of a demonic world. Demons are unseen creatures that are believed to exist in all major religions and have the power to possess humans and control their body. Demonic possession can manifest with a range of bizarre behaviors which could be interpreted as a number of different psychotic disorders with delusions and hallucinations. The hallucination in schizophrenia may therefore be an illusion-a false interpretation of a real sensory image formed by demons.[33]
Click to expand...

A RNA vaccine modifying syncytin to induce schizophrenia that might be another word for demonic possessions fits with the obedience vaccine scenario we developed in the beginning of 2020. At this time we just didn’t know to what kind of masters the forecasted obedience was related to.

Note not included in the book:

If the above is true, the Cs remarks about “Nazi Germany being a trial run”; “elimination of the true Semite”, “plan to control you in 4D” take a more concrete meaning.

[1] Stanford Encyclopedia Editors. (2014). "Eugenics" in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University.
[2] Bowler, Peter (2003). “Evolution: The History of an Idea”, 3rd Ed., University of California Press, pp. 308–310.
[3] Timothy F. Murphy and Marc A. Lappé (1994). “Justice and the Human Genome Project”. University of Chicago Press
[4] Johnson, Corey G. (2014). "Calif. female inmates sterilized illegally". USA Today.
[5] AA Editors. (2020). “Spain ends forced sterilization of disabled people”. Aa.com
[6] Meilhan, Pierre & Brumfield, Ben (2014). "Peru will not prosecute former President over sterilization campaign". CNN.com.
[7] Fridovich-Keil, J. L. (2021). “Gene editing”. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[8] Zhang, G., Zhang, Y. & Jin, J. (2021).”The Ultrafast and Accurate Mapping Algorithm FANSe3: Mapping a Human Whole-Genome Sequencing Dataset Within 30 Minutes”. Phenomics 1, 22–30
[9] Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F. (2014). “Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering”. Cell.;157(6):1262-78
[10] "Nathaniel Comfort, PhD". Department of the History of Medicine. Johns Hopkins University
[11] Wikipedia contributors. (2021). “Nathaniel C. Comfort”. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
[12] Comfort, Nathaniel (2012). “The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine”. Yale University Press.
[13] Becker, J.; Hollstein, R.; Milatz, M. (April 3, 2020). "Exklusiv: Woher die Johns-Hopkins-Zahlen zu Corona stammen". Tagesschau
[14] See chapter “The Mystery of Speciation”
[15] See for example the ongoing virus-induced speciation affecting the Australian wallaby in part III: “Viruses are the Drivers of Life”
[16] Zhang, Liguo et al. (2020). “SARS-CoV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the human genome”. bioRxiv 2020.12.12.422516;
[17] Doctor Scott. (2021). “COVID-19 Vaccines Aren’t Real Vaccines”. Natural Chiropractic and Regenerative medicine.
[18] Bill Gallaher (2020). “Response to nCoV2019 Against Backdrop of Endogenous Retroviruses”. Virological
[19] See part III, chapter ‘’The Enigma of Speciation”
[20] Kloc M. et al. (2021). “Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination”. Biology 10(3):238.
[21] Darcy Jimenez (2021). “Covid-19 vaccines and periods: what do we know so far?” Pharmaceutical Technology
[22] See chapter “Species-Specific Eradication or Enhancement”.
[23] See part III, chapter ‘’The Enigma of Speciation”
[24] Chuong E. B. (2013). “Retroviruses facilitate the rapid evolution of the mammalian placenta”. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 35(10), 853–861.
[25] Katzourakis A. (2013). “Paleovirology: inferring viral evolution from host genome sequence data”. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. 368(1626), 20120493.
[26] Laufer G. et al. (2009). "Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences". Retrovirology. 6: 37.
[27] Slokar G. et al. (2015). "Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Pathogenic Factors in the Development of Schizophrenia". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 6: 183.
[28] See chapter ‘’Proteins as Tuners’’
[29] See Part VI: “Information Field, Viruses, DNA and Proteins”
[30] Pietkiewicz Igor J. et al. (2021) ‘’Delusions of Possession and Religious Coping in Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Four Cases”. Frontiers in Psychology vol.12
[31] Karanci AN. (2014) “Concerns about schizophrenia or possession?” J Relig Health;53(6):1691-2.
[32] Miriam Azaunce (1995) “Is It Schizophrenia or Spirit Possession?”, Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 4:3, 255-263
[33] Irmak MK. (2014). “Schizophrenia or possession?” J Relig Health. 53(3):773-7","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4708,"user":"Michael B-C","id":967951,"date":"2021-08-19T16:47:25+0200","text":"Pierre. Just to say your book arrived a couple of days ago. I'm only a few chapters in, so can't give a thorough response yet, but thus far thoroughly enjoying the read. As ever you distill so much information into an immediate yet clear and economical fashion that I find myself utterly gripped. What a page turner! I just love the way you introduce the reader to what would normally be mind-blowing deductions (e.g. water exchange between earth and Mars) without the slightest sense that we should be surprised or in anyway find this outlandish. The whole argument holds together like super-glue and I look forward to learning much from your work - as always - and enjoying the roller-coaster ride to the end! Much respect. Thank you and all the supporting team for all the undoubted effort that went into its distillation and publication.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":968020,"date":"2021-08-19T21:31:09+0200","text":"
Michael B-C said:
Pierre. Just to say your book arrived a couple of days ago. I'm only a few chapters in, so can't give a thorough response yet, but thus far thoroughly enjoying the read. As ever you distill so much information into an immediate yet clear and economical fashion that I find myself utterly gripped. What a page turner! I just love the way you introduce the reader to what would normally be mind-blowing deductions (e.g. water exchange between earth and Mars) without the slightest sense that we should be surprised or in anyway find this outlandish. The whole argument holds together like super-glue and I look forward to learning much from your work - as always - and enjoying the roller-coaster ride to the end! Much respect. Thank you and all the supporting team for all the undoubted effort that went into its distillation and publication.
Click to expand...
Wow, what a nice comment! \":clap:\"
I'm really glad you enjoy your reading. If you have a few minutes to spare, you could adapt the above quote into a review on Amazon, positive reviews are our best advertising.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17769,"user":"Joyly","id":968652,"date":"2021-08-23T03:51:11+0200","text":"
Pierre said:
To give an idea of the structure of the book and its lines of force, here's the temporary table of content:

Introduction : 4

Part 1 : comets and mass extinction 13
Mass extinctions 14
Causes of mass extinction 16
The 27 million year cometary cycle 22
Other cometary induced mass extinctions 32

Part II : Life explosion 36
Saltarism vs Darwinism 37
Peculiar life forms around cometary impacts 39
The K/T boundary 43
The cambrian life explosion 45
Other life explosion 46
Beyond the mechanical action of cometary event 49

Part III: Viruses are the drivers of life 54
Anteriority of viruses 55
Pervasiveness of virus 57
Beneficial viruses 58

Part IV: Viruses and meteorites 62
Comet and plagues, an historical perspective 63
Meteorites carrying micro organism 65
Upper atmosphere microorganism 70
Electro Magnetic pulses 72

Part V: The information Field 77
Information theory & consciousness 78
The Field 84
Collective resonance 94

Part VI: Information field, viruses and protein 99
DNA as antennas 100
Proteins as tuners 102
DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field 106
Fractals 108
From geometric shape to electromagnetic signature 112
The interesting case of homeopathy 116

Part VII: 6th extinction and coronavirus 120
The ongoing 6th extinction 121
Authorities and Life 123
Authorities and Control 126
Dumbing Down the Population 128
The Mind-Altering Virus 130
Man-Made Viruses 131
Man-Made SARS-CoV-2 132
Engineered for What Purpose? 135
Fort Detrick And Viruses 137
Fort Detrick and Mind Control 140
Made in China or Made in the USA? 142
From an Obedience Vaccine to a Mutated Disobedience Virus? 146
Covid vaccine 152
Conclusion 157

As you can see, Part I et II deal with mass extinctions and the subsequent evolutionary leaps. It shows that cometary events are the main cause of mass extinctions and that, soon after, more complex life forms seems to appear out of nowhere.

Part III and IV show that new viruses introduced by cometary events participate to remove obsolete life-forms and introduce the genetic material code enabling the evolutionary leap of the "spared" life forms.

Part V and VI show how the virus-enhanced DNA of life forms and the proteins coded by this DNA act as receivers tuned onto the information field. The properties of a substance are not defined by its composition but its geometry. The connection between proteins/DNA and the information field are geometric and electromagnetic. The fractal nature of DNA, viruses, proteins and the background ELF electromagnetic field reinforces the connection between life forms and any given "area" of the information field.

Part VII address the coronavirus story, an unstable Fort Detrick obedience virus that mutated in a disobedience virus (SARS-COV-2) for which obedience RNA vaccines had to be imposed. The weakening of the population immune system through fear, stress, no herd immunity and the deleterious RNA vaccines makes us highly vulnerable to a real epidemics (a new virus from space and/or a recombination between RNA vaccine sequences and viruses like the Black Death already contained in our DNA). From this perspective the 6th extinction might very well be man-made but not for the usually invoked reason: global warming. However, like during the preceding mass extinctions, the new viruses that remove obsolete life-forms might provide the genetic material for the survivors to experience an evolutionary leap.
Click to expand...
Is it recommended to read the first book prior to this?
I love that you are addressing that viruses are an essential part of life and fundamental to our existence. Will you cover the working relationship between viruses and the innate immune system?
You mention some of the causes of the weakening of our immune system. Could you cover them all? Eg air pollution including glyphosates and pesticides in agriculture, aluminium plus other in chem trails from weather re-engineering, the fracking industry which releases cyanide into the atmosphere, radiation including emf’s wifi etc, all pharmaceutical products that are not natural and vaccines which have included mercury and aluminium plus a whole lot of crap not meant for the human body.
It would be great if this were a wake up call that the only health care we need is to build a robust immune system.
Someone somewhere must be measuring the air pollution levels but it needs to be a topic for discussion.
Thanks for the great work. I look forward to reading it.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":968711,"date":"2021-08-23T14:46:14+0200","text":"
Joyly said:
You mention some of the causes of the weakening of our immune system. Could you cover them all?
Click to expand...
Probably not all, there are so many! But there will probably be a chapter dedicated to EM pollution and how it interacts with DNA.

Is it recommended to read the first book prior to this?
Click to expand...
Yes it is better to read the first book (Earth Changes and the Human-Cosmic Connection) because it introduces concepts like dynastic cycle, information field, electromagnetism that are used in this third book.
It is also better to read the second book (Cometary Encounters) because it introduces ideas like the correlation between cometary events, mass volcanism, earthquakes that are also used in this third book.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4163,"user":"Eboard10","id":973974,"date":"2021-09-16T21:37:46+0200","text":"
Alejo said:
As I was doing my news round today I came across this article that reminded me of the thesis of your book Pierre.

Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests
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Another paper just came out showing how plants underwent two major diversification phases in dramatic bursts, 250 million years apart. The first major change happened in the early Devonian between 420 and 360 million years ago with the development of seeds and the second more dramatic change happened in the late Cretaceous where plants developed flowers.

Plants evolved complexity in two bursts—with a 250-million-year hiatus​

A Stanford-led study reveals that rather than evolving gradually over hundreds of millions of years, land plants underwent major diversification in two dramatic bursts, 250 million years apart. The first occurred early in plant history, giving rise to the development of seeds, and the second took place during the diversification of flowering plants.

The research uses a novel but simple metric to classify plant complexity based on the arrangement and number of basic parts in their reproductive structures. While scientists have long assumed that plants became more complex with the advent of seeds and flowers, the new findings, published Sept. 17 in Science, offer insight to the timing and magnitude of those changes.

"The most surprising thing is this kind of stasis, this plateau in complexity after the initial evolution of seeds and then the total change that happened when flowering plants started diversifying," said lead study author Andrew Leslie, an assistant professor of geological sciences at Stanford's School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (Stanford Earth). "The reproductive structures look different in all these plants, but they all have about the same number of parts during that stasis."

An unusual comparison

Flowers are more diverse than every other group of plants, producing colors, smells and shapes that nourish animals and delight the senses. They are also intricate: petals, anthers and pistils interweave in precise arrangements to lure pollinators and trick them into spreading pollen from one flower to another.

This complexity makes it difficult for scientists to compare flowering plants to plants with simpler reproductivesystems, such as ferns or some conifers. As a result, botanists have long focused on characteristics within family groups and typically study evolution in non-flowering plants separately from their more intricate flowering relatives.

Leslie and his co-authors overcame these differences by designing a system that classifies the number of different kinds of parts in reproductive structures based on observation alone. Each species was scored according to how many types of parts it has and the degree to which it exhibited clustering of those parts. They categorized about 1,300 land plant species from about 420 million years ago until the present.

"This tells a pretty simple story about plant reproductive evolution in terms of form and function: The more functions the plants have and the more specific they are, the more parts they have," Leslie said. "It's a useful way of thinking about broad-scale changes encompassing the whole of plant history."

From shrubs to blooms

When land plants first diversified in the early Devonian about 420 million to 360 million years ago, Earth was a warmer world devoid of trees or terrestrial vertebrate animals. Arachnids like scorpions and mites roamed the land amongst short, patchy plants and the tallest land organism was a 20-foot fungus resembling a tree trunk. After the Devonian, huge changes occurred in the animal kingdom: Land animals evolved to have large body sizes and more varied diets, insects diversified, dinosaurs appeared—but plants didn't see a major change in reproductive complexity until they developed flowers.

"Insect pollination and animal seed dispersal may have appeared as early as 300 million years ago, but it's not until the last 100 million years that these really intricate interactions with pollinators are driving this super high complexity in flowering plants," Leslie said. "There was such a long period of time where plants could have interacted with insects in the way that flowering plants do now, but they didn't to the same degree of intricacy."

In the Late Cretaceous, about 100 to 66 million years ago, Earth more closely resembled the planet we know today—a bit like Yosemite National Park without the flowering trees and bushes. The second burst of complexity was more dramatic than the first, emphasizing the unique nature of flowering plants, according to Leslie. That period gave rise to plants like the passionflower, which can have 20 different types of parts, more than twice the number found in non-flowering plants.

The researchers classified 472 living species, part of which Leslie carried out on and around Stanford's campus by simply pulling apart local plants and counting their reproductive organs. The analysis includes vascular land plants—everything except mosses and a few early plants that lack supportive tissue for conducting water and minerals.

"One thing we argue in this paper is that this classification simply reflects their functional diversity," Leslie said. "They basically split up their labor in order to be more efficient at doing what they needed to do."
Click to expand...
","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":984527,"date":"2021-11-05T01:35:19+0100","text":"Hi Pierre,
I've taken some notes and links from some of the video lectures I've taken the time to watch (Thread ).
I haven't had time to dig deeper and connect the dots yet, but I thought that instead of keeping them until then, they might be useful to you in some way.

"Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are genetic parasites of vertebrate genomes. They are the 'footprints' of ancestral retrovirus infections that have integrated their genome into the germline of a host and then been transmitted vertically from generation to generation. Following germline colonisation, these elements can evolve in different ways. Some VRE can proliferate in the DNA of their host, resulting in the formation of multicopy families and the invasion of the genome of entire populations. Other elements may progressively degenerate and lose their ability to multiply, remaining only as fossil sequences in the host genome. Finally, some VREs may be retained, wholly or partially, by positive selection pressure if they provide a benefit to their host in terms of evolutionary success. This evolutionary diversity has resulted in a wide variety of VRE repertoires in different vertebrate species."
DeepL.
https://www.jle.com/fr/revues/vir/e...des_retrovirus_endogenes_284793/article.phtml

Abstract
"Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are neuropsychiatric disorders of unknown origin. It seems that these two disorders share some common etiopathogenic mechanisms including genetic, environmental and inflammatory ones. Reactivation of the human endogenous retrovirus type W (HERV-W) can be a shared element in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, linked to immuno-genetic and environment risk factors. We will present studies that have highlighted the presence of HERV-W in schizophrenic and bipolar disorder patients. We will then describe a two-hit model which could explain the common pathophysiological mechanism of affective and non-affective psychosis. Identification of immuno-inflammatory mediated subgroup of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated to HERV-W reactivation might open the way for the development of diagnostic biomarker and more targeted treatments. These new tools pave the way towards personalized psychiatry for a better care of patients."
Les rétrovirus endogènes humains, une implication dans la schizophrénie et le trouble bipolaire | médecine/sciences

Abstract​

"Mammalian genomes contain a heavy load of retroelements, which are mobile sequences requiring reverse transcription for their amplification. A significant proportion of these elements is of retroviral origin, with thousands of sequences resembling the integrated form of infectious retroviruses with two LTRs bordering internal regions homologous to the gag, pol, and env genes. These elements, named endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), are thought to be the remnants of ancestral germline infections by active retroviruses, which have thereafter been transmitted in a Mendelian manner. The sequencing of several mammalian genomes has allowed a comprehensive study of their ERVs. They can be grouped according to sequence homologies into 10-100 families per genome, each containing a few to several hundred elements. Strong similarities between ERVs and present-day retroviruses can be inferred from phylogenetic analyses performed on the pol or env genes, suggesting a common history. As a general rule, most ERVs are old and degenerated, with their open reading frames disrupted, but a few proviruses have retained intact genes and the corresponding proteins can thus be expressed. Some elements still contain gag and pol genes that drive the synthesis of viral particles, as well as envelope genes whose product can be incorporated on their cognate or heterologous viral particles. This presentation will review the general properties of endogenous retroviruses, in relation with their possible consequences on vaccine production."
Risks linked to endogenous retroviruses for vaccine production: a general overview - PubMed

Summary
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding and recurrence of PCR-positive tests have been
widely reported in patients after recovery, yet these patients most commonly are non-infectious.
Here we investigated the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 RNAs can be reverse-transcribed and
integrated into the human genome and that transcription of the integrated sequences might
account for PCR-positive tests. In support of this hypothesis, we found chimeric transcripts
consisting of viral fused to cellular sequences in published data sets of SARS-CoV-2 infected
cultured cells and primary cells of patients, consistent with the transcription of viral sequences
integrated into the genome. To experimentally corroborate the possibility of viral retro-
integration, we describe evidence that SARS-CoV-2 RNAs can be reverse transcribed in human
cells by reverse transcriptase (RT) from LINE-1 elements or by HIV-1 RT, and that these DNA
sequences can be integrated into the cell genome and subsequently be transcribed. Human
endogenous LINE-1 expression was induced upon SARS-CoV-2 infection or by cytokine
exposure in cultured cells, suggesting a molecular mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 retro-integration
in patients. This novel feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection may explain why patients can continue
to produce viral RNA after recovery and suggests a new aspect of RNA virus replication.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/12/13/2020.12.12.422516.full.pdf

SUMMARY
Beljanski discovers transforming RNAs. Excreted by mutant strains of Escherichi a coli , they are capable of transforming wild-type bacteria of the same species: they acquire the distinctive characteristics of the mutants and in turn excrete the transforming RNA.

The transforming RNAs are small and exceptionally rich in purine bases (G and A). They are synthesised by the PNPase, independently of the DNA, and normally remain 'stuck' to it: they also exist, in this inactive state, in wild-type bacteria. Under special circumstances, they can detach from the DNA and become active; this is what happens in mutants under the influence of the antibiotic showdomycin.

These RNAs can also transform bacteria of a different species from the one from which they originate. When they are taken up by a plant-cancer-causing bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, stable transformed strains appear, some of which have lost their tumorigenic potential.

The transformed strains no longer contain any trace of the transforming RNA. The transforming RNA has therefore transferred hereditary information from one bacterial strain to another. For the first time in the history of biology, proof has been provided that an RNA can cause a stable and heritable genetic transformation.
DeepL.
LES ARN TRANSFORMANTS

"Over the past decade, a large body of work has highlighted an ever-increasing number of RNA molecules that, unlike mRNAs, are not directly involved in the of RNA molecules that, unlike mRNAs, are not directly involved in protein synthesis.
protein synthesis. In other words, these RNAs are devoid of genetic information capable of coding for proteins. They are referred to as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) whose repertoire complexity equals or exceeds that of mRNAs.
repertoire equals or exceeds that of mRNAs. Although the biological function of the vast majority of ncRNAs remains largely enigmatic, some of them function as regulators of the flow of genetic information by controlling the
genetic information flow by controlling chromatin structure, regulation of transcription, mRNA stability and stability of mRNAs and the production and activity of proteins.

MicroRNAs and C/D snoRNAs are among the best characterised ncRNAs to date. These small ncRNAs selectively interact with other RNAs via base pairing and modify their
modify their reactivities. MicroRNAs block the translation of target mRNAs, whereas snoRNAs C/D snoRNAs guide the formation of chemical modifications (addition of methyl groups) at specific
positions along the target RNAs. The research activity of our team concerns a subclass of microRNAs and C/D snoRNAs whose gene expression defies the classical laws of heredity. Indeed, although the genes of these small ncRNAs are present in two copies in each nucleus (one allele inherited from the father, the other from the mother), only one of the two copies is active, and this strictly according to its parental origin. For example, for a given gene it is always the copy of paternal origin that is active, whereas the copy of maternal origin, which may be genetically identical, is silenced. There is therefore a "cellular memory" capable of distinguishing the parental origin of the alleles but also of modifying their activity. Such epigenetic phenomena are grouped under the term parental genomic imprinting.
In this talk, I will summarise our understanding of the production and mode of action of these small atypical ncRNAs, including a description of work that aims to elucidate the
physiological function of many microRNAs through the study of a knock-out mouse model. Finally, I will Finally, I will discuss the hypothesis that deregulations in the expression of certain C/D snoRNAs snoRNAs contribute to the etiology of a rare human disease: Prader-Willi syndrome."
https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/conf/seance_100215.pdf
CBI -

We are writing to express concern about the use of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vector for a COVID-19 phase 1 vaccine study,and subsequent advanced trials. Over a decade ago, we completed the Step and Phambili phase 2b studies that evaluated an Ad5 vectored HIV-1 vaccine administered in three immunisations for efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition. Both international studies found an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among vaccinated men.
The Step trial found that men who were Ad5 seropositive and uncircumcised on entry into the trial were at elevated risk of HIV-1 acquisition during the first 18 months of follow-up.
The hazard ratios were particularly high among men who were uncircumcised and Ad5 seropositive, and who reported unprotected insertive anal sex with a partner who was HIV-1 seropositive or had unknown serostatus at baseline, suggesting the potential for increased risk of penile acquisition of HIV-1. Importantly for considering the potential use of Ad5 vectors for COVID-19 infection, a similar increased risk of HIV infection was also observed in heterosexual men who enrolled in the Phambili study.
This effect appeared to persist over time. Both studies involved an Ad5 construct that did not have the HIV-1 envelope. In another HIV study, done only in men who were Ad5 seronegative and circumcised, a DNA prime followed by an Ad5 vector were used, in which both constructs contained the HIV-1 envelope.No increased risk of HIV infection was noted. A consensus conference about Ad5 vectors held in 2013 and sponsored by the National Institutes of Health indicated the most probable explanation for these differences related to the potential counterbalancing effects of envelope immune responses in mitigating the effects of the Ad5 vector on HIV-1 acquisition.The conclusion of this consensus conference warned that non-HIV vaccine trials that used similar vectors in areas of high HIV prevalence could lead to an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition in the vaccinated population. The increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition appeared to be limited to men; a similar increase in risk was not seen in women in the Phambili trial.
Several follow-up studies suggested the potential mechanism for this increased susceptibility to HIV infection among men. The vaccine was highly immunogenic in the induction of HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells; however, there was no difference in the frequency of T-cell responses after vaccination in men who did and did not later become infected with HIV in the Step Study.These findings suggest that immune responses induced by the HIV-specific vaccine were not the mechanism of increased acquisition. Participants with high frequencies of preimmunisation Ad5-specific T cells were associated with a decreased magnitude of HIV-specific CD4 responses and recipients of the vaccine had a decreased breadth of HIV-specific CD8 responses,suggesting that pre-existing Ad5 immunity might dampen desired vaccine-induced responses. Additional exploratory studies suggest that Ad5 immune complexes activate the dendritic cell–T cell axis, which might enhance HIV-1 replication in CD4 T cells.
Additionally, Ad5-specific CD4 T cells could have an increased susceptibility to HIV infection.In a non-human primate challenge study, infecting rhesus macaques with Ad5 and then immunising them with a replication-incompetent Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine based on Ad5 increased the risk of SIV acquisition from low-dose SIV penile challenge.Furthermore, subclinical inflammation and alterations to epithelial barriers at the inner foreskin, including increased densities of CCR5-positive CD4 T cells could contribute to high rates of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, in uncircumcised men.
On the basis of these findings, we are concerned that use of an Ad5 vector for immunisation against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could similarly increase the risk of HIV-1 acquisition among men who receive the vaccine. Both the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics disproportionately affect vulnerable populations globally. Roll-out of an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine globally could be given to populations at risk of HIV infection, which could potentially increase their risk of HIV-1 acquisition.
This important safety consideration should be thoroughly evaluated before further development of Ad5 vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, and informed consent documents of these potential risks should reflect the considerable literature on HIV-1 acquisition with Ad5 vectors.
DEFINE_ME

Abstract
Understanding the emergence of novel viruses requires an accurate and comprehensive annotation of their genomes.
Overlapping genes (OLGs) are common in viruses and have been associated with pandemics but are still widely overlooked. We identify and characterize ORF3d, a novel OLG in SARS-CoV-2 that is also present in Guangxi pangolin-CoVs but not other closely related pangolin-CoVs or bat-CoVs. We then document evidence of ORF3d translation, characterize its protein sequence, and conduct an evolutionary analysis at three levels: between taxa (21 members of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus), between human hosts (3978 SARS-CoV-2 consensus sequences), and within human hosts (401 deeply sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples). ORF3d has been independently identified and shown to elicit a strong antibody response in COVID-19 patients. However, it has been misclassified as the unrelated gene ORF3b, leading to confusion.
Our results liken ORF3d to other accessory genes in emerging viruses and highlight the importance of OLGs.
https://elifesciences.org/articles/59633

Abstract​

Compared to adults, children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have predominantly mild or asymptomatic infections, but the underlying immunological differences remain unclear. Here, we describe clinical features, virology, longitudinal cellular, and cytokine immune profile, SARS-CoV-2-specific serology and salivary antibody responses in a family of two parents with PCR-confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and their three children, who tested repeatedly SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative. Cellular immune profiles and cytokine responses of all children are similar to their parents at all timepoints. All family members have salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected, predominantly IgA, that coincide with symptom resolution in 3 of 4 symptomatic members. Plasma from both parents and one child have IgG antibody against the S1 protein and virus-neutralizing activity detected. Using a systems serology approach, we demonstrate higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody features of these family members compared to healthy controls. These data indicate that children can mount an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 without virological confirmation of infection, raising the possibility that immunity in children can prevent the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Relying on routine virological and serological testing may not identify exposed children, with implications for epidemiological and clinical studies across the life-span.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19545-8

I will post a short summary of Professor Luc Montagnier's video lecture on DNA emitting frequency later.

​

","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":984614,"date":"2021-11-05T10:42:19+0100","text":"Merci ZAK super travail...

Thanks ZAK, great work...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":984749,"date":"2021-11-05T18:44:00+0100","text":"
Professor Luc Montagnier reveals that DNA emits frequencies.
 Since 2005, he has developed a new biophysical technology that detects the electromagnetic waves induced in water by the DNA of pathogenic bacteria and viruses and in the blood of patients suffering from chronic degenerative diseases. He also explains how oxidative stress caused by environmental pollution of electromagnetic waves attacks the molecules of our body which can be the cause of a number of diseases.
This film provides us with the fascinating testimony of a great scientist convinced of the benefits of preventive medicine.
Click to expand...
Fréquences électromagnétiques de l’ADN 
par le Pr Luc Montagnier
"DNA emits low frequency emissions."

"Different waves depending on whether they come from bacteria or viruses."

"Biology has established that we emit waves."

"We need a revolution in biology that takes into account the progress of physics."

"From a structure of water, stored information that comes from DNA, genetic information.
We can reproduce this DNA by putting enzymes capable of reading this water structure."

"The electro-magnetic background noise of interference waves."
Click to expand...

Nobel Prize Winner Takes Homeopathy Seriously","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":984915,"date":"2021-11-06T14:32:09+0100","text":"Amazing water!
I found a video that is a must-see posted by mkrnhr.

Homeopathy as a science.

Kary Mullis, will certainly be happier with the use of his invention (PCR Test) in this context.

Water is the key element of life, but new information is coming to light on the element which we thought we were so familiar with: information which could potentially reimagine our tree of life. That is the belief shared by the advocates of a surprising theory called "water memory". For Prof. Luc Montagnier, water has the ability to reproduce the properties of any substance it once contained. Water would have the ability to retain a memory of the properties of the molecules. What if Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, autism, HIV and even cancer could be treated thanks to this controversial theory?
Click to expand...
","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":985435,"date":"2021-11-08T17:49:52+0100","text":"
zak said:
Hi Pierre,
I've taken some notes and links from some of the video lectures I've taken the time to watch (Thread ).
I haven't had time to dig deeper and connect the dots yet, but I thought that instead of keeping them until then, they might be useful to you in some way.
Click to expand...
Thanks for sharing these interesting resources. As you will see, some are already integrated in "Mass extinction, evolutionary leap and the virus-information connection"

Actually, your post prompted me to share the book now in the thread, because, given the state of the world, I'm not sure we can finish it and publish it.

About 20 chapters are already written but not proofread, I hope the English is understandable. I will try to post the chapters one by one, regularly.

I will also post a new table of content and a new introduction, since these two parts got substantially modified since I last posted them.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":985438,"date":"2021-11-08T18:34:11+0100","text":"Yes Pierre, I imagine you did a lot of research as you did for your two previous books.
I thank you for your work and sharing.
And in the context of the world today, it's a great idea to post chapter by chapter, because I think it's important to keep a certain level of awareness and information to keep entropy low.
And that by posting your research earlier, you increase the level of awareness, thus maintaining entropy, which will finally allow you to publish your book, and Laura, hers on Caesar, in the right way.
ET voilà, que demande le peuple! (And that's it, what do the people want!)
\":lol:\"

And as all work deserves to be paid, I propose that those who will read chapter after chapter,
make a "special stone to the building" donation/ (un don "spécial Pierre à l'édifice"). \":headbanger:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":985439,"date":"2021-11-08T18:36:28+0100","text":"

Table of content​


Table of content. 2

Introduction. 5

Part I : Comets and Mass Extinctions. 9

Chapter 1: Mass Extinctions. 10

Chapter 2: Causes of Mass Extinctions. 14

Chapter 3: The 27 million year cometary cycle. 20

Part II: Life Explosions. 31

Chapter 4: Peculiar Life-Forms around Cometary Impacts. 32

Chapter 5: The K/T Boundary. 38

Chapter 6: The Cambrian Life Explosion. 41

Chapter 7: Other Life Explosions. 45

Chapter 8: Saltationism vs Darwinism.. 54

Part III: Viruses are the Drivers of Life. 60

Chapter 9: The Enigma of Speciation. 61

Chapter 10: Species-Specific Eradication or Enhancement. 75

Chapter 11: Viruses Contribute to Mass Extinctions. 79

1/ Past virus-induced extinction. 79

2/ Recent virus-induced extinction. 82

3/ Are Viruses extinction agents past and present?. 83

Chapter 12: Anteriority of Viruses. 86

Chapter 13: Pervasiveness of Viruses. 90

Chapter 14: Beneficial Viruses. 96

Exogenous viruses. 97

Endoretroviruses: 100

Chapter 15: Terrain or germs?. 105

Part IV: Viruses and Meteorites. 113

Chapter 16: Comets and Plagues, an Historical Perspective. 114

Chapter 17: The Plague of Justinian. 117

Fatality and duration. 117

Origin. 118

Chapter 18: The Black Death. 122

Fatality and duration. 122

Pathogenic agent. 124

Origin. 127

Chapter 19: Society before and after both plagues. 132

Social conditions before both plagues. 132

Social and civilizational conditions after the plagues. 135

Two plagues, one pattern? 140

Chapter 20: Meteorites Carrying Microorganisms. 142

Chapter 21: Upper Atmosphere Microorganisms. 147

Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Pulses. 149

Chapter 23: Panspermia vs. Spontaneous Generation. 157

Part V: The information Field. 159

Chapter: Information Theory & consciousness. 160

Chapter: The Field. 167

Chapter: Collective resonance. 177

Part VI: Information Field, Viruses, DNA and Proteins. 182

Chapter: DNA as Antennas. 183

Chapter: Proteins as Tuners. 185

Chapter: DNA and Proteins Connect us to the Information Field. 193

Chapter: From Geometric Shapes to Electromagnetic Signatures. 196

Chapter: Resonance Cavities. 198

Chapter: The Interesting Case of Homeopathy. 206

Chapter: Fractal Transmission Increases Informational Depth. 211

Chapter: Delayed Life Explosion or Immediate One?. 221

Deleterous effects of raditions. 229

Pathogenesis and healing as information directed processes: 230

Part VII: 6th Extinction and Coronavirus. 232

Chapter: The ongoing 6th extinction. 233

Chapter: Authorities and Life. 235

Chapter: Authorities and Control 238

Chapter: Dumbing Down the Population. 240

Chapter: The Mind-Altering Virus. 242

Chapter: Man-Made Viruses. 243

Chapter: Man-Made SARS-CoV-2. 244

Chapter: Engineered for What Purpose?. 247

Chapter: Fort Detrick And Viruses. 249

Chapter: Fort Detrick and Mind Control 252

Chapter: Made in China or Made in the USA?. 254

Chapter: From an Obedience Vaccine to a Mutated Disobedience Virus?. 258

Chapter: Lock-down to Minimize Spread Not Fatality. 261

Chapter: Eugenics 2.0. 264

Chapter: The real cause of the 6th extinction. 275

Chapter: Conclusion. 283","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":985441,"date":"2021-11-08T18:43:00+0100","text":"

Introduction​


In Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic connection, we saw that life on Earth is punctuated by mass extinctions, most them being due to cyclical cometary bombardments[1]. Besides the 28 million years cometary cycle that coincides with more than half the mass extinctions, virtually all mass extinctions seem to have been caused, at least partly, by cometary bombardments. In addition, all the other causes usually invoked for explaining mass extinctions whether volcanism, global cooling or plate tectonics are known consequences of cometary events. The above is the line of force of Part I: “Comets and Mass extinction”.

Comets are agents of mass destruction. And widely considered as such by science. But is it the whole story? While writing a second book titled “Cometary Encounters”[2], I researched further the Tunguska overhead explosion and couldn’t help to notice some strange effects induced by the event. For example Tunguska trees revealed a growth rate multiplied by four in some cases.[3]

An increased growth doesn’t sound like a random detrimental mutation but like a beneficial one. Could cometary mass extinctions also improve life forms? Maybe Tunguska was an isolated case, so I had a look at other comet induced mass extinctions, in particular the well-documented K/T boundary[4] when 66 million years ago, the Chicxulub impact wiped out the dinosaurs along with 75%[5] of all species on the planet.

Right below the K/T boundary lie the fossils of the dinosaurs and right above the K/T boundary – meaning right after the mass extinction – lay the fossils of fully developed new species having superior complexity and no known ancestors[6].

The K/T boundary is not an oddity. Virtually each geological period exhibits the same pattern. It starts with a mass extinction quickly followed by new fully developed life forms appearing out of thin air. The correlation between the aftermath of mass extinction and new life-forms is stunning. In fact almost all major living branches of life appeared right after a mass extinction.

It suggests that major cometary impacts are not only acts of destruction through the removal of obsolete life forms during mass extinctions but also creative acts through the apparition of more elaborate life-forms. That’s the main idea developed in Part II: “Life explosion”

Logically the next question was “How can cometary impact infuse new and more complex life-forms?” This question hovered for a while until the COVID hysteria, about which I wrote two articles[7]. During this process I learnt more about viruses, including their pervasive presence on the planet in general and in the genetic code of all life-forms, including humans in particular[8].

Not only viral DNA constitutes a large part of our genetic code but it has been demonstrated that this “foreign” DNA offers new beneficial functions to the host[9]. In the light of the above, viruses seem more fundamental than even life itself; they are the information carriers -genetic codes- from which biological life stems. Viruses are more than life: they are the very source of life; they are the informational precursors, the initiators of life forms. These, in a nutshell, are the main ideas presented in Part III “Viruses, Drivers of Life”.

Knowing the central role played by virus in the genetic code of life-forms, I started to wonder if it could be comet-borne viruses that triggered the evolutionary leaps that mark the aftermath of comet-induced mass extinctions.

The fact is that cometary material is unexpectedly rich in organic material.[10] More than that, several researchers including NASA’s head of astrobiology research Richard Hoover[11] have published a number of papers about the presence of microorganisms in meteoritic material. Not only meteorites carry microbes but the Earth’s upper atmosphere is also laden by microorganisms. Dozens of types of microorganisms, including three species[12] –two bacterial and one fungal- that are unknown on Earth have been found as high as 41 km[13], where no air from lower down would normally be transported[14]

So, meteorites directly carrying new viruses and meteorites puncturing the atmosphere and enabling the entrance of new viruses are the two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses to explain the infusion of new virus on Earth. This association between new viruses and cometary impacts is the topic addressed in part IV : “Viruses and Meteorites”

At this point one obvious question emerged. How does viral DNA manage to shape new complex life forms? Mainstream science postulates that DNA is the code that controls the synthesis of proteins – the building blocks of life. Different DNA = different code = different proteins = different morphology. It’s a simple and neat process, but is it true?

How can this process explain that in one organism every single cell carries the same DNA, however these cells follow different developmental paths. One becomes muscle cell, another one a neuron, a third one a bone cell. How to explain that when a salamander loses a limb, it grows a perfect replica of it? Where is template, where is the blueprint of the whole limb? [15]. Given that the cells have the same DNA, it must something else that guides their differentiated and harmonious development.

I dedicated the last part[16] of Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic connection to demonstrating the existence of a non-local information field, including morphology-related information. I won’t transcribe here this 100-page part, but one excerpt might suffice to convey the main idea:

There’s a young student at this university who has an IQ of 126, has gained a first-class honors degree in mathematics, and is socially completely normal. And yet the boy has virtually no brain [...]When we did a brain scan on him, we saw that instead of the normal 4.5-centimeter thickness of brain tissue between the ventricles and the cortical surface, there was just a thin layer of mantle measuring a millimeter or so. His cranium is filled mainly with cerebrospinal fluid.[17]
Click to expand...

An individual virtually devoid of any brain and being fully functional intellectually and socially suggest that our ideas, thoughts, memories might be non-local instead of stored/created in our brain as usually assumed.

That’s the main premise of the concept of information field that contains all information including the ones relating to life-forms morphology. This is the line of force structuring Part V: “The information Field”

If information, including morphic information is non-local, and the acquisition of new viral DNA enables morphologically more complex life-forms, so viral DNA must be able somehow to modulate the connection of life-forms to the Information Field.

Could viruses act like some antenna? Viruses are DNA and DNA recently revealed all the feature of a fractal antenna when exposed to electromagnetic fields:

The wide frequency range of interaction with EMF is the functional characteristic of a fractal antenna, and DNA appears to possess the two structural characteristics of fractal antennas, electronic conduction and self-symmetry. These properties contribute to greater reactivity of DNA with EMF in the environment,[18]
Click to expand...

Viruses can modify DNA. DNA acts as an antenna connected to the Information Field. As will see, DNA also codes for proteins that act as a tuner to specific information within the Information Field. We will also see the geomagnetic conditions surrounding our planet alter the very expression of DNA, suggesting that it is combination of virally altered DNA and specific geomagnetic conditions that defines our connection the information field. These are main ideas suggested and developed in Part VI: Information Field, Viruses, DNA and Proteins.

At this point a few questions were left, among which: will we have the same fate as the dinosaurs? Will the survivors constitute the initiators of a new species? Unlike the previous parts of this book, this part is prospective. But one thing sure, all the ingredients are present for a 6th extinction to occur: the cyclical nature of mass extinctions, the 6th extinction that has already started, the human immunity that is weaker than ever, the ever increasing fireball activity and of course the tampering of DNA via “vaccines”. These topics and these questions will be addressed in Part VII: 6th Extinction and Coronavirus.

And now that you had an outlook on the content of this books, with further due, let’s jump in.


[1] Lescaudron, 2014. Chapter 15 “Enter Nemesis“.
[2] Lescaudron, Pierre. (2020). “Cometary Encounters”. Red Pill Press
[3] See: . Longo, G. et al. (1994). “Search for microremnants of the Tunguska cosmic body”. Planetary and Space Science. n. 2, 163--177.
Serra, R. et al. (1994). “Experimental hints on the fragmentation of the Tunguska cosmic body”. Planetary and Space Science, n. 9, 777--783.
[4] Cretaceous/Tertiary
[5] Kaiho, K. et al. (2016). “Global climate change driven by soot at the K-Pg boundary as the cause of the mass extinction”. Sci Rep 6, 28427
[6] Felix, Robert. (2008). “Magnetic Reversals and Evolutionary Leaps: The True Origin of Species”. Sugarhouse Publications. P. 33.
[7] Lescaudron, Pierre. (2020). “Compelling evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was manmade”. Sott.net
Lescaudron, Pierre. (2021). “The Inanity of RNA Vaccines For COVID-19”. Sott.net.
[8] Moelling, K. & Broecker, F. (2019). “Viruses and Evolution - Viruses First? A Personal Perspective”. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 523.
[9] Ryan, Frank. (2013). “Virolution“. Harper Collins UK.
[10] Cronin, J.R. et al. (1983). “Amino acids in meteorites”. Advances in Space Research. Vol. 3-9, Pages 5-18.
[11] See chapter “Impact On Human Populations”.
[12] Shivaji, S. et al. (2009). "Janibacter hoylei sp. nov., Bacillus isronensis sp. nov. and Bacillus aryabhattai sp. nov., isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from upper atmosphere". IJSE Microbiology. 59 (Pt 12): 2977–86.
[13] 25 Mile
[14] Narlikar, JV. et al. (2003). "Balloon experiment to detect micro-organisms in the outer space". Astrophys Space Sci. 285 (2): 555–62
[15] See for example: Sheldrake, Rupert. (2009). “Morphic Resonance: The Nature of Formative Causation”. Inner Traditions/Bear.
[16] “Part IV: Role of the elites, the human-cosmic connection” pp.192-290.
[17] Lewin, Roger (1980). “Is your brain really necessary?”, Science, Dec 12, Vol.210, p.1232(3)
[18] Blank M., Goodman R. (2011). “DNA is a fractal antenna in electromagnetic fields”. Int J Radiat Biol. 87(4):409-15.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":985445,"date":"2021-11-08T19:06:27+0100","text":"MERCI PIERRE pour le partage, je copie votre texte en Français...

THANK YOU PIERRE for sharing, I copy your text in French...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2782,"user":"Gwelan (too)","id":985458,"date":"2021-11-08T19:45:47+0100","text":"Personally, I am not a man of knowledge and I admit that these recent interventions, or your articles and book, Pierre (which I still haven't finished) are fascinating, although I unfortunately don't have the level to appreciate them at their true value, but there is a link that I have difficulty in establishing concerning mass extinction, and it is the following: I concieve the influence of cosmological events on living things, and whether they are cometary events, cosmic particles or even radiation or vibrations, they are part of what I would call natural events. But we are also in a particular period where eugenics is also very much at work and on a very large scale. I see the two happening together, and as much as for the firts one (which can perhaps be considered as an effect of the wave), I am tempted to offer the slightest resistance, as much, for the other, I am naturally inclined to offer a determined resistance.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4.095789128294706e+63,"user":"PierremARTinSkyryustellarSkyfallGwelan (too)mrtnSkyfallGwelan (too)psychegramtrytoflygottathinkSkyfallPierrestellar","id":985468,"date":"2021-11-08T20:54:29+01002021-11-08T21:16:02+01002021-11-08T21:40:02+01002021-11-09T07:05:14+01002021-11-09T08:01:55+01002021-11-09T11:30:14+01002021-11-09T11:37:37+01002021-11-09T12:59:19+01002021-11-09T14:41:37+01002021-11-09T15:05:50+01002021-11-09T16:43:14+01002021-11-10T04:03:57+01002021-11-11T11:19:15+01002021-11-13T14:51:52+01002021-11-14T22:03:39+0100","text":"

Chapter 1: Mass Extinctions​


In the following chapters, we will encounter several taxonomic terms like species, genus or order. Let’s clarify this with two classification examples human vs buttercup:


Comparative taxonomy of human and buttercup​



So, any life-form can be categorized in the taxonomic tree according to the seven taxa it belongs to: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom. If fact, it's a bit more complicated than that with numerous subcategories like subphylum or subfamily, but for our purpose this level of details is useless.

After this short preamble, let’s address the main topic: mass extinctions. Far from the gradualist uniformitarian paradigm held by mainstream science, the history of our planet shows a recurring pattern of catastrophic destruction.


Rather than being an exception catastrophe-induced mass extinctions are the rule. So far Earth has officially experienced 5 major mass extinctions:

• Ordovician–Silurian extinction that occurred 450–440 Mya[1]. It obliterated 60% to 70% of all species[2].

• Late Devonian extinction that happened 375–360 Mya, which eliminated at least 70% of all species.[3]

• Permian–Triassic extinction, 252 Mya, during which 90% to 96% of all species[4] died. This is the largest known mass extinction[5].

• Triassic–Jurassic extinction, 201 Mya when about 70% of all species disappeared[6].

• Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction, 66 Mya, the wipe out the dinosaurs. In total about 75% of all species became extinct[7].



The five major extinctions​

This count of five mass extinctions is arbitrary and rather conservative. Actually, our planet experienced way more than those five mass extinctions usually recognized by mainstream literature if one factors in the following event:

• The above mentioned late-Devonian mass extinction is actually constituted of three distinct extinction events[8]: the Taghanic Event, the Kellwasser Event and the Hangenberg Event spread over almost 30 Mya as indicated by the three black dots in the diagram below.

• The three major Cambrian extinctions[9], as shown by the three black arrows in the diagram below. The latest one was the Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event ca. 488 Mya. It was preceded by the less documented Dresbachian extinction event about 502 Mya, which annihilated approximately 40% of marine genera[10] and the End-Botomian extinction event ca. 517 Mya which removed up to 80% of marine genera[11]

• The mid-Ordovician extinction, also known as the Ordovician Meteor Event[12] happened ca. 467 Mya and wiped out about 15% of genera. It is shown by the white arrow in the graph below.

• The end-Silurian extinction also known as the Silurian-Devonian boundary. Made of three minor extinctions closely interspaced, namely the Lau event ca. 424 Mya[13], the Mulde event ca. 427 Mya[14] and the Ireviken event ca. 433 Mya. These three events caused high extinction rates among conodonts[15], graptolites[16] and trilobites[17].

• The extinction known as the late Middle Permian extinction ca. 270 Mya, as shown by the light grey arrow, that preceded the Permian-Triassic extinction by about 20 million and erased between 25 and 47% genera extinction rate[18]

• The dozen or so milder extinctions that interspersed the major ones:

- the end-Eocene extinction[19] ca. 34 Mya, which eradicated 60% of Africa primates[20]
- The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event[21] ca. 93 Mya as shown by the gradient arrow in the diagram below. This event caused the demise of several type of dinosaurs and the extinction of 27% marine invertebrates[22]
- the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction[23] ca. 145 Mya that eliminated about 15% of the species
- the Carboniferous-Permian extinction ca. 305 Mya also known as the Carboniferous rainforest collapse[24], shown by the dark grey arrow in the diagram below
- the mid-Carboniferous extinction[25] ca. 325 Mya which killed about 25% of the genera
- the end-Silurian extinction[26] about 420 Mya, that was particularly hard on brachiopods[27] and conodonts[28].

• The extinctions that predate the Cambrian. According to researcher Andrew Rhys Jones, before the Cambrian (ca. 540 Mya) there were four mass extinctions:

Prior to the evolution of macroscopic multicellular eukaryotes and the first metazoans, there may have been four mass extinctions of an unknown number of prokaryotic and microscopic eukaryotic species (Elewa & Joseph, 2009, Joseph 2009a). These have been referred to as the Paleoproterozoic (2.3 to 1.8 bya), the Sturtian (725 mya to 670 mya), the Marinoan/Gaskiers (640 to 580 mya), and the Ediacaran extinctions (540 mya), and with the exception of the latter, each was related to worldwide periods of prolonged glaciation that developed over millions of years of time.[29]
Click to expand...

If one counts the extinction events described above, the real number of mass extinctions experienced by our planet is not 5 but more likely comprised between 20 and 30.

A few numbers might convey the astounding rate of replacement of life-forms: according to estimates between 5 and 50 billion species have lived on the Earth and humans have only found evidence of about 50 million of them[30]. Based on these figures, about 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth have now disappeared. Part of these 99.9% extinction occurred during mass extinction, as illustrated by the difference between the extinction rate during mass extinction (15-50%) and the background extinction rate of about 4% shown in the diagram below:





© Creative Commons
Extinction rate (% of genera) over the past 542 million years.​



[1] Million years Ago
[2] Baez, John. (2006). “Extinction”. University of California, Riverside, Department of Mathematics
[3] Briggs, Derek; Crowther, Peter R. (2008). “Palaeobiology II”. John Wiley & Sons. p. 223
[4] Baez, 2006.
[5] Ibid
[6] Ibid
[7] Raup, D.; Sepkoski Jr, J. (1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". Science. 215 (4539): 1501–03.
[8] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2021). "Devonian Period". Encyclopedia Britannica
[9] National Geographics Editors. (2020). ”The Cambrian Period”. National Geographics
[10] David P.G. Bond et al. (2017). “On the causes of mass extinctions”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 478, Pages 3-29.
[11] Signor, Philip W. (1992). "Taxonomic diversity and faunal turnover in the Early Cambrian: Did the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic occur in the Botomian stage?". The Paleontological Society Special Publications. 6: 272.
[12] Korochantseva, Ekaterina; et al. (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (1): 113–130.
[13] Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7: 29–50.
[14] Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154.
[15] Jarochowska, et al. (2017). "Harnessing stratigraphic bias at the section scale: Conodont diversity in the Homerian (Silurian) of the Midland Platform, England". Palaeontology. 61: 57–7
[16] Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7: 29–50.
[17] Munnecke, A. et al. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124.
[18] Hecht, Jeff . (2014). “Missing' disaster led to all-time worst extinction”. New Scientist
[19] Prothero, D. R. (1994). “The Late Eocene-Oligocene Extinctions”. Annual Review Of Earth And Planetary Sciences, Volume 22, pp. 145-165.
[20] Dorien de Vries et al. (2021) “Widespread loss of mammalian lineage and dietary diversity in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia”, Communications Biology
[21] Martin A. Pearce et al. (2009). “ The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event, OAE2 and palaeoenvironmental change in epicontinental seas: New insights from the dinocyst and geochemical records”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 280, Issues 1–2, Pages 207-234
[22] New Scientist Editors (2008). "Submarine eruption bled Earth's oceans of oxygen". New Scientist.
[23] Tennant, J.P. et al. (2017), “Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover”. Biol Rev, 92: 776-814.
[24] Sahney, S. et al. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082.
[25] W. B. Saunders, W.H.C. Ramsbottom. (1986). The mid-Carboniferous eustatic event. Geology. 14 (3): 208–212.
[26] Calner, Mikael. (2005). “A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period”. Geology. 33. 10.1130/G21185.1.
[27] Colloquial called sea shells. Phylum containing about 400 living species grouped into over 120 genera.
[28] Extinct group of vertebrates resembling eels.
[29] Jones, Andrew. (2009), “The Next Mass Extinction: Human Evolution or Human Eradication”. Journal of Cosmology, Vol 2, pp. 316-333.
[30] Prothero, Donald. (2013). “Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology”. Columbia University Press.
Pierre said:
Actually, your post prompted me to share the book now in the thread, because, given the state of the world, I'm not sure we can finish it and publish it.

About 20 chapters are already written but not proofread, I hope the English is understandable. I will try to post the chapters one by one, regularly.
Click to expand...
Thank you very much Pierre \"😍\". I love your books and I'm very grateful for your hard work putting all these fascinating things together. I would have bought your new book straight away if it was published in print but in this case, when you decided to publish it here, I've made a donation to compensate for this. \"🙏\"
Pierre said:

Chapter 1: Mass Extinctions​


In the following chapters, we will encounter several taxonomic terms like species, genus or order. Let’s clarify this with two classification examples human vs buttercup:

View attachment 51299​
Comparative taxonomy of human and buttercup



So, any life-form can be categorized in the taxonomic tree according to the seven taxa it belongs to: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom. If fact, it's a bit more complicated than that with numerous subcategories like subphylum or subfamily, but for our purpose this level of details is useless.

After this short preamble, let’s address the main topic: mass extinctions. Far from the gradualist uniformitarian paradigm held by mainstream science, the history of our planet shows a recurring pattern of catastrophic destruction.


Rather than being an exception catastrophe-induced mass extinctions are the rule. So far Earth has officially experienced 5 major mass extinctions:

• Ordovician–Silurian extinction that occurred 450–440 Mya[1]. It obliterated 60% to 70% of all species[2].

• Late Devonian extinction that happened 375–360 Mya, which eliminated at least 70% of all species.[3]

• Permian–Triassic extinction, 252 Mya, during which 90% to 96% of all species[4] died. This is the largest known mass extinction[5].

• Triassic–Jurassic extinction, 201 Mya when about 70% of all species disappeared[6].

• Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction, 66 Mya, the wipe out the dinosaurs. In total about 75% of all species became extinct[7].


View attachment 51300
The five major extinctions​

This count of five mass extinctions is arbitrary and rather conservative. Actually, our planet experienced way more than those five mass extinctions usually recognized by mainstream literature if one factors in the following event:

• The above mentioned late-Devonian mass extinction is actually constituted of three distinct extinction events[8]: the Taghanic Event, the Kellwasser Event and the Hangenberg Event spread over almost 30 Mya as indicated by the three black dots in the diagram below.

• The three major Cambrian extinctions[9], as shown by the three black arrows in the diagram below. The latest one was the Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event ca. 488 Mya. It was preceded by the less documented Dresbachian extinction event about 502 Mya, which annihilated approximately 40% of marine genera[10] and the End-Botomian extinction event ca. 517 May which removed up to 80% of marine genera[11]

• The mid-Ordovician extinction, also known as the Ordovician Meteor Event[12] happened ca. 467 Mya and wiped out about 15% of genera. It is shown by the white arrow in the graph below.

• The end-Silurian extinction also known as the Silurian-Devonian boundary. Made of three minor extinctions closely interspaced, namely the Lau event ca. 424 Mya[13], the Mulde event ca. 427 Mya[14] and the Ireviken event ca. 433 Mya. These three events caused high extinction rates among conodonts[15], graptolites[16] and trilobites[17].

• The extinction known as the late Middle Permian extinction ca. 270 Mya, as shown by the light grey arrow, that preceded the Permian-Triassic extinction by about 20 million and erased between 25 and 47% genera extinction rate[18]

• The dozen or so milder extinctions that interspersed the major ones:

- the end-Eocene extinction[19] ca. 34 Mya, which eradicated 60% of Africa primates[20]
- The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event[21] ca. 93 Mya as shown by the gradient arrow in the diagram below. This event caused the demise of several type of dinosaurs and the extinction of 27% marine invertebrates[22]
- the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction[23] ca. 145 Mya that eliminated about 15% of the species
- the Carboniferous-Permian extinction ca. 305 Mya also known as the Carboniferous rainforest collapse[24], shown by the dark grey arrow in the diagram below
- the mid-Carboniferous extinction[25] ca. 325 Mya which killed about 25% of the genera
- the end-Silurian extinction[26] about 420 Mya, that was particularly hard on brachiopods[27] and conodonts[28].

• The extinctions that predate the Cambrian. According to researcher Andrew Rhys Jones, before the Cambrian (ca. 540 Mya) there were four mass extinctions:



If one counts the extinction events described above, the real number of mass extinctions experienced by our planet is not 5 but more likely comprised between 20 and 30.

A few numbers might convey the astounding rate of replacement of life-forms: according to estimates between 5 and 50 billion species have lived on the Earth and humans have only found evidence of about 50 million of them[30]. Based on these figures, about 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth have now disappeared. Part of these 99.9% extinction occurred during mass extinction, as illustrated by the difference between the extinction rate during mass extinction (15-50%) and the background extinction rate of about 4% shown in the diagram below:



View attachment 51301

© Creative Commons
Extinction rate (% of genera) over the past 542 million years.​



[1] Million years Ago
[2] Baez, John. (2006). “Extinction”. University of California, Riverside, Department of Mathematics
[3] Briggs, Derek; Crowther, Peter R. (2008). “Palaeobiology II”. John Wiley & Sons. p. 223
[4] Baez, 2006.
[5] Ibid
[6] Ibid
[7] Raup, D.; Sepkoski Jr, J. (1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". Science. 215 (4539): 1501–03.
[8] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2021). "Devonian Period". Encyclopedia Britannica
[9] National Geographics Editors. (2020). ”The Cambrian Period”. National Geographics
[10] David P.G. Bond et al. (2017). “On the causes of mass extinctions”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 478, Pages 3-29.
[11] Signor, Philip W. (1992). "Taxonomic diversity and faunal turnover in the Early Cambrian: Did the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic occur in the Botomian stage?". The Paleontological Society Special Publications. 6: 272.
[12] Korochantseva, Ekaterina; et al. (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (1): 113–130.
[13] Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7: 29–50.
[14] Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154.
[15] Jarochowska, et al. (2017). "Harnessing stratigraphic bias at the section scale: Conodont diversity in the Homerian (Silurian) of the Midland Platform, England". Palaeontology. 61: 57–7
[16] Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7: 29–50.
[17] Munnecke, A. et al. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124.
[18] Hecht, Jeff . (2014). “Missing' disaster led to all-time worst extinction”. New Scientist
[19] Prothero, D. R. (1994). “The Late Eocene-Oligocene Extinctions”. Annual Review Of Earth And Planetary Sciences, Volume 22, pp. 145-165.
[20] Dorien de Vries et al. (2021) “Widespread loss of mammalian lineage and dietary diversity in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia”, Communications Biology
[21] Martin A. Pearce et al. (2009). “ The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event, OAE2 and palaeoenvironmental change in epicontinental seas: New insights from the dinocyst and geochemical records”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 280, Issues 1–2, Pages 207-234
[22] New Scientist Editors (2008). "Submarine eruption bled Earth's oceans of oxygen". New Scientist.
[23] Tennant, J.P. et al. (2017), “Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover”. Biol Rev, 92: 776-814.
[24] Sahney, S. et al. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082.
[25] W. B. Saunders, W.H.C. Ramsbottom. (1986). The mid-Carboniferous eustatic event. Geology. 14 (3): 208–212.
[26] Calner, Mikael. (2005). “A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period”. Geology. 33. 10.1130/G21185.1.
[27] Colloquial called sea shells. Phylum containing about 400 living species grouped into over 120 genera.
[28] Extinct group of vertebrates resembling eels.
[29] Jones, Andrew. (2009), “The Next Mass Extinction: Human Evolution or Human Eradication”. Journal of Cosmology, Vol 2, pp. 316-333.
[30] Prothero, Donald. (2013). “Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology”. Columbia University Press.
Click to expand...
Thank you Pierre for sharing your work freely and allowing us to see what once was. I'll also make a donation because I would have bought the book. I sincerely hope and pray the knowledge on this forum will survive what's ahead of us.\"🙏\"
Pierre said:
Actually, your post prompted me to share the book now in the thread, because, given the state of the world, I'm not sure we can finish it and publish it.
Click to expand...
That gave me chills. Regardless, I very much appreciate all your hard work and am looking forward to reading it. \":hug2:\"
stellar said:
That gave me chills. Regardless, I very much appreciate all your hard work and am looking forward to reading it. \":hug2:\"
Click to expand...
I had exactly the same feeling , gave me the chills , time is short ...
I' m absolutely sure that this book will be an incredible journey , exactly like the previous ones , Pierre has a gift for explaining difficult concepts in a very clear and easy understandable way ...
Really hoping that the book could be completed and published , it will be easier to retain this precious knowledge in paper form rather than electronic..I often read that time is short, but nothing is ever said clearly about what motivates this sense of urgency. It's a curious « non-dit » , an "unspoken" feeling that focuses on something extremely important that can never identify itself. I have the same thing around me and I notice the same impossibility to put words to it. It intrigues me: what is this sword that we would have over our heads to the point of having to stop our usual occupations , séance tenante, and take our pilgrim's staff?
If time is so short, what is this extraordinary phenomenon that is coming, that is going to change everything and that we can neither name nor look straight in the eyes?
Pierre said:
About 20 chapters are already written but not proofread
Click to expand...
May I post any errors I found while reading?


Pierre said:
Where is template
Click to expand...

Pierre said:
the wipe out the dinosaurs
Click to expand...

Pierre said:
ca. 517 May
Click to expand...

Pierre said:
which removed up to 80% of marine genera
Click to expand...
(missing full stop punctuation mark)

Pierre said:
erased between 25 and 47% genera extinction rate
Click to expand...

Capitalization is sometimes a bit random in the TOC and in the list of 'milder extinctions'.


Thank you for this work!
Gwelan (too) said:
I often read that time is short, but nothing is ever said clearly about what motivates this sense of urgency. It's a curious « non-dit » , an "unspoken" feeling that focuses on something extremely important that can never identify itself. I have the same thing around me and I notice the same impossibility to put words to it. It intrigues me: what is this sword that we would have over our heads to the point of having to stop our usual occupations , séance tenante, and take our pilgrim's staff?
If time is so short, what is this extraordinary phenomenon that is coming, that is going to change everything and that we can neither name nor look straight in the eyes?
Click to expand...
Well...
I guess that we all know (to a certain extent of course ) what's coming , very hard times , which obviously can take different forms (comets and the consequent planetary upheaval , adverse vaccine reactions start causing untold deaths , famine/riots caused by the system collapse , plague etc.. ) did not the Cs pointed out as well that the " 4 horsemen" could be heard in the distance ?
But destruction is never total, so after destruction come rebirth , I want to believe that if we are strong enough and in tune enough with the objective reality we could survive and find ourselves in a better place ,this of course also means hard work and sufferance ,hard choices are required but I want to believe that with enough strength and perseverance it can be done.

I believe that the elites in power are trying to create a contradiction (by creating a false /alternative reality or narrative ,a contradiction is basically something contrary/opposite to the truth ) , given that contradictions cannot exist (objective reality is objective reality , what it is it is , the rest is wishful thinking) an enormous amount of force/coercion/propaganda is necessary to maintain this false narrative , and more the narrative is drifting away from the truth and more force is required ,as Pierre so clearly pointed out in his previous work and on the last session, is ultimately this enormous pressure and the oppression that creates that trigger the catastrophe , hence resolving the contradiction.
The elites are and will create great suffering no doubt ,but ultimately their plans are self defeating, contradictions are against nature , they cannot be maintained for long and nature will make the correction ,I guess sooner rather than later.....
Or so I believe ...Thank you Skyfall for your answer. Indeed the 4 horsemen are in themselves an image that speaks to our fantasies of all kinds, and especially to our fears, but remain somewhat irrational if it is indeed knowledge that protects. Finally, you put the emphasis on the chaotic event fabricated by the psychopathic elite. However, as long as we are in the context of a human affair, everyone can react to it with his lucidity, his empathy, his honor ... I mean by this that in case of self-defense, all behaviors are possible. What I still don't understand is the cosmological link with an event that is also rather "vaguely" identified by the idea of wave. I have been following the Cassiopaeans for a long time, and this concept has been so commented on, stretched in all directions that I confess to having difficulty conceptualizing what is the précise matter in fact about and especially to understand the link between cosmology and this banal story of human power. I have a probleme with the true nature of those events to come, with what links them, and their scale.Hi Pierre, just a thought but if you've decided to release the book electronically instead of printing it (a real shame as I prefer printed books, and would absolutely have purchased it as soon as published), it might be a good idea to release a PDF version. Otherwise it gets lost in a series of forum threads ... and it is in any case difficult to read book-length material on a screen, at least for me but I know many others have the same problem.Thanks for sharing Pierre !
This is only the beginning and it is already exciting !
However, I sincerely hope that you will be able to finish and publish the book in print, although a translated version in French will take even longer to wait.
Anyway, I can't wait to read more on the thread.Thank you Pierre
It’s helpful to understand things that we fear through our/my own ignorance.
I look forward to to the next chapter
Gwelan (too) said:
Thank you Skyfall for your answer. Indeed the 4 horsemen are in themselves an image that speaks to our fantasies of all kinds, and especially to our fears, but remain somewhat irrational if it is indeed knowledge that protects. Finally, you put the emphasis on the chaotic event fabricated by the psychopathic elite. However, as long as we are in the context of a human affair, everyone can react to it with his lucidity, his empathy, his honor ... I mean by this that in case of self-defense, all behaviors are possible. What I still don't understand is the cosmological link with an event that is also rather "vaguely" identified by the idea of wave. I have been following the Cassiopaeans for a long time, and this concept has been so commented on, stretched in all directions that I confess to having difficulty conceptualizing what is the précise matter in fact about and especially to understand the link between cosmology and this banal story of human power. I have a probleme with the true nature of those events to come, with what links them, and their scale.
Click to expand...
Hi Gwelan (too) ..
I guess you are right , "the wave" is vague as a definition , and many definitions/interpretations have indeed being given , but I think that the questions ; "what's exactly the wave ? " or " how exactly works ?" are questions that cannot have a precise answer when asked from our 3D perspective.
If memory serve me well, I think that the Cs at a certain point said something like a "soul smasher" or something along those lines , what I mean is that, never doubt , we will be able to feel the effects (I guess anybody in his/her peculiar or particular way , depending from your status or "being") but , at least at present and in our condition , I think we are incapable to actually really fully understand what is and thus give a clear definition .
As the Cs often remarked , "wait and see..... "
gottathink said:
Thank you Pierre
It’s helpful to understand things that we fear through our/my own ignorance.
I look forward to to the next chapter
Click to expand...
Here is the next chapter:

Chapter 2: Causes of Mass Extinctions​


Various non mutually-exclusive causes have been invoked to explain the mass extinctions that our planet experienced over the past hundreds million years. Cometary impacts are increasingly recognized as a prevalent cause but mainstream science is still reluctant to abandon the gradualist dogma. Therefore, it usually invokes more minor phenomena to explain the numerous mass extinctions experienced by our planet. Interestingly, cometary encounters can cause each of these phenomena:​

Flood basalt events[1]:

It is a term for mass volcanism and its associated atmospheric dust release[2]. Volcanism is associated with several mass extinctions[3] [4], but what, in the first place, caused the concomitant eruption of volcanoes all around the world? In Cometary Encounters we have seen how the earthly electric disruption induced by a nearby comet can cause volcanic eruptions[5]. Likewise, the Chicxulub impact ca. 66 Mya is now considered as the cause of the ensuing wave of massive eruptions[6].
​


© Ryan and Ernst
Volcanic regions and their prevalent of period of activity​



Global cooling:

The alleged cause of several mass extinctions[7]. Like volcanism, global cooling can indeed cause mass extinction to some extent. But what triggered global cooling in the first place? Cometary impacts through the sheer volume of ejected dust and the induced volcanism can veil our planet in a dust shroud which can dramatically decrease temperature[8].

Drop in sea-level[9]:​

A natural consequence of global cooling through the build-up of polar cap and snowfalls[10]. Again the question is: “what caused the global cooling that caused the drop in sea levels?”

Anoxic events:

this term refers to the drop in oxygen contained in the oceans. Anoxia shows a very strong correlation[11] with mass extinctions. According to some researchers anoxic events were caused by a proliferation of oxygen hungry algae[12]. Another identified cause of anoxia is large underwater volcanic eruptions[13]. Again what caused those waves of underwater eruptions in the first place? It seems that the chain of event is as follow:​

cometary impact -> disruption of Earth E-field -> increased volcanism -> anoxia.

Methane clathrate gun hypothesis:

This term describes a massive release of methane in the atmosphere to explain most notably the Permian-Triassic extinction 252 Mya. Massive quantities of methane can be released by volcanic eruptions[14]. Methane is also one of the main gaseous components[15] of cometary tails. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between increased atmospheric methane and submarine landslide[16], both being documented effect of cometary impacts.

Oceanic overturn:

This term refers to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation[17]. It is invoked to explain only two mass extinctions, the late Devonian[18] ca. 370 Mya and the Permian-Triassic[19] ca. 252 Mya. There is no evidence[20] of thermohaline disruption during those times because such a phenomenon doesn’t leave any trace in geological or ice core records. If thermohaline disruption happened, the question is what triggered it? A cometary event, particularly an oceanic impact, could easily disrupt oceanic circulation[21].​

Plate tectonics:

Movements of continents[22] are invoked to explain the Permian-Triassic extinction, during which, as noted above, 83% of all genera became extinct. It suggests rather radical movements of continents and raises the same question again, what caused these dramatic continental movements in the first place? Coincidentally or not, cometary impact can move continents and even trigger whole crustal slippage[23]. Comets have also been shown to trigger earthquakes at a distance[24].​

Hydrogen sulfide emissions from the seas:

High concentrations of Hydrogen sulfide are considered by some researchers as the cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction[25] 252 Mya and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction[26], 66 Mya. The spike is explained as a consequence of anoxia:

In the end-Permian, as the levels of atmospheric oxygen fell and the levels of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide rose[27]
Click to expand...

As seen previously anoxia can be caused by large underwater volcanic eruptions, which can also releases massive quantities of hydrogen sulfide[28].

Geomagnetic reversal:

The intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field has been reconstructed over the last two million years,[29] and it shows that magnetic reversals occur frequently - about once every 100,000 years – it is a much more frequent phenomenon than mass extinctions.

However there seem to be correlation between geomagnetic reversals and, at least, some mass extinctions:

​
the data now in hand is strongly suggestive that for some species of Radiolaria, reversals did influence their extinction. Mass extinctions at the close of long intervals of dominantly one polarity, such as the Cretaceous and Permo-Carboniferous, is again suggestive that the reversing field may have a selective influence. Experimental evidence has shown biological effects of null magnetic fields and fields approximating the strength of the Earth's magnetic field, raising the possibility that the action of the reversing magnetic field may cause extinctions[30]
Click to expand...


It was previously believed that the timescale for pole reversal was between 10,000 and 100 years.[31] However it appears that magnetic pole reversals can happen much quicker, with orientation changes[32] up to 6° per day.[33] This rate is exceptionally high, being 10,000 times faster than the usual rate of change in magnetic orientation[34] and leading to reversals that could takes place in a matter of days.[35]

In addition, it appears that rocks exhibiting reversed magnetic polarity show magnetic charges up to 100 times what could have been generated by the Earth’s magnetic field.

The above suggests an external agent that could dramatically increase the magnetic field measured on Earth. Comets and their high electrical activity could, if close enough, trigger such a discharge exchange with the Earth[36].​



© Wikimedia Commons
The geomagnetic field: between reversals on the left and during reversal on the right
​
Such a discharge could generate massive magnetic fields (hence the high magnetic charges measured in rocks exhibiting reverse polarity and spikes in the geomagnetic field before reversals), destabilize the existing geomagnetic field, and be the trigger for the ‘re-set’ that sees ‘North’ become ‘South’ and vice-versa.

Iron, a magnetic element, is a major constituent of our planet’s crust, accounting for 32% of its composition[37]. We will focus on the crust because the mantle and core exhibit temperatures higher[38] than the Curie temperature[39] where magnetic elements lose their magnetism.

Notice that magnetized elements like iron can be almost instantly demagnetized or re-magnetized. For example, an iron rod can be magnetized simply by rubbing a magnet on it, i.e. subjecting the rod to the magnetic field of the magnet.

Cometary bodies carry a high electric charge and therefore emit a strong magnetic field. Thus the magnetic field of a nearby comet may be capable of demagnetizing crustal iron. Similarly, the electric discharge between a nearby comet and Earth can generate a magnetic field capable of magnetizing crustal iron. Examples of crustal demagnetization induced by a cometary body have been found on Mars, where a whole region located within and around a crater exhibits no magnetism, unlike the rest of the Red Planet.[40]

Also, worth noting is the fact that geomagnetic ‘spikes’ seem to be linked to global cooling episodes:

​
Four potential geomagnetic events (‘archeomagnetic jerks’), marked by strong intensity increases, are observed and appear to be synchronous with cooling episodes in the North Atlantic. This temporal coincidence strengthens the recent suggestion that the geomagnetic field influences climate change over multi-decadal time scales.[41]
Click to expand...


As a matter of fact comets are a prime source of dust and magnetism. Thus a cometary event can be the cause of both geomagnetic jerks (induced by cometary discharges) and cooling events (induced by cometary dust).​


(c) Sott.net
Earthly effects of cometary bombardments​



As indicated in the diagram above, it seems that the invoked causes for mass extinctions whether flood, basalt event, anoxia, global cooling, geomagnetic reversal, etc, might be effects of cometary encounters - direct impact and/or overhead explosion – which, indeed, constitute the primary cause of virtually any mass extinctions, as we will demonstrate in the next chapter.
​

[1] Clapham, Matthew & Renne, Paul. (2019). “Flood Basalts and Mass Extinctions”. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47:1, 275-303
[2] Courtillot, Vincent (1990). "A Volcanic Eruption". Scientific American. 263 (4): 85–93.
[3] Kunio Kaiho, et al. (2020). “Pulsed volcanic combustion events coincident with the end-Permian terrestrial disturbance and the following global crisis”. Geology.
[4] Jun Shen et al. (2019). “Evidence for a prolonged Permian–Triassic extinction interval from global marine mercury records”. Nature Communications 10, 1563
[5] Lescaudron, Pierre. (2021). “Cometary Encounters”. Red Pill Press. Chapter “Correlation between Cometary Activity and Volcanic Activity”.
[6] Richards, Mark et al. (2015). "Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact". GSA Bulletin. 127 (11–12): 1507–1520
[7] Rosa, Eduardo et al. (2021). “Late Paleozoic Glaciation”. In Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition).
[8] For example, the onset of the Younger Dryas reveals a dramatic cooling triggered by a massive cometary impact. See: Lescaudron, 2021, Part I: Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes
[9] Peters, S.E. (2008). "Environmental determinants of extinction selectivity in the fossil record". Nature. 454 (7204): 626–29
[10] The drop in sea level due to global cooling is about 2m/°C according to the most conservative papers, see for example: Levermann, Anders et al. (2013). “The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming”. PNAS. 110 (34) 13745-13750. This figure is as high as 6 to 10 m/°C according to other researchers, see for example: Grinsted, Aslak. (2013). “Relationship between sea level rise and global temperature”. Aslak Grinsted personal Website.
[11] The seven major periods of widespread anoxia in the oceans of the last 260 million years are significantly correlated (>99.99%) with the ages of the flood-basalt - extinction events. See:
Rampino, Michael et al. (2019). "What causes mass extinctions? Large asteroid/comet impacts, flood-basalt volcanism, and ocean anoxia—Correlations and cycles", in "250 Million Years of Earth History in Central Italy”, Geological Society of America.
[12] Castle et al. (2009) “Hypothesis for the role of toxin-producing algae in Phanerozoic mass extinctions based on evidence from the geologic record and modern environments”. Environmental Geosciences, 16 (1): 1
[13] Jenkyns, H. C. (2010). "Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(3)
[14] Lancaster University editors. (2018). “Volcanoes and glaciers combine as powerful methane producers”. Phys.org
[15] Lippi, Manuela. (2010). “The composition of cometary ices as inferred from measured production rates of volatiles” Carolo-Wilhelmina University.
[16] Maslin, M. et al. (2004). "Linking continental-slope failures and climate change: Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis". Geology. 32 (1): 53–56.
[17] Circulation by which surface water sinks, bringing oxygen-poor deep water to the surface and killing the surface organisms.
[18] Algeo, T.J et al. (1995). "Late Devonian Oceanic Anoxic Events and Biotic Crises: Rooted in the Evolution of Vascular Land Plants?". GSA Today. 5 (3)
[19] Zhang R. (2001). "Could the Late Permian deep ocean have been anoxic?". Paleoceanography. 16 (3): 317–329.
[20] Wikipedia Editors. (2001). ”Extinction event”. Wikipedia.
[21] Usatov, M. (2020) “Main Belt asteroid as a Possible Younger Dryas impactor”. Astron. Nachr.; 341: 734– 740.
[22] Dirson Jian Li. (2012). "The tectonic cause of mass extinctions and the genomic contribution to biodiversification". Quantitative Biology.
[23] Lescaudron, 2014. Chapter “Crustal slippage”
[24] Omerbashich, Mensur. (2012). “Astronomical alignments as the cause of ~M6+ seismicity”. ArXiv. 1104.2036v7
[25] Kump, Lee et al. (2005). “Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia”. Geology 33 (5): 397–400.
[26] Penn State researchers. (2003). “Hydrogen Sulfide, Not Carbon Dioxide, May Have Caused Largest Mass Extinction”. ScienceDaily.
[27] Kump, 2005
[28] H. Sigurdsson et al. (2000) “Encyclopedia of Volcanoes”. Academic Press
[29] Valet, J.-P. et al. "Geomagnetic field strength and reversal rate over the past two million years", Nature, Vol. 435, 802-805 (2005)
[30] Hays, J. D. (1971). "Faunal Extinctions and Reversals of the Earth’s Magnetic Field". Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82(9), 2433
[31] White, John. (1982). “Pole Shift”. Berkley Books. p.138
[32] The speed of reversal is calculated by comparing magnetic field direction in different parts of the same lava flow.
See: Felix R. W. (2009) “Magnetic reversals and evolutionary leaps”, Sugarhouse Publishing p.95
[33] Coe, R. et al. (1994) “New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal”, Nature 374, pp. 687 - 692
[34] Langel, R.A., (1987). The main field, in “Geomagnetism”. Jacobs, J.A., Academic Press. Vol. 1, pp. 249-512
[35] Warlow P. (1978) “Does pole-flipping account for earth magnetism?”, New Scientist, p.1224
[36] For more details about electrical discharges between celestial bodies see:
Lescaudron, Pierre. (2020). “Cometary Encounters”. Red Pill Press. Part II: Did Earth 'Steal' Martian Water?
[37] Sharp, T., (2012). “What is Earth Made Of?”, Space.com
[38] Mantle temperatures range between 500° and 4,000° Celsius (930° and 7,200° Fahrenheit).
See: Louie, J. (1996). “Earth’s Interior”. University of Nevada
[39] The Curie temperature for iron is about 1,400° Fahrenheit or 770° Celsius.
[40] Louzada, K. et al. (2005). “Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrhotite”, Lunar and Planetary Science 36,
[41] Gallet, Y. (2006) “Possible impact of the Earth’s magnetic field on the history of ancient civilizations”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 246, Issues 1–2, pp.17–26
psychegram said:
Hi Pierre, just a thought but if you've decided to release the book electronically instead of printing it (a real shame as I prefer printed books, and would absolutely have purchased it as soon as published), it might be a good idea to release a PDF version. Otherwise it gets lost in a series of forum threads ... and it is in any case difficult to read book-length material on a screen, at least for me but I know many others have the same problem.
Click to expand...
How about just copy paste into a notebook made just for this book? \":-)\"","attachments":["
  • classification-examples_taxonomy tree.jpeg
    59.7 KB· Views: 977
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":5789,"user":"mARTinSky","id":985476,"date":"2021-11-08T21:16:02+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Actually, your post prompted me to share the book now in the thread, because, given the state of the world, I'm not sure we can finish it and publish it.

    About 20 chapters are already written but not proofread, I hope the English is understandable. I will try to post the chapters one by one, regularly.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you very much Pierre \"😍\". I love your books and I'm very grateful for your hard work putting all these fascinating things together. I would have bought your new book straight away if it was published in print but in this case, when you decided to publish it here, I've made a donation to compensate for this. \"🙏\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":12829,"user":"ryu","id":985482,"date":"2021-11-08T21:40:02+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:

    Chapter 1: Mass Extinctions​


    In the following chapters, we will encounter several taxonomic terms like species, genus or order. Let’s clarify this with two classification examples human vs buttercup:

    View attachment 51299​
    Comparative taxonomy of human and buttercup



    So, any life-form can be categorized in the taxonomic tree according to the seven taxa it belongs to: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom. If fact, it's a bit more complicated than that with numerous subcategories like subphylum or subfamily, but for our purpose this level of details is useless.

    After this short preamble, let’s address the main topic: mass extinctions. Far from the gradualist uniformitarian paradigm held by mainstream science, the history of our planet shows a recurring pattern of catastrophic destruction.


    Rather than being an exception catastrophe-induced mass extinctions are the rule. So far Earth has officially experienced 5 major mass extinctions:

    • Ordovician–Silurian extinction that occurred 450–440 Mya[1]. It obliterated 60% to 70% of all species[2].

    • Late Devonian extinction that happened 375–360 Mya, which eliminated at least 70% of all species.[3]

    • Permian–Triassic extinction, 252 Mya, during which 90% to 96% of all species[4] died. This is the largest known mass extinction[5].

    • Triassic–Jurassic extinction, 201 Mya when about 70% of all species disappeared[6].

    • Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction, 66 Mya, the wipe out the dinosaurs. In total about 75% of all species became extinct[7].


    View attachment 51300
    The five major extinctions​

    This count of five mass extinctions is arbitrary and rather conservative. Actually, our planet experienced way more than those five mass extinctions usually recognized by mainstream literature if one factors in the following event:

    • The above mentioned late-Devonian mass extinction is actually constituted of three distinct extinction events[8]: the Taghanic Event, the Kellwasser Event and the Hangenberg Event spread over almost 30 Mya as indicated by the three black dots in the diagram below.

    • The three major Cambrian extinctions[9], as shown by the three black arrows in the diagram below. The latest one was the Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event ca. 488 Mya. It was preceded by the less documented Dresbachian extinction event about 502 Mya, which annihilated approximately 40% of marine genera[10] and the End-Botomian extinction event ca. 517 May which removed up to 80% of marine genera[11]

    • The mid-Ordovician extinction, also known as the Ordovician Meteor Event[12] happened ca. 467 Mya and wiped out about 15% of genera. It is shown by the white arrow in the graph below.

    • The end-Silurian extinction also known as the Silurian-Devonian boundary. Made of three minor extinctions closely interspaced, namely the Lau event ca. 424 Mya[13], the Mulde event ca. 427 Mya[14] and the Ireviken event ca. 433 Mya. These three events caused high extinction rates among conodonts[15], graptolites[16] and trilobites[17].

    • The extinction known as the late Middle Permian extinction ca. 270 Mya, as shown by the light grey arrow, that preceded the Permian-Triassic extinction by about 20 million and erased between 25 and 47% genera extinction rate[18]

    • The dozen or so milder extinctions that interspersed the major ones:

    - the end-Eocene extinction[19] ca. 34 Mya, which eradicated 60% of Africa primates[20]
    - The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event[21] ca. 93 Mya as shown by the gradient arrow in the diagram below. This event caused the demise of several type of dinosaurs and the extinction of 27% marine invertebrates[22]
    - the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction[23] ca. 145 Mya that eliminated about 15% of the species
    - the Carboniferous-Permian extinction ca. 305 Mya also known as the Carboniferous rainforest collapse[24], shown by the dark grey arrow in the diagram below
    - the mid-Carboniferous extinction[25] ca. 325 Mya which killed about 25% of the genera
    - the end-Silurian extinction[26] about 420 Mya, that was particularly hard on brachiopods[27] and conodonts[28].

    • The extinctions that predate the Cambrian. According to researcher Andrew Rhys Jones, before the Cambrian (ca. 540 Mya) there were four mass extinctions:



    If one counts the extinction events described above, the real number of mass extinctions experienced by our planet is not 5 but more likely comprised between 20 and 30.

    A few numbers might convey the astounding rate of replacement of life-forms: according to estimates between 5 and 50 billion species have lived on the Earth and humans have only found evidence of about 50 million of them[30]. Based on these figures, about 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth have now disappeared. Part of these 99.9% extinction occurred during mass extinction, as illustrated by the difference between the extinction rate during mass extinction (15-50%) and the background extinction rate of about 4% shown in the diagram below:



    View attachment 51301

    © Creative Commons
    Extinction rate (% of genera) over the past 542 million years.    ​



    [1] Million years Ago
    [2] Baez, John. (2006). “Extinction”. University of California, Riverside, Department of Mathematics
    [3] Briggs, Derek; Crowther, Peter R. (2008). “Palaeobiology II”. John Wiley & Sons. p. 223
    [4] Baez, 2006.
    [5] Ibid
    [6] Ibid
    [7] Raup, D.; Sepkoski Jr, J. (1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". Science. 215 (4539): 1501–03.
    [8] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2021). "Devonian Period". Encyclopedia Britannica
    [9] National Geographics Editors. (2020). ”The Cambrian Period”. National Geographics
    [10] David P.G. Bond et al. (2017). “On the causes of mass extinctions”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 478, Pages 3-29.
    [11] Signor, Philip W. (1992). "Taxonomic diversity and faunal turnover in the Early Cambrian: Did the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic occur in the Botomian stage?". The Paleontological Society Special Publications. 6: 272.
    [12] Korochantseva, Ekaterina; et al. (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (1): 113–130.
    [13] Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7: 29–50.
    [14] Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154.
    [15] Jarochowska, et al. (2017). "Harnessing stratigraphic bias at the section scale: Conodont diversity in the Homerian (Silurian) of the Midland Platform, England". Palaeontology. 61: 57–7
    [16] Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7: 29–50.
    [17] Munnecke, A. et al. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124.
    [18] Hecht, Jeff . (2014). “Missing' disaster led to all-time worst extinction”. New Scientist
    [19] Prothero, D. R. (1994). “The Late Eocene-Oligocene Extinctions”. Annual Review Of Earth And Planetary Sciences, Volume 22, pp. 145-165.
    [20] Dorien de Vries et al. (2021) “Widespread loss of mammalian lineage and dietary diversity in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia”, Communications Biology
    [21] Martin A. Pearce et al. (2009). “ The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event, OAE2 and palaeoenvironmental change in epicontinental seas: New insights from the dinocyst and geochemical records”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 280, Issues 1–2, Pages 207-234
    [22] New Scientist Editors (2008). "Submarine eruption bled Earth's oceans of oxygen". New Scientist.
    [23] Tennant, J.P. et al. (2017), “Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover”. Biol Rev, 92: 776-814.
    [24] Sahney, S. et al. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082.
    [25] W. B. Saunders, W.H.C. Ramsbottom. (1986). The mid-Carboniferous eustatic event. Geology. 14 (3): 208–212.
    [26] Calner, Mikael. (2005). “A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period”. Geology. 33. 10.1130/G21185.1.
    [27] Colloquial called sea shells. Phylum containing about 400 living species grouped into over 120 genera.
    [28] Extinct group of vertebrates resembling eels.
    [29] Jones, Andrew. (2009), “The Next Mass Extinction: Human Evolution or Human Eradication”. Journal of Cosmology, Vol 2, pp. 316-333.
    [30] Prothero, Donald. (2013). “Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology”. Columbia University Press.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you Pierre for sharing your work freely and allowing us to see what once was. I'll also make a donation because I would have bought the book. I sincerely hope and pray the knowledge on this forum will survive what's ahead of us.\"🙏\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4706,"user":"stellar","id":985546,"date":"2021-11-09T07:05:14+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Actually, your post prompted me to share the book now in the thread, because, given the state of the world, I'm not sure we can finish it and publish it.
    Click to expand...
    That gave me chills. Regardless, I very much appreciate all your hard work and am looking forward to reading it. \":hug2:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17908,"user":"Skyfall","id":985553,"date":"2021-11-09T08:01:55+0100","text":"
    stellar said:
    That gave me chills. Regardless, I very much appreciate all your hard work and am looking forward to reading it. \":hug2:\"
    Click to expand...
    I had exactly the same feeling , gave me the chills , time is short ...
    I' m absolutely sure that this book will be an incredible journey , exactly like the previous ones , Pierre has a gift for explaining difficult concepts in a very clear and easy understandable way ...
    Really hoping that the book could be completed and published , it will be easier to retain this precious knowledge in paper form rather than electronic..","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2782,"user":"Gwelan (too)","id":985569,"date":"2021-11-09T11:30:14+0100","text":"I often read that time is short, but nothing is ever said clearly about what motivates this sense of urgency. It's a curious « non-dit » , an "unspoken" feeling that focuses on something extremely important that can never identify itself. I have the same thing around me and I notice the same impossibility to put words to it. It intrigues me: what is this sword that we would have over our heads to the point of having to stop our usual occupations , séance tenante, and take our pilgrim's staff?
    If time is so short, what is this extraordinary phenomenon that is coming, that is going to change everything and that we can neither name nor look straight in the eyes?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13086,"user":"mrtn","id":985571,"date":"2021-11-09T11:37:37+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    About 20 chapters are already written but not proofread
    Click to expand...
    May I post any errors I found while reading?


    Pierre said:
    Where is template
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    the wipe out the dinosaurs
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    ca. 517 May
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    which removed up to 80% of marine genera
    Click to expand...
    (missing full stop punctuation mark)

    Pierre said:
    erased between 25 and 47% genera extinction rate
    Click to expand...

    Capitalization is sometimes a bit random in the TOC and in the list of 'milder extinctions'.


    Thank you for this work!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17908,"user":"Skyfall","id":985589,"date":"2021-11-09T12:59:19+0100","text":"
    Gwelan (too) said:
    I often read that time is short, but nothing is ever said clearly about what motivates this sense of urgency. It's a curious « non-dit » , an "unspoken" feeling that focuses on something extremely important that can never identify itself. I have the same thing around me and I notice the same impossibility to put words to it. It intrigues me: what is this sword that we would have over our heads to the point of having to stop our usual occupations , séance tenante, and take our pilgrim's staff?
    If time is so short, what is this extraordinary phenomenon that is coming, that is going to change everything and that we can neither name nor look straight in the eyes?
    Click to expand...
    Well...
    I guess that we all know (to a certain extent of course ) what's coming , very hard times , which obviously can take different forms (comets and the consequent planetary upheaval , adverse vaccine reactions start causing untold deaths , famine/riots caused by the system collapse , plague etc.. ) did not the Cs pointed out as well that the " 4 horsemen" could be heard in the distance ?
    But destruction is never total, so after destruction come rebirth , I want to believe that if we are strong enough and in tune enough with the objective reality we could survive and find ourselves in a better place ,this of course also means hard work and sufferance ,hard choices are required but I want to believe that with enough strength and perseverance it can be done.

    I believe that the elites in power are trying to create a contradiction (by creating a false /alternative reality or narrative ,a contradiction is basically something contrary/opposite to the truth ) , given that contradictions cannot exist (objective reality is objective reality , what it is it is , the rest is wishful thinking) an enormous amount of force/coercion/propaganda is necessary to maintain this false narrative , and more the narrative is drifting away from the truth and more force is required ,as Pierre so clearly pointed out in his previous work and on the last session, is ultimately this enormous pressure and the oppression that creates that trigger the catastrophe , hence resolving the contradiction.
    The elites are and will create great suffering no doubt ,but ultimately their plans are self defeating, contradictions are against nature , they cannot be maintained for long and nature will make the correction ,I guess sooner rather than later.....
    Or so I believe ...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2782,"user":"Gwelan (too)","id":985600,"date":"2021-11-09T14:41:37+0100","text":"Thank you Skyfall for your answer. Indeed the 4 horsemen are in themselves an image that speaks to our fantasies of all kinds, and especially to our fears, but remain somewhat irrational if it is indeed knowledge that protects. Finally, you put the emphasis on the chaotic event fabricated by the psychopathic elite. However, as long as we are in the context of a human affair, everyone can react to it with his lucidity, his empathy, his honor ... I mean by this that in case of self-defense, all behaviors are possible. What I still don't understand is the cosmological link with an event that is also rather "vaguely" identified by the idea of wave. I have been following the Cassiopaeans for a long time, and this concept has been so commented on, stretched in all directions that I confess to having difficulty conceptualizing what is the précise matter in fact about and especially to understand the link between cosmology and this banal story of human power. I have a probleme with the true nature of those events to come, with what links them, and their scale.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3201,"user":"psychegram","id":985603,"date":"2021-11-09T15:05:50+0100","text":"Hi Pierre, just a thought but if you've decided to release the book electronically instead of printing it (a real shame as I prefer printed books, and would absolutely have purchased it as soon as published), it might be a good idea to release a PDF version. Otherwise it gets lost in a series of forum threads ... and it is in any case difficult to read book-length material on a screen, at least for me but I know many others have the same problem.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11429,"user":"trytofly","id":985616,"date":"2021-11-09T16:43:14+0100","text":"Thanks for sharing Pierre !
    This is only the beginning and it is already exciting !
    However, I sincerely hope that you will be able to finish and publish the book in print, although a translated version in French will take even longer to wait.
    Anyway, I can't wait to read more on the thread.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":985714,"date":"2021-11-10T04:03:57+0100","text":"Thank you Pierre
    It’s helpful to understand things that we fear through our/my own ignorance.
    I look forward to to the next chapter","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17908,"user":"Skyfall","id":986008,"date":"2021-11-11T11:19:15+0100","text":"
    Gwelan (too) said:
    Thank you Skyfall for your answer. Indeed the 4 horsemen are in themselves an image that speaks to our fantasies of all kinds, and especially to our fears, but remain somewhat irrational if it is indeed knowledge that protects. Finally, you put the emphasis on the chaotic event fabricated by the psychopathic elite. However, as long as we are in the context of a human affair, everyone can react to it with his lucidity, his empathy, his honor ... I mean by this that in case of self-defense, all behaviors are possible. What I still don't understand is the cosmological link with an event that is also rather "vaguely" identified by the idea of wave. I have been following the Cassiopaeans for a long time, and this concept has been so commented on, stretched in all directions that I confess to having difficulty conceptualizing what is the précise matter in fact about and especially to understand the link between cosmology and this banal story of human power. I have a probleme with the true nature of those events to come, with what links them, and their scale.
    Click to expand...
    Hi Gwelan (too) ..
    I guess you are right , "the wave" is vague as a definition , and many definitions/interpretations have indeed being given , but I think that the questions ; "what's exactly the wave ? " or " how exactly works ?" are questions that cannot have a precise answer when asked from our 3D perspective.
    If memory serve me well, I think that the Cs at a certain point said something like a "soul smasher" or something along those lines , what I mean is that, never doubt , we will be able to feel the effects (I guess anybody in his/her peculiar or particular way , depending from your status or "being") but , at least at present and in our condition , I think we are incapable to actually really fully understand what is and thus give a clear definition .
    As the Cs often remarked , "wait and see..... "","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":986457,"date":"2021-11-13T14:51:52+0100","text":"
    gottathink said:
    Thank you Pierre
    It’s helpful to understand things that we fear through our/my own ignorance.
    I look forward to to the next chapter
    Click to expand...
    Here is the next chapter:

    Chapter 2: Causes of Mass Extinctions​


    Various non mutually-exclusive causes have been invoked to explain the mass extinctions that our planet experienced over the past hundreds million years. Cometary impacts are increasingly recognized as a prevalent cause but mainstream science is still reluctant to abandon the gradualist dogma. Therefore, it usually invokes more minor phenomena to explain the numerous mass extinctions experienced by our planet. Interestingly, cometary encounters can cause each of these phenomena:​

    Flood basalt events[1]:

    It is a term for mass volcanism and its associated atmospheric dust release[2]. Volcanism is associated with several mass extinctions[3] [4], but what, in the first place, caused the concomitant eruption of volcanoes all around the world? In Cometary Encounters we have seen how the earthly electric disruption induced by a nearby comet can cause volcanic eruptions[5]. Likewise, the Chicxulub impact ca. 66 Mya is now considered as the cause of the ensuing wave of massive eruptions[6].
    ​


    © Ryan and Ernst
    Volcanic regions and their prevalent of period of activity    ​



    Global cooling:

    The alleged cause of several mass extinctions[7]. Like volcanism, global cooling can indeed cause mass extinction to some extent. But what triggered global cooling in the first place? Cometary impacts through the sheer volume of ejected dust and the induced volcanism can veil our planet in a dust shroud which can dramatically decrease temperature[8].

    Drop in sea-level[9]:​

    A natural consequence of global cooling through the build-up of polar cap and snowfalls[10]. Again the question is: “what caused the global cooling that caused the drop in sea levels?”

    Anoxic events:

    this term refers to the drop in oxygen contained in the oceans. Anoxia shows a very strong correlation[11] with mass extinctions. According to some researchers anoxic events were caused by a proliferation of oxygen hungry algae[12]. Another identified cause of anoxia is large underwater volcanic eruptions[13]. Again what caused those waves of underwater eruptions in the first place? It seems that the chain of event is as follow:​

    cometary impact -> disruption of Earth E-field -> increased volcanism -> anoxia.

    Methane clathrate gun hypothesis:

    This term describes a massive release of methane in the atmosphere to explain most notably the Permian-Triassic extinction 252 Mya. Massive quantities of methane can be released by volcanic eruptions[14]. Methane is also one of the main gaseous components[15] of cometary tails. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between increased atmospheric methane and submarine landslide[16], both being documented effect of cometary impacts.

    Oceanic overturn:

    This term refers to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation[17]. It is invoked to explain only two mass extinctions, the late Devonian[18] ca. 370 Mya and the Permian-Triassic[19] ca. 252 Mya. There is no evidence[20] of thermohaline disruption during those times because such a phenomenon doesn’t leave any trace in geological or ice core records. If thermohaline disruption happened, the question is what triggered it? A cometary event, particularly an oceanic impact, could easily disrupt oceanic circulation[21].​

    Plate tectonics:

    Movements of continents[22] are invoked to explain the Permian-Triassic extinction, during which, as noted above, 83% of all genera became extinct. It suggests rather radical movements of continents and raises the same question again, what caused these dramatic continental movements in the first place? Coincidentally or not, cometary impact can move continents and even trigger whole crustal slippage[23]. Comets have also been shown to trigger earthquakes at a distance[24].​

    Hydrogen sulfide emissions from the seas:

    High concentrations of Hydrogen sulfide are considered by some researchers as the cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction[25] 252 Mya and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction[26], 66 Mya. The spike is explained as a consequence of anoxia:

    In the end-Permian, as the levels of atmospheric oxygen fell and the levels of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide rose[27]
    Click to expand...

    As seen previously anoxia can be caused by large underwater volcanic eruptions, which can also releases massive quantities of hydrogen sulfide[28].

    Geomagnetic reversal:

    The intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field has been reconstructed over the last two million years,[29] and it shows that magnetic reversals occur frequently - about once every 100,000 years – it is a much more frequent phenomenon than mass extinctions.

    However there seem to be correlation between geomagnetic reversals and, at least, some mass extinctions:

    ​
    the data now in hand is strongly suggestive that for some species of Radiolaria, reversals did influence their extinction. Mass extinctions at the close of long intervals of dominantly one polarity, such as the Cretaceous and Permo-Carboniferous, is again suggestive that the reversing field may have a selective influence. Experimental evidence has shown biological effects of null magnetic fields and fields approximating the strength of the Earth's magnetic field, raising the possibility that the action of the reversing magnetic field may cause extinctions[30]
    Click to expand...


    It was previously believed that the timescale for pole reversal was between 10,000 and 100 years.[31] However it appears that magnetic pole reversals can happen much quicker, with orientation changes[32] up to 6° per day.[33] This rate is exceptionally high, being 10,000 times faster than the usual rate of change in magnetic orientation[34] and leading to reversals that could takes place in a matter of days.[35]

    In addition, it appears that rocks exhibiting reversed magnetic polarity show magnetic charges up to 100 times what could have been generated by the Earth’s magnetic field.

    The above suggests an external agent that could dramatically increase the magnetic field measured on Earth. Comets and their high electrical activity could, if close enough, trigger such a discharge exchange with the Earth[36].​



    © Wikimedia Commons
    The geomagnetic field: between reversals on the left and during reversal on the right
    ​
    Such a discharge could generate massive magnetic fields (hence the high magnetic charges measured in rocks exhibiting reverse polarity and spikes in the geomagnetic field before reversals), destabilize the existing geomagnetic field, and be the trigger for the ‘re-set’ that sees ‘North’ become ‘South’ and vice-versa.

    Iron, a magnetic element, is a major constituent of our planet’s crust, accounting for 32% of its composition[37]. We will focus on the crust because the mantle and core exhibit temperatures higher[38] than the Curie temperature[39] where magnetic elements lose their magnetism.

    Notice that magnetized elements like iron can be almost instantly demagnetized or re-magnetized. For example, an iron rod can be magnetized simply by rubbing a magnet on it, i.e. subjecting the rod to the magnetic field of the magnet.

    Cometary bodies carry a high electric charge and therefore emit a strong magnetic field. Thus the magnetic field of a nearby comet may be capable of demagnetizing crustal iron. Similarly, the electric discharge between a nearby comet and Earth can generate a magnetic field capable of magnetizing crustal iron. Examples of crustal demagnetization induced by a cometary body have been found on Mars, where a whole region located within and around a crater exhibits no magnetism, unlike the rest of the Red Planet.[40]

    Also, worth noting is the fact that geomagnetic ‘spikes’ seem to be linked to global cooling episodes:

    ​
    Four potential geomagnetic events (‘archeomagnetic jerks’), marked by strong intensity increases, are observed and appear to be synchronous with cooling episodes in the North Atlantic. This temporal coincidence strengthens the recent suggestion that the geomagnetic field influences climate change over multi-decadal time scales.[41]
    Click to expand...


    As a matter of fact comets are a prime source of dust and magnetism. Thus a cometary event can be the cause of both geomagnetic jerks (induced by cometary discharges) and cooling events (induced by cometary dust).​


    (c) Sott.net
    Earthly effects of cometary bombardments    ​



    As indicated in the diagram above, it seems that the invoked causes for mass extinctions whether flood, basalt event, anoxia, global cooling, geomagnetic reversal, etc, might be effects of cometary encounters - direct impact and/or overhead explosion – which, indeed, constitute the primary cause of virtually any mass extinctions, as we will demonstrate in the next chapter.
    ​

    [1] Clapham, Matthew & Renne, Paul. (2019). “Flood Basalts and Mass Extinctions”. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47:1, 275-303
    [2] Courtillot, Vincent (1990). "A Volcanic Eruption". Scientific American. 263 (4): 85–93.
    [3] Kunio Kaiho, et al. (2020). “Pulsed volcanic combustion events coincident with the end-Permian terrestrial disturbance and the following global crisis”. Geology.
    [4] Jun Shen et al. (2019). “Evidence for a prolonged Permian–Triassic extinction interval from global marine mercury records”. Nature Communications 10, 1563
    [5] Lescaudron, Pierre. (2021). “Cometary Encounters”. Red Pill Press. Chapter “Correlation between Cometary Activity and Volcanic Activity”.
    [6] Richards, Mark et al. (2015). "Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact". GSA Bulletin. 127 (11–12): 1507–1520
    [7] Rosa, Eduardo et al. (2021). “Late Paleozoic Glaciation”. In Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition).
    [8] For example, the onset of the Younger Dryas reveals a dramatic cooling triggered by a massive cometary impact. See: Lescaudron, 2021, Part I: Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes
    [9] Peters, S.E. (2008). "Environmental determinants of extinction selectivity in the fossil record". Nature. 454 (7204): 626–29
    [10] The drop in sea level due to global cooling is about 2m/°C according to the most conservative papers, see for example: Levermann, Anders et al. (2013). “The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming”. PNAS. 110 (34) 13745-13750. This figure is as high as 6 to 10 m/°C according to other researchers, see for example: Grinsted, Aslak. (2013). “Relationship between sea level rise and global temperature”. Aslak Grinsted personal Website.
    [11] The seven major periods of widespread anoxia in the oceans of the last 260 million years are significantly correlated (>99.99%) with the ages of the flood-basalt - extinction events. See:
    Rampino, Michael et al. (2019). "What causes mass extinctions? Large asteroid/comet impacts, flood-basalt volcanism, and ocean anoxia—Correlations and cycles", in "250 Million Years of Earth History in Central Italy”, Geological Society of America.
    [12] Castle et al. (2009) “Hypothesis for the role of toxin-producing algae in Phanerozoic mass extinctions based on evidence from the geologic record and modern environments”. Environmental Geosciences, 16 (1): 1
    [13] Jenkyns, H. C. (2010). "Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(3)
    [14] Lancaster University editors. (2018). “Volcanoes and glaciers combine as powerful methane producers”. Phys.org
    [15] Lippi, Manuela. (2010). “The composition of cometary ices as inferred from measured production rates of volatiles” Carolo-Wilhelmina University.
    [16] Maslin, M. et al. (2004). "Linking continental-slope failures and climate change: Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis". Geology. 32 (1): 53–56.
    [17] Circulation by which surface water sinks, bringing oxygen-poor deep water to the surface and killing the surface organisms.
    [18] Algeo, T.J et al. (1995). "Late Devonian Oceanic Anoxic Events and Biotic Crises: Rooted in the Evolution of Vascular Land Plants?". GSA Today. 5 (3)
    [19] Zhang R. (2001). "Could the Late Permian deep ocean have been anoxic?". Paleoceanography. 16 (3): 317–329.
    [20] Wikipedia Editors. (2001). ”Extinction event”. Wikipedia.
    [21] Usatov, M. (2020) “Main Belt asteroid as a Possible Younger Dryas impactor”. Astron. Nachr.; 341: 734– 740.
    [22] Dirson Jian Li. (2012). "The tectonic cause of mass extinctions and the genomic contribution to biodiversification". Quantitative Biology.
    [23] Lescaudron, 2014. Chapter “Crustal slippage”
    [24] Omerbashich, Mensur. (2012). “Astronomical alignments as the cause of ~M6+ seismicity”. ArXiv. 1104.2036v7
    [25] Kump, Lee et al. (2005). “Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia”. Geology 33 (5): 397–400.
    [26] Penn State researchers. (2003). “Hydrogen Sulfide, Not Carbon Dioxide, May Have Caused Largest Mass Extinction”. ScienceDaily.
    [27] Kump, 2005
    [28] H. Sigurdsson et al. (2000) “Encyclopedia of Volcanoes”. Academic Press
    [29] Valet, J.-P. et al. "Geomagnetic field strength and reversal rate over the past two million years", Nature, Vol. 435, 802-805 (2005)
    [30] Hays, J. D. (1971). "Faunal Extinctions and Reversals of the Earth’s Magnetic Field". Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82(9), 2433
    [31] White, John. (1982). “Pole Shift”. Berkley Books. p.138
    [32] The speed of reversal is calculated by comparing magnetic field direction in different parts of the same lava flow.
    See: Felix R. W. (2009) “Magnetic reversals and evolutionary leaps”, Sugarhouse Publishing p.95
    [33] Coe, R. et al. (1994) “New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal”, Nature 374, pp. 687 - 692
    [34] Langel, R.A., (1987). The main field, in “Geomagnetism”. Jacobs, J.A., Academic Press. Vol. 1, pp. 249-512
    [35] Warlow P. (1978) “Does pole-flipping account for earth magnetism?”, New Scientist, p.1224
    [36] For more details about electrical discharges between celestial bodies see:
    Lescaudron, Pierre. (2020). “Cometary Encounters”. Red Pill Press. Part II: Did Earth 'Steal' Martian Water?
    [37] Sharp, T., (2012). “What is Earth Made Of?”, Space.com
    [38] Mantle temperatures range between 500° and 4,000° Celsius (930° and 7,200° Fahrenheit).
    See: Louie, J. (1996). “Earth’s Interior”. University of Nevada
    [39] The Curie temperature for iron is about 1,400° Fahrenheit or 770° Celsius.
    [40] Louzada, K. et al. (2005). “Shock Demagnetization of Pyrrhotite”, Lunar and Planetary Science 36,
    [41] Gallet, Y. (2006) “Possible impact of the Earth’s magnetic field on the history of ancient civilizations”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 246, Issues 1–2, pp.17–26","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4706,"user":"stellar","id":986806,"date":"2021-11-14T22:03:39+0100","text":"
    psychegram said:
    Hi Pierre, just a thought but if you've decided to release the book electronically instead of printing it (a real shame as I prefer printed books, and would absolutely have purchased it as soon as published), it might be a good idea to release a PDF version. Otherwise it gets lost in a series of forum threads ... and it is in any case difficult to read book-length material on a screen, at least for me but I know many others have the same problem.
    Click to expand...
    How about just copy paste into a notebook made just for this book? \":-)\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":988306,"date":"2021-11-21T18:27:46+0100","text":"

    Chapter 3: The 27 million year cometary cycle​


    Until the 1980’s cometary impacts as the main cause of mass extinctions was still controversial. Despite the understandable[1] scarcity of dated impact craters, the cometary induced mass extinction scenario gained a lot of traction with the discovery of a very distinct cycle punctuating most mass extinctions experienced by our planet. But before addressing this point and this mounting evidence of the cometary impacts, let’s have look at our solar system.

    As everybody knows, our solar system is powered by a single star, the Sun. Well, it is assumed that ours is a single-star solar system because we see only one sun rise each morning. However, this is actually quite a peculiar configuration, since most stars astronomers have observed are part of multi-star systems (most often binary).

    Based on data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory, it’s estimated that over 80% of all stars may be in either binary or multiple-star systems.[2] Grazia and Milton, who studied the 60 star systems nearest to our own reached a comparable conclusion:

    61% of the 60 nearest stars are components of a double (binary) or triple star system.[3]
    Click to expand...

    A twin-star model for our own solar system is a tantalizing prospect, not least because it could account for many ‘anomalies’ exhibited by the single-star hypothesis. As stated by the Binary Research Institute (BRI):

    elliptical orbit equations have been found to be a better predictor of precession rates than Newcomb’s formula, showing far greater accuracy over the last hundred years. Moreover, a moving solar system model appears to solve a number of solar system formation theory problems including the sun’s lack of angular momentum. For these reasons, BRI has concluded our sun is most likely part of a long cycle binary system.[4]
    Click to expand...



    © NASA
    Sirius is a binary star. Sirius A is the brightest.
    Sirius B is dimmer and so close to Sirius A that it was not sighted until 1862.     ​


    Bear in mind that the binary systems identified above are composed of stars bright enough to be detected with a telescope. This means that the percentage of binary systems may be even higher, since some systems can include ‘unlit’ stars, like so-called ‘brown dwarfs’, for example.

    For plasma cosmologists, a binary system is the logical way for individual stars to cope with high electric stress, causing any given star to go through a process of fission (i.e. splitting into two or more parts).[5] When a sphere is divided into two equally-sized spheres, the total mass will remain the same (no matter disappears) but the total surface area of this pair will be about 26% larger than the area of the original single sphere.[6] This increases the total surface area exposed to the electric field and thus decreases the current density (amperes per square meter). Thus, electrically-induced fission enables stars to reduce the electric stress they are subjected to by spreading it between two or more stars.

    Because of the lower level of electric stress exerted on a binary system after fission, brown dwarfs (stars exposed to a weak electric field, hence their reduced brightness) should be quite common in binary systems:

    If the members of a resulting binary pair turn out to be unequal in size, the larger one will probably have the larger current density – but still lower than the original value. (This assumes that the total charge and total driving current to the original star distributes itself onto the new stars proportionally to their masses.) In this case, the smaller member of the pair might have such a low value of current density as to drop it, abruptly, to ‘brown dwarf’ or even ‘giant gas planet’ status.[7]
    Click to expand...
    It’s clear that binary stars are very common, probably even more common than acknowledged in the scientific literature. So, is our Sun one more anomaly in the rather anomalous universe depicted by mainstream science? Is our Sun really single?

    A significant clue that our star may in fact be part of a binary system appeared in Nature in the year 1982,[8] when paleontologists David Raup and Jack Sepkoski unveiled a cyclical pattern of mass-extinction events in the fossil record.[9] Their research revealed that over the last 250 million years, the Earth regularly experienced mass extinctions, as depicted in the chart below:



    © Sott.net adapted from Melottt & Bambach
    27 MY periodicity of mass extinctions    ​

    In the graph above we can see, out of 19 events - circled points-, 11 - green circled points - lie on the vertical lines showing the 27-My (million year) interval.

    The above strongly suggests that mass extinctions, at least a majority of them, are due to a cyclical phenomenon, but doesn’t clarify the nature of this phenomenon.

    The mystery lasted until Berkeley physicist Richard Muller discovered another significant clue 1986 when he compiled the iridium levels measured at the K/T boundary, which marked the mass extinction that occurred about 66 million years ago and matches the 27 My-cycle (3 cycles ago).

    Muller checked the iridium levels in no less than 66 different locations across the whole planet. As shown on the map below, the results were unexpected: in each of those 66 different locations, Muller found abnormal levels of iridium.[10]




    © R. Muller
    66 iridium concentration anomalies measured at the K/T boundary.     ​

    The discovery of Muller was confirmed by several researchers amongst which Frank T. Kyte and John T. Wasson who measured iridium in 149 samples of Pacific abyssal clay covering the time span 33 to 67 million years ago. They showed a prominent spike at K/T boundary (66 Mya) with an increase 200-fold compared to the background concentration[11].

    What’s the big deal with iridium, you might wonder. Together with gold, platinum, osmium and rhenium, iridium is one of the ‘noble elements’ which are 10,000 times as abundant in meteoric material than in the Earth’s crust.[12] But it’s not just meteors that deliver these elements to Earth; the massive radiations emitted by supernovas can also generate large quantities of heavy elements, including iridium.

    So, while iridium anomalies at the K/T boundary signal that the mass extinction about 66 million years ago was due to a cosmic event, it remained to be seen whether the culprit was a supernova or a meteor bombardment.

    Initially, Luis Alvarez[13] was a proponent of the supernova theory. To prove his case he reasoned as follows: Pu-244, one of the isotopes of plutonium, isn’t naturally present in the Earth’s crust, nor in meteorites. However, it is one of the heavy elements created by supernovas. So if mass extinctions were due to supernova explosions, then we should find abnormally high levels of Pu-244 in the geological era boundary material because of its very long half-life of 80 million years. The analysis of Pu-244 concentrations in the clay sample from the E-O boundary led to the following conclusion:

    There was no plutonium. A supernova had not killed the dinosaurs. These results were later published in a paper titled ‘Negative results for the Supernova hypotheses’. In this paper they [Alvarez et al.] described how the measurements showed there was no plutonium-244 present, and how this result ruled out the supernova theory[14]
    Click to expand...

    If it was not a supernova, then the only possible cause was an asteroid / cometary bombardments (which we can refer to interchangeably[15]). Since then, several research teams, including University of Louisiana astronomer Dr. Daniel Whitmire and the Mellot and Bambach[16] team, have published papers confirming that meteor bombardments were indeed the cause of these cyclical mass extinction events.

    Once it was established that cyclical mass extinctions were due to space rocks, another question arose: what is the main driver of these cyclical bombardments? The idea that a single asteroid or a swarm of asteroids can follow a stable 27-million-year orbit is highly unlikely.

    Small celestial objects cannot remain in stable and very long orbits for hundreds of million years. As we’ve seen repeatedly in recent years, when comets approach massive celestial objects like Saturn, Jupiter or the Sun they are either destroyed, disintegrated, drastically weakened, ‘sucked in’ (hence the name ‘sun-diving comets’), or the encounter alters their orbit as they’re violently ejected back out of the inner solar system. So it is very unlikely that an asteroid swarm alone could cross the solar system, maintain a stable orbit throughout the journey, then return to the inner solar system on its next revolution and do it again and again for over 500 million years as suggested by Raupp and Sepkovsky’s research[17].

    In addition such a long orbit implies that the hypothetical asteroid(s) would travel several light years away[18] from the Solar system and be subjected to the disruptive gravitational forces of local stars.



    © Hermitage Museum
    Alfred Rethel, Nemesis    ​

    If asteroid(s) can’t follow such a stable 27-MY orbit by themselves, then something else obviously does; something large enough to maintain a stable orbit; and something that regularly sends fresh comets our way. That’s where Richard Muller came up with the idea that a solar companion – a twin Sun – followed such an orbit. Every 27 million years, on its approach towards the solar system, such a companion would disturb asteroids or comets local to its orbit, pushing and pulling them along its trajectory. Muller named this hypothetical Sun’s companion Nemesis[19] after the Greek goddess who relentlessly persecutes the excessively rich, proud and powerful.

    After Muller’s ground-breaking work, several research teams, including astronomer Frank Low[20] and Thomas Chester[21], began exploring the sky to find Nemesis. This quest lasted for years but returned no positive results, so observers have yet to find still Nemesis. But as we noted earlier, some stars are not bright at all, as is the case with brown dwarfs (Dan Whitmire’s star category of choice for Nemesis[22]) and, to a lesser extent, extinct red dwarfs, which is Muller’s choice[23].

    If the Sun’s companion is a brown dwarf – and if it is also orbiting in the ecliptic plane – finding it would be literally like finding a dark, invisible object surrounded by millions of bright, shining ones, a feat way more difficult than finding a needle in a haystack. This is quite an apt metaphor since up until now the technology hasn’t existed to allow us to successfully and systematically detect dark celestial bodies like brown dwarfs, as Whitmire explains:

    Currently, I am searching the half billion point sources in the 2MASS database for evidence of this object. This survey covered 99% of the sky at near-infrared wavelengths of 1–2 microns. The optimum wavelength for our search is 5 microns but no such full sky survey exists, as yet.[24]
    Click to expand...

    If Nemesis exists, the fact that it hasn’t been found despite years of research strongly advocates for it being a dark star.



    © Wikimedia Commons
    Artistic depiction of a brown dwarf    ​

    As a side note, according to mainstream science, brown dwarfs are small stars nearing the end of their life. In standard cosmology, their ‘internal Fermi reactions’ are decreasing due to lack of fuel (hydrogen), making them progressively dimmer and dimmer. However, there are several problems with this model. For starters, brown dwarfs emit X-rays:

    The orbiting x-ray telescope Chandra recently discovered a brown dwarf (spectral class M9) emitting an x-ray flare. This poses an additional problem for the advocates of the stellar fusion model. A star this cool should not be capable of x-ray flare production. How ‘gravitational collapse’ can produce x-rays remains unexplained.
    ‘We were shocked,’ said Dr. Robert Rutledge of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, the lead author on the discovery paper to appear in the July 20 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters. ‘We didn’t expect to see flaring from such a lightweight object. This is really the ‘mouse that roared.’[25]
    Click to expand...
    In standard astronomical models, Brown dwarfs are ‘supposed to be’ too cool and too small to maintain fusion reactions in their cores. The minimum temperature ‘should be’ three million degrees kelvin and the mass should be at least seven percent of the Sun’s mass, but some ‘brown dwarfs’ do not meet those requirements, they can’t trigger nuclear fusion although they emit X-ray radiation. [26]

    But a brown dwarf presents no anomaly in electric models. It’s simply a star that is not glowing because the local electric field is too weak. From this perspective it’s not the size (and therefore the limited gravitational field) that makes a star dark, but the electric stress. If the electric stress is too low, the star (whatever its size) doesn’t glow. Thus the size and temperature range determined by mainstream science to define brown dwarfs is irrelevant.

    Now, let’s go back to the main idea of this chapter: the 27-My extinction cycle and its cometary nature.

    In 1982[27], Raup and Sepkoski discovered that most major extinctions coincide with a 27 million years cycle. In 1980[28], Alvarez proved that the K/T extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs 66 Mya (3 cycles ago) was due to cometary bombardments. The combination of these two pieces of evidence strongly suggests that the 27 million year cycle was, at least partly, of a cometary nature, but that’s not all.

    In 2017, almost 40 years after Alvarez, Raup and Sepkoski discoveries, New York University geologist and NASA consultant Michael Rampino[29] discovered that four of the six largest known impact craters of the last 250 My are correlated with three recognized extinction events, which coincide with the 27-million year cycle:

    - the Chesapeake and Popigai impact craters ca. 34 Mya coeval late Eocene extinction (2 cycles ago) confirmed by anomalous level of iridium independently detected by Kyte[30] and Alvarez [31]
    - the Chicxulub impact crater ca. 66 Mya (3 cycles ago) coincident with the end Cretaceous (or K/T) extinction
    - the Morokweng/Mjolnir impact crater ca. 145 Mya (6 cycles ago), Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction




    © Rampino
    Correlation between the 6 largest known impact craters and five recognized extinction events    ​

    Notice also that, as indicated in the graph above:

    - the end-Permian extinction ca. 252 Mya (10 cycles ago) coincidences with marked increase in impact crater formation rate although no time matching large impact crater has been identified yet.

    - the Triassic-Jurassic extinction ca. 201 Mya (8 cycles ago) stratigraphic analysis reveals several evidence of cometary impact:

    Diagnostic evidence of bolide impact in the stratigraphic record includes high-pressure (10–45 Gpa) mineral polymorphs, such as stishovite and coesite, and microscopic shock-deformation features in quartz, feldspar, and zircons[32]
    Click to expand...

    In addition, three craters dating back to the times of this extinction (Manicouagan, Rochechouart and Saint Martin) are aligned[33] along the 22.8 N longitudes, which strongly suggest a crater chain formed by multiple successive impacts à la Shoemaker Levy.

    At this point the correlation between the 27-My cycle, cometary bombardments and mass extinction is very strong.

    We saw in the previous chapter that events like mass volcanism, ice ages or mass seismicity were proposed as the cause of several mass extinctions. We suggested that these events, while being a contributing factor to mass extinction, are the effects of cometary bombardments, which are, consequently, the primary triggering cause of extinctions.

    This hypothesis was considerably strengthened in 2021 when Rampino[34] demonstrated that during last 260 My the last 89 major geological events, including cometary bombardments, mass volcanism, anoxia and sea level change and mass earthquakes where in sync with the 27-My cycle, as illustrated by the diagram below, which shows on the left the timing of major geological events (smoothed) while the graph on the right reveals the 27.5-My cyclicity of these major geological events as indicated by the black arrow:




    © Rampino
    Timing (left) and cyclicity (right) of the 89 major geological events over the past 260 My    ​

    At this point, what is left to examine are extinction events outside the 27 My-cycle. Several of them also reveal the tell-tale signs of cometary encounters: impact craters and/or iridium and/or tektite:

    - The mid-Ordovician extinction, also known as the Ordovician Meteor Event happened ca. 467 Mya. This extinction was marked by the dramatic increase in the rate at which chondrite meteorites[35] fell to Earth, by the Charlevoix Crater[36] and by a spike in iridium[37].

    The Kellwasser Event (ca. 372 Mya) part the late Devonian extinction, is coeval with the Siljan[38] and the Alamo[39] crater, a concentration in iridium 20 times greater than the average[40] and a spike in micro-tektite[41].

    The Hangelberg Event (ca. 358 Mya) part the late Devonian extinction, is synchronous with the Woodleigh crater[42]

    - the Carboniferous-Permian extinction ca. 307 Mya also known as the Carboniferous rainforest collapse coeval with a iridium anomaly[43]

    The above strongly suggests that mass extinctions, within the 27-My cycle and without, are, in a vast majority, caused by cometary impacts. What would happen to this proportion if the research in this field was not underfunded?


    [1] Searching for impact craters on Earth is not an easy task because wind, rain, earthquakes, sea-level changes, vegetation growth and urbanization tend to erase these geological features. Plus, the search for impact craters doesn't seem to be a priority for modern science, maybe due to the strong ideological resistance – uniformitarianism - against the very idea of cometary impacts and their obvious catastrophic consequences. Nonetheless, at least three databases EDEIS , Somerikko and EID list some of the impact craters found on Earth. As of 2019, there are approximately 200 confirmed impact craters and 700 probable/possible ones despite the chronic under-funding this field of research.
    [2] Cruttenden, W. (2005) “Lost Star”, St. Lynn's Press p.111 ‎
    [3] De Grazia, A. & Milton, E.R. (2018), ‘’Solaria Binaria’’, Metron Publications p.17
    [4] Binary Research Institute Editors (2011) “Introduction to Binary Companion Theory”, Binary Research Institute.
    [5] Scott, D. (2006) “The Electric Sky”, ‎Mikamar Publishing p. 157-159
    [6] Scott, D. (2013) “Electric cosmology – Stellar Evolution”, Electric Cosmos.org
    [7] Scott, (2006) p.158
    [8] Raup, D. & Sepkoski, J. (1982), “Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record”, Science, 215- 4539, pp. 1501-1503
    [9] According to calculations made by Raup & Sepkoski, the probability of a 27-MY mass extinction cycle being due to random chance is less than 1%.
    [10] Muller, R. (1990) “Nemesis : The Death Star”, Arrow p.74-77
    [11] Kyte FT, Wasson JT. (1986) “Accretion rate of extraterrestrial matter: iridium deposited 33 to 67 million years ago”. Science 232(4755):1225-9
    [12] Muller, 1990 p.44
    [13] At the time Luis Alvarez was the director of the Princeton research laboratories where Muller was conducting his research about Nemesis.
    [14] Ibid., p.59
    [15] Lescaudron, 2014. Chapter 18
    [16] Melott A. & Bambach R., (2010) “Nemesis Reconsidered”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters 407, issue 1, pp L99–L102
    [17] Raup, D. & Sepkoski, J. (1982), “Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record”, Science, 215-4539, pp. 1501-1503
    [18] An asteroid of neglectable mass (several tons) relative to the Sun would have an aphelion of roughly 200.000 AU that is 3.16 light years. Such a remote aphelion would subject the asteroid to the gravitational forces of nearby stars like Proxima Centauri (4.24 light years from the Sun) or the binary stars Alpha Centauri A and B (4.35 light years from the Sun) while the gravitational forces exerted by the Sun would be virtually null.
    [19] Muller, 1990, p.114
    [20] (1933-2009) Astronomer who worked for the University of Arizona
    Jeff Harrison, (2009) “Astronomer Frank J. Low, 1933-2009” University of Arizona
    [21] Thomas Jay Chester worked for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
    Thomas Chester (2004) “Thomas Jay Chester's Website”
    [22] D. Whitmire et al. (1984). ‘Are periodic mass extinctions driven by a distant solar companion?’, Nature 308, 713–715
    [23] Muller, 1990 p.109
    [24] Bruce A. (2009) “Science or Superstition”, ‎Disinformation Books p.67
    [25] Scott , 2006, p. 127
    [26] Ibid, p. 127-129
    [27] David M. Raup, J. John Sepkoski Jr. (1982). “Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record”. Science: 1501-1503
    [28] Alvarez, L.W et al. (1980). "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction". Science. 208 (4448):
    [29] Rampino, Michael R.& Caldeira, Ken. (2017). “Correlation of the largest craters, stratigraphic impact signatures, and extinction events over the past 250 Myr”. Geoscience Frontiers, 8- 6, Pages 1241-1245,
    [30] Kyte FT, Wasson JT. (1986) “Accretion rate of extraterrestrial matter: iridium deposited 33 to 67 million years ago”. Science 232(4755):1225-9
    [31] Alvarez, W. et al. (1982) “Iridium anomaly approximately synchronous with terminal Eocene extinctions” Science, v. 216, p. 886-888.
    [32] Tanner, Lawrence et al. (2004). “Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinction”. Earth-Science Reviews. 65. 103-139. 10.1016
    [33] Spray, J.G et al. (1998). “Evidence for a Late Triassic multiple impact event on Earth”. Nature 392,171–173
    [34] Michael R. Rampino et al. (2021). “A pulse of the Earth: A 27.5-Myr underlying cycle in coordinated geological events over the last 260 Myr”. Geoscience Frontiers
    [35] Korochantseva, Ekaterina et al. (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (1): 113–130.
    [36] Schmieder, M. et al. (2019). “In situ U–Pb analysis of shocked zircon from the Charlevoix impact structure, Québec, Canada”. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 54(8) pp. 1808-1827.
    [37] Richard Grieve (1997) “Extraterrestrial impact events: the record in the rocks and the stratigraphic column” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
    [38] Victor Clube, Bill Napier (1982) “The Cosmic Serpent: A Catastrophist View of Earth History” Universe Books p.121
    [39] Sandberg, Charles et al. (2002). “Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinctions”. Geological Soc Am. 356. 473–87
    [40] Playford PE, et al. (1984) “Iridium anomaly in the upper devonian of the canning basin, Western australia”. Science. 226(4673):437-9
    [41] Sandberg, 2002
    [42] Reimold, W.U. et al. (2003), “Woodleigh impact structure, Australia: Shock petrography and geochemical studies”. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 38: 1109-1130.
    [43] Mizukami, Takuya et al. (2014). “A spike of woody plant biomarkers in the deep-sea iridium layer at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 412. 241–248.","attachments":["
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":988311,"date":"2021-11-21T18:44:34+0100","text":"
    psychegram said:
    Hi Pierre, just a thought but if you've decided to release the book electronically instead of printing it (a real shame as I prefer printed books, and would absolutely have purchased it as soon as published), it might be a good idea to release a PDF version. Otherwise it gets lost in a series of forum threads ... and it is in any case difficult to read book-length material on a screen, at least for me but I know many others have the same problem.
    Click to expand...
    Good idea. Here are the 3 first chapters in PDF format.","attachments":["
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  • Chapter 3 The 27 million year cometary cycle.pdf
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":988395,"date":"2021-11-22T10:14:25+0100","text":"Merci infiniment Pierre, grace à vos publications, je peux lire vos chapitres en Français et les copier dans mon ordinateur mais les PDF sont en Anglais et là je ne peux pas les traduire...

    Thank you very much Pierre, thanks to your publications, I can read your chapters in French and copy them in my computer but the PDFs are in English and there I can't translate them...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3770,"user":"sid","id":988418,"date":"2021-11-22T12:40:39+0100","text":"Excellent @Pierre, cant wait for the next chapters. Have finished reading your latest book too and mind blown at seeing where all the Martian water went and the deep dive into Venus’ seven passes. These books should be made mandatory at school because they explain everything so clearly. This area needs more researchers like you and proper funding for travelling and studying strata plus a few private satellites.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7505,"user":"MK Scarlett","id":988419,"date":"2021-11-22T13:02:13+0100","text":"
    PERLOU said:
    Merci infiniment Pierre, grace à vos publications, je peux lire vos chapitres en Français et les copier dans mon ordinateur mais les PDF sont en Anglais et là je ne peux pas les traduire...

    Thank you very much Pierre, thanks to your publications, I can read your chapters in French and copy them in my computer but the PDFs are in English and there I can't translate them...
    Click to expand...
    You can do it too, @PERLOU: You just have to copy-paste in a translation programme the text from the Pdf files as it can be selected the same way you select text from here or elsewhere.

    Tu peux le faire aussi, Perlou : il te suffit de copier-coller dans un programme de traduction le texte des fichiers Pdf puisqu'il peut être sélectionné de la même manière que tu sélectionnes du texte ici ou ailleurs.

    Thank you very much @Pierre for sharing here with us your terrific researchs. \":hug2:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3201,"user":"psychegram","id":988432,"date":"2021-11-22T14:14:55+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Good idea. Here are the 3 first chapters in PDF format.
    Click to expand...

    King!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":12341,"user":"Laurentien2","id":988443,"date":"2021-11-22T14:51:50+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    - the Chesapeake and Popigai impact craters ca. 34 Mya coeval late Eocene extinction (2 cycles ago) confirmed by anomalous level of iridium independently detested by Kyte[30] et Alarvez [31]
    Click to expand...
    Thanks Pierre for sharing your book, what an amazing walk accross time you take us.

    In the line above, I have highlited the word detested but assume that you mean detected.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":988457,"date":"2021-11-22T16:24:54+0100","text":"Sarlett, merci pour l'info mais pourrais-tu donner un lien vers ce traducteur car Deepl ne traduit pas d'aussi long texte...

    Scarlett, thanks for the info but could you give a link to this translator because Deepl does not translate such a long text...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7505,"user":"MK Scarlett","id":988469,"date":"2021-11-22T17:06:10+0100","text":"
    PERLOU said:
    Sarlett, merci pour l'info mais pourrais-tu donner un lien vers ce traducteur car Deepl ne traduit pas d'aussi long texte...

    Scarlett, thanks for the info but could you give a link to this translator because Deepl does not translate such a long text...
    Click to expand...
    Why do you want to put the whole text at once? You could do it step by step, paragraph by paragraph. And you may even copy-paste the step by step French translation from Deepl in a Word document, adding new chapters on it each time another new one is shared. That way, you can read it again when you want to do so. Just an idea/suggestion.

    Pourquoi veux-tu mettre tout le texte d'un coup ? Tu pourrais le faire étape par étape, paragraphe par paragraphe. Et tu pourrais même copier-coller la traduction française de Deepl, étape par étape, dans un document Word, en y ajoutant de nouveaux chapitres chaque fois qu'un nouveau est partagé. Ainsi, tu peux le relire quand tu veux. C'est juste une idée/suggestion.
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":988478,"date":"2021-11-22T18:37:59+0100","text":"OUI bien sur mais dans l'état de fatigue où je suis actuellement j'avoue et j'en rends Grâce à Pierre le copier/cpller est plus facile pour moi en Français...

    YES of course but in the state of tiredness where I am currently I admit and I give thanks to Pierre the copy/cpller is easier for me in French...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":988530,"date":"2021-11-22T22:58:12+0100","text":"
    PERLOU said:
    YES of course but in the state of tiredness where I am currently I admit and I give thanks to Pierre the copy/cpller is easier for me in French...
    Click to expand...
    If you can read, you can copy/paste, don't you?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":988623,"date":"2021-11-23T10:48:16+0100","text":"Pierre, je ne comprends pas ce que vous voulez dire, je sais lire le français mais je ne comprends pas l'anglais.
    OUI, je copie et colle sur mon ordinateur directement du forum qui est traduit en français par GOOGLE...
    Ai je compris ce que vous vouliez dire ?

    Pierre, I don't understand what you mean, I can read French but I don't understand English.
    YES, I copy and paste on my computer directly from the forum which is translated into French by GOOGLE...
    Did I understand what you meant?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17361,"user":"seve","id":988636,"date":"2021-11-23T12:19:44+0100","text":"
    PERLOU said:
    Sarlett, merci pour l'info mais pourrais-tu donner un lien vers ce traducteur car Deepl ne traduit pas d'aussi long texte...

    Scarlett, thanks for the info but could you give a link to this translator because Deepl does not translate such a long text...
    Click to expand...
    Perlou, j'utilise Google traduction dans ce cas, que vous pouvez trouver dans les extensions de votre navigateur. Pour Firefox cette extension s'intitule " Traduire les pages web" téléchargeable gratuitement et qui une fois appliquée traduit tout site web ou documents.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13931,"user":"OutSky","id":988866,"date":"2021-11-24T15:24:15+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Part 1 : comets and mass extinction 13

    Mass extinctions 14
    Causes of mass extinction 16
    The 27 million year cometary cycle 22
    Other cometary induced mass extinctions 32

    Part II : Life explosion 36

    Saltarism vs Darwinism 37
    Peculiar life forms around cometary impacts 39
    The K/T boundary 43
    The cambrian life explosion 45
    Other life explosion 46
    Beyond the mechanical action of cometary event 49

    Part III: Viruses are the drivers of life 54

    Anteriority of viruses 55
    Pervasiveness of virus 57
    Beneficial viruses 58

    Part IV: Viruses and meteorites 62

    Comet and plagues, an historical perspective 63
    Meteorites carrying micro organism 65
    Upper atmosphere microorganism 70
    Electro Magnetic pulses 72

    Part V: The information Field 77

    Information theory & consciousness 78

    The Field 84
    Collective resonance 94

    Part VI: Information field, viruses and protein 99

    DNA as antennas 100
    Proteins as tuners 102
    DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field 106
    Fractals 108
    From geometric shape to electromagnetic signature 112
    The interesting case of homeopathy 116

    Part VII: 6th extinction and coronavirus 120

    The ongoing 6th extinction 121
    Authorities and Life 123
    Authorities and Control 126
    Dumbing Down the Population 128
    The Mind-Altering Virus 130
    Man-Made Viruses 131
    Man-Made SARS-CoV-2 132
    Engineered for What Purpose? 135
    Fort Detrick And Viruses 137
    Fort Detrick and Mind Control 140
    Made in China or Made in the USA? 142
    From an Obedience Vaccine to a Mutated Disobedience Virus? 146
    Covid vaccine 152

    Conclusion 157

    As you can see, Part I et II deal with mass extinctions and the subsequent evolutionary leaps. It shows that cometary events are the main cause of mass extinctions and that, soon after, more complex life forms seems to appear out of nowhere.

    Part III and IV show that new viruses introduced by cometary events participate to remove obsolete life-forms and introduce the genetic material code enabling the evolutionary leap of the "spared" life forms.

    Part V and VI show how the virus-enhanced DNA of life forms and the proteins coded by this DNA act as receivers tuned onto the information field. The properties of a substance are not defined by its composition but its geometry. The connection between proteins/DNA and the information field are geometric and electromagnetic. The fractal nature of DNA, viruses, proteins and the background ELF electromagnetic field reinforces the connection between life forms and any given "area" of the information field.

    Part VII address the coronavirus story, an unstable Fort Detrick obedience virus that mutated in a disobedience virus (SARS-COV-2) for which obedience RNA vaccines had to be imposed. The weakening of the population immune system through fear, stress, no herd immunity and the deleterious RNA vaccines makes us highly vulnerable to a real epidemics (a new virus from space and/or a recombination between RNA vaccine sequences and viruses like the Black Death already contained in our DNA). From this perspective the 6th extinction might very well be man-made but not for the usually invoked reason: global warming. However, like during the preceding mass extinctions, the new viruses that remove obsolete life-forms might provide the genetic material for the survivors to experience an evolutionary leap.
    Click to expand...

    Short of time, still I’ve glanced the interesting chapter 3 posted here. It seems a nice book. Also, its style of writing is clear and accessible to most world readers; congratulations.

    Very likely I should read more before asking, even so, why is counted the current extinction as “6th”? Considering a 27my-cycle for great mass-extinctions, where/when is the starting-point? I would chance it as 250 mya! though I’ve noticed the mentioned earlier extinctions as well.

    Furthermore, as written, the connection of mass extinctions with the brown companion and then the latter causing meteor rain turned up a pretty much ground-worked case. Yet —again, perhaps I need to read the rest of the book, or this is not the focus of the book— what is the relation of these extinctions with earth-changes? And —though I noticed the mentioned “virus changer” as something introduced under these “rains”— interconnected with earth-changes can we see also the human psychic (synchronically?) merged with cosmic events (cycles, etc.)?!!
    July 4th 2020 Session

    (Pierre) If negative emotions are about to be amplified, knowing how much anger there is right now on the planet, I'm wondering what it will lead to? I think there's a lot of anger and frustration.

    (L) Well, remember what happens. If you can't create without, you create within. There's going to be Earth changes. The Cs said the human cycle mirrors the cycle of cosmic catastrophe. As above, so below. The crazier they get on the planet, the crazier the cosmic events become. It's a feedback loop.
    Click to expand...

    So, above is recalled the transcripts, and the nature of the 3D reality is synthetized very well. That is to say, it’s not only that outer cosmic events provoke earth-changes… actually the —collective?— human mind also can provoke earth-changes. And “earth-changes” go until what distance? How is defined our earth-kingdom? This needs contemplation, but I’m also pinpointing another aspect that I’ll comment more in the next post.​
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13931,"user":"OutSky","id":988867,"date":"2021-11-24T15:26:24+0100","text":"
    Let’s wonder for a moment that cyclic 27my extinctions are also related to the human mind. Well, mankind has a lame main-stream history at maximum limited to the Holocene (last 10,000 years), but with humanoid fossils spanning the Quaternary —last 2 million years— and a few findings within the last parts of the Cenozoic. So? Well, maybe not properly “human” but maybe some “proto-human” mind acting from some density is linked to the realm of earth events. For example, in the transcripts at some point Laura asked if humans lived in the time of dinosaurs. Surprisingly the C’s answered “Yes” though under a transitional period that “soon” vanished. So, why could not the “mind” be related to all the extinctions of eons ago?!! Another “odd” question: The “brown-twin” does seem the cause of comet rain, but what did cause the “brown-twin”? Maybe it helps if recalled that out of the 3rd density “time is meaningless”?!!

    Moreover, with regard to the tectonic changes (during these cosmic events of extinctions?!!), they seem important —IMOP— because such changes likely should be registered somehow also in the memories of the timeless soul, and these in turn could reflect in dreams and ancient records —oral and in writings— from around the world even if humankind wasn’t physically present during those events. Thus, events of Pangaea or Gondwana may be available via myths and old songs. Notice that the C’s said that, after this “present,” earth will be different in terms of continental lands. So, in a certain way we could be “re-living” a paleo-myth right now.

    6 February 2016 Session

    A: We once mentioned worldwide simultaneous eruptions. Not just that, but also the cyclic heating within the Earth and release of gases that propel continental drift. When the present period of change terminates, much of your world will be unrecognizable.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":988892,"date":"2021-11-24T18:22:18+0100","text":"
    OutSky said:
    Short of time, still I’ve glanced the interesting chapter 3 posted here. It seems a nice book. Also, its style of writing is clear and accessible to most world readers; congratulations.

    Very likely I should read more before asking, even so, why is counted the current extinction as “6th”? Considering a 27my-cycle for great mass-extinctions, where/when is the starting-point? I would chance it as 250 mya! though I’ve noticed the mentioned earlier extinctions as well.

    Furthermore, as written, the connection of mass extinctions with the brown companion and then the latter causing meteor rain turned up a pretty much ground-worked case. Yet —again, perhaps I need to read the rest of the book, or this is not the focus of the book— what is the relation of these extinctions with earth-changes? And —though I noticed the mentioned “virus changer” as something introduced under these “rains”— interconnected with earth-changes can we see also the human psychic (synchronically?) merged with cosmic events (cycles, etc.)?!!


    So, above is recalled the transcripts, and the nature of the 3D reality is synthetized very well. That is to say, it’s not only that outer cosmic events provoke earth-changes… actually the —collective?— human mind also can provoke earth-changes. And “earth-changes” go until what distance? How is defined our earth-kingdom? This needs contemplation, but I’m also pinpointing another aspect that I’ll comment more in the next post.​
    Click to expand...

    All your questions are answered in the book.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4706,"user":"stellar","id":988951,"date":"2021-11-25T01:21:53+0100","text":"
    OutSky said:
    Let’s wonder for a moment that cyclic 27my extinctions are also related to the human mind. Well, mankind has a lame main-stream history at maximum limited to the Holocene (last 10,000 years), but with humanoid fossils spanning the Quaternary —last 2 million years— and a few findings within the last parts of the Cenozoic. So? Well, maybe not properly “human” but maybe some “proto-human” mind acting from some density is linked to the realm of earth events. For example, in the transcripts at some point Laura asked if humans lived in the time of dinosaurs. Surprisingly the C’s answered “Yes” though under a transitional period that “soon” vanished. So, why could not the “mind” be related to all the extinctions of eons ago?!! Another “odd” question: The “brown-twin” does seem the cause of comet rain, but what did cause the “brown-twin”? Maybe it helps if recalled that out of the 3rd density “time is meaningless”?!!

    Moreover, with regard to the tectonic changes (during these cosmic events of extinctions?!!), they seem important —IMOP— because such changes likely should be registered somehow also in the memories of the timeless soul, and these in turn could reflect in dreams and ancient records —oral and in writings— from around the world even if humankind wasn’t physically present during those events. Thus, events of Pangaea or Gondwana may be available via myths and old songs. Notice that the C’s said that, after this “present,” earth will be different in terms of continental lands. So, in a certain way we could be “re-living” a paleo-myth right now.

    ​
    Click to expand...
    An interesting latest vid by Adapt 2030 in which he foresees Oct. 2024 as a possible repeat of 79AD & 1486AD with regards to the Exact squaring of the outer four planets and the potential effect on Earth.

    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":989363,"date":"2021-11-27T16:23:15+0100","text":"

    Part II: Life Explosions​





    © Wikimedia Common
    Fossil of Trilobite Walliserops trifurcatus    ​


    Chapter 4: Peculiar Life-Forms around Cometary Impacts​


    Logically one considers cometary event as solely agents of mass destruction as exemplified by the numerous mass extinctions or the induced catastrophes like volcanism or seismicity described in the first part. But while writing “Cometary Encounter”, I stumbled upon some peculiarities relating to the Tunguska event[1] and its effects on local life forms:

    It was found that the genotypic dispersion has sharply increased in the Tunguska trees. The effect is prominent, has a patchy character and concentrates toward the epicenter area, as well as toward of the TSB [Tunguska Space Body] trajectory projection (Vasilyev 1999, 2000, 1998). At maximums the genotypic dispersion shows about 12-fold increment (Vasilyev 2000). One of the maximums coincides again with the Mount Chirvinskii, another - with the calculated center of the light flash.[2]
    Click to expand...

    The term “genotypic dispersion” used above refers to an increase in genetic mutations. Mutations, especially detrimental ones, are compatible with cometary encounters being exclusively agents of destruction since radioactive fallouts and ionizing radiations[3] are known to damage genetic material[4] and occurred during the Tunguska explosion[5]. But Tunguska trees revealed another feature that is even more peculiar:

    The cause of the anomalous growth of tree rings after 1909 is more controversial. We collected tree ring data for 9 spruces, 1 larch and 1 Siberian pine. A comparison of the average tree ring width over about 30 years before 1907 and exactly the same period after 1909 has confirmed the width increase for all the 11 trees examined.
    From these data no correlation with the tree position has been found. The trees were divided into two groups: 5 trees with an average ring width before 1907 equal to about 0.4 mm and a second group with a ring width of about 1 mm. After 1909 both groups reach approximately the same ring width of about 1.2-1.5 mm with an increase for the first group by a factor 3-4, as against a factor 1.2-1.5 for the second group.[6]
    Click to expand...

    Notice that this growth spur affected both new trees, young trees and old trees. This accelerated growth only weakened in the 1990s[7]. A sustained and accelerated growth doesn’t sound like a random mutation, which is in more than 99.99%[8] of the cases detrimental or neutral. It sounds rather like a beneficial one. Could cometary events, beside their obvious destructive effects, somehow improve life forms?



    © Vitaly Romeyko
    Cross section of a Tunguska tree. The black arrow shows the year 1908.
    The rings after the event markedly wider
    ​
    Another puzzling feature revealed by the Tunguska trees is that the area of maximum growth is away from the epicenter:

    [Trees growth] extrapolated maximum is expected far away from the epicenter, at some 20-25 km distance (Emelyanov et al. 1979, Vasilyev 1999). One has an impression that the flight of the TSB was accompanied by some unknown agent capable to induce remote ecological and maybe even genetic changes.[9]
    Click to expand...

    Along trees, insects in Tunguska were also affected by the overhead explosion:

    […] geneticists V. K. Dmitrienko and 0 . P. Fedorova found that the insects living near Ostraya Mountain and at Churgim Creek did sharply differ from those caught in other places. In other words, these differences were greatest where peaks of mutations in local pines were also greatest. This seems to be significant. It would therefore seem that the ancestors of these ants did also undergo mutations at the Tunguska catastrophe of 1908 [10]
    Click to expand...

    In addition to be the place of unexpected occurrence of beneficial mutations, Tunguska, although it’s a very common biotope (taiga forest) which is not isolated whatsoever by surrounding seas, deserts or mountains, is the location of a few plants that are found nowhere else in the world:

    Most endemics are protected only in a few nature reserves around the globe - because these species simply do not exist elsewhere. Examples of this group of plants include the Catang's Oxytrope, found only in Central Siberia, and Iris of Bludov [Iris bloudowii}], found only in southern Siberia - the Tunguska Reserve is located at the northernmost limit of the distribution range of this species. Both of these species are included in the Red Books of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
    However, the most interesting endemic found here in the Tunguska Nature Reserve is Astragalus of Shumilov [Astragalus schumilovae]. This plant can survive in only one place on the entire globe - in southern Evenkia, between the rivers Podkamennaya Tunguska and Chunya. Thus, the only reserve in the world that protects this fantastically rare species is the Tunguska Nature Reserve.[11]
    Click to expand...

    Even Humans in the vicinity of Tunguska also experienced non-detrimental and extremely rare mutations:

    Rychkov discovered an Evenk woman lacking the Rh-D antigen. Genetic examinations of her family enabled to conclude that a very rare mutation of the Rh-D gene happened in 1912. This mutation may have affected the women’s parents, who in 1908 lived at some 100 km distance from the epicenter and were eyewitnesses of the Tunguska explosion. The women remembered her parents’ impressions of the event: a very bright flash, a clap of thunder, a droning sound, and a burning wind (Rychkov 2000).[12]
    Click to expand...

    Notice that the woman in question was from the Evenk, an indigenous people of Russia where more than 99% of the population has a positive rhesus[13].

    Now, is Tunguska an isolated oddity or can we find other examples of new life forms spawning from documented cometary impact? To answer this question, let’s have a look at the most recent major cometary bombardment, the one that started the Younger Dryas ca. 12,900 BP.

    The Carolina Bays are the ejecta impact sites of the primary cometary impact in Lake Michigan[14], they tell a fascinating story that is surprisingly similar to Tunguska:

    Much to everyone's amazement, Venus' flytraps are not some strange, exotic plant. It is native only to the Carolinas, and, according to Wikipedia, probably within a 60-mile radius of Wilmington, North Carolina. They are found mostly around crater-like formations known as Carolina Bays, which are located mostly in the same area. Connections to these bays, which are thought to be caused by meteors, only help theories of their alien origins.[15]
    Click to expand...

    While there are about 180 species[16] of carnivorous plant belonging to the Droseraceae family, Venus’ flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) are the only specie representative of the genus Dionaea.

    The closest relative[17] of the Venus flytrap is a water plant called waterwheel (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), which is the only plant sharing the same snap trap mechanism[18].

    Despite sharing a similar snap trap mechanism, the Venus flytrap and the waterwheel are genetically extremely different:

    The genome size of both cultured and wild Dionaea muscipula is 3.18 Gbp[19] and thus comparable in size with the human genome. In contrast, the genome sizes obtained for Aldrovanda vesiculosa are 509 Mbp[20]
    Click to expand...

    As you can see in the picture below, there are indeed more than a few “random” mutations between the two alleged cousins:


    © Palfalvi
    A (left): Water plant waterwheel (Aldrovanda vesiculosa)
    B (right): Ground plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea Muscipula)    ​

    Given the sudden and localized apparition of Venus flytrap out of thin air, it’s not surprising that Charles Darwin euphemistically coined the Venus flytrap as “one of the most wonderful [plant] in the world”[21]. He was certainly smart enough not to mention the serious challenges that Venus’ flytraps posed to his claims bout incremental minute evolution caused by random mutations.

    Actually, the Venus’ flytraps are only one example of species that are exclusively endemic to the Carolina Bays:

    Although most Carolina bays are much smaller, Lake Waccamaw in North Carolina stretches across 9,000 acres with 14 miles of shoreline at the headwaters of the Waccamaw River. It is home to native fish and plants that can only be found in or around the lake.[22]
    Click to expand...

    Naturalist Janna Sasser provides more details about the endemic, rare or endangered species of plants and animals found in the Carolina Bays:

    For Terri Kirby Hathaway, North Carolina Sea Grant’s marine education specialist, the bays’ value as a habitat for many of the state’s rare plant and animal species is clear. [...] While other natural landscapes of the Americas were being named and noted, these low wetlands — unique reservoirs housing a wealth of beautiful and unfamiliar plant and animal species — remained inconspicuous. [...] Yet, she points out that unaltered bays function as wildlife habitat for several endangered animals and rare plants, and support an array of unique communities of species. [...]
    Along with five species on the state’s rare plant list — the Venus-hair fern, green-fly orchid, seven-angled pipewort, narrowleaf yellow pondlily and water arrowhead — Hall notes seven animal species endemic to Lake Waccamaw. [...]
    As of 2004, seven rare animals and 10 rare plants were documented residing in the bay, including one Federally Endangered species and two Federal Species of Concern.[23]
    Click to expand...

    The Carolina bays host a number a fauna and flora species found nowhere on our planet. This peculiarity begs an obvious question: “did the cometary ejecta that formed the Carolina Bays contribute to the apparition of new and endemic species?”


    [1] Overhead cometary explosion above Tunguska, Russia in 1908.
    [2] Vasilyev, N. V. (1999). “Ecological consequences of the Tunguska catastrophe”, in Problemi radioekologii i pogranichnikh discipline, 89
    [3] Cravens, T., et al. (1987) “Electron impact ionization in the vicinity of comets”. Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 7341–7353
    [4] National Research Council (US) Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. (1990). “Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation”. National Academies Press
    [5] Rubtsov, V. (2012) “Reconstruction of the Tunguska Event of 1908: Neither an Asteroid, Nor a Comet Core”. arXiv:1302.6273
    [6] See: Longo, G. et al. (1994) “Search for microremnants of the Tunguska cosmic body”. Planetary and Space Science. n. 2, 163--177
    Serra, R. et al. (1994) “Experimental hints on the fragmentation of the Tunguska cosmic body”. Planetary and Space Science, n. 9, 777--783
    [7] Longo, G., et al. (1995) “Some Answers From Tunguska Mute Witnesses“ in Meteorite!, 1 (4), 12
    [8] Jesse D. Bloom, Frances H. Arnold. (2009) “In the light of directed evolution: Pathways of adaptive protein evolution”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (Supplement 1) 9995-10000
    [9] Zurab K. Silagadze (2003) “Tunguska genetic anomaly and electrophonic meteors”. Acta Phys.Polon. B 36 935
    [10] Rubtsov, Vladimir. (2009) “The Tunguska Mystery”. Springer Science & Business Media
    [11] Wildnet Editors. (2020) “Rare plants”. Wildnet.ru (translated from Russian)
    [12] Zurab K. Silagadze (2003) “Tunguska genetic anomaly and electrophonic meteors”. Acta Phys.Polon. B 36 935
    [13] Gafarov NI, et al. (1998) “Genetic characteristics of the population of Severo-Baĭkal'skiĭ region of the northern part of the Buryat Republic”. Genetika;34(7):979-84
    [14] Lescaudron, Pierre. (2021) “Cometary Encounters”. Red Pill Press. Chapter “Atmospheric ablation induced by a cometary impact”
    [15] Everything is electric Editors (2015). "Flytraps are Venus’?”. Everythingiselectric.com
    [16] Christenhusz, M. et al. (2016) "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217
    [17] Gibson, T. et al. (2009) "Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap". New Phytologist. 183 (3): 575–587
    [18] Cameron, K. et al. (2002) "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants". American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1503–1509
    [19] Gbp stands for Giga base pair, referring to the pairs of bases (nucleotides: A,T,G,C) that constitute DNA.
    [20] Palfalvi et al. (2020) “Genomes of the Venus Flytrap and Close Relatives Unveil the Roots of Plant Carnivory” Curr Biol. 22;30(12):2312-2320
    [21] Darwin, C. (1875), “Insectivorous Plants”, John Murray
    [22] American Rivers Editors (2020). “What are Carolina Bays”. American Rivers
    [23] Sasser, Janna. (2015) “Naturalist’s notebook: Carolina Bays: Another Man’s Treasure”. North Carolina State University","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":989365,"date":"2021-11-27T16:27:55+0100","text":"Here is the pdf file for chapter 4","attachments":["
  • Part II chapter 4.pdf
    Part II chapter 4.pdf
    771 KB· Views: 159
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":989380,"date":"2021-11-27T18:11:32+0100","text":"

    Chapter 5: The K/T Boundary​


    Could cometary-induced mass extinction also “improve” existing life forms? After all, maybe Tunguska and the Carolina Bays were isolated cases, and these are not mass extinction events per se.

    So, let’s have a look at the most recent documented comet-induced mass extinction, the K/T boundary[1] when 66 million years ago, the Chicxulub impact wiped out the dinosaurs along with 75%[2] of all species on the planet as shown by the black arrow in the cyclical cometary extinction diagram above[3].

    The K/T boundary is a geological term referring to a very thin stratum[4] of clay, suggesting a brief but marked disruption. It is shown by the white arrow in the picture below. The K/T boundary is sandwiched right below the sediments of the Cretaceous, the one from Tertiary right above it[5]:


    © Creative Commons
    The K/T boundary    ​

    Right below the K/T boundary lay the fossils of the dinosaurs and right above the K/T boundary – meaning right after the mass extinction – lay the fossils of fully developed new species with no known ancestors:

    Immediately following the end-Cretaceous, primitive birds enjoyed a surge of development, and large flightless birds like today's ostrich suddenly appeared. Tree sloths, armadillos and anteaters saw dramatic development, as did egg-laying mammals such as the platypus and the echidnor. Other mammals, until then not much bigger than a house cat, took off in a rapid and spectacular diversification, all with no known ancestors.[6]
    Click to expand...

    Adding to this impressive list of new complex species mentioned in the above quote, the aftermath of the K/T extinction also witnessed the sudden apparition of the first marsupials[7], the first odd-toed ungulates[8], a taxonomic order that contains for example the horses, the rhinoceroses and the tapirs. Soon after the K/T extinction also appeared the first whales[9], the first bats[10], the first carnivorous mammals[11] and the first primates[12].

    The K/T extinction marked the beginning of the explosive evolution of all the modern species of birds[13] and of the spiny finned teleost fishes that represent one third of all living vertebrates[14].

    The illustration below shows that most marine and land modern mammals appeared around the time of the K/T extinction:


    © Michael Novacek
    Apparition of numerous modern mammals around the time of the K/T extinction    ​


    [1] Cretaceous/Tertiary
    [2] Kaiho, K. et al. (2016) “Global climate change driven by soot at the K-Pg boundary as the cause of the mass extinction”. Sci Rep 6, 28427
    [3] See chapter 1 “Mass extinctions“
    [4] About 1,2 cm (half an inch)
    [5] It is abbreviated K (as in "K-Pg boundary") for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk)
    See: Geology Editors (2014) “Cretaceous Period” geology.com
    [6] Felix, Robert (2008). “Magnetic Reversals and Evolutionary Leaps: The True Origin of Species”. Sugarhouse Publications p33
    [7] O'Leary et al. (2013) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667
    [8] Halliday Thomas et al. (1833) "Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1833): 20153026
    [9] Thewissen, J. G. M. et al. (2007). "Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India" Nature. 450 (7173): 1190–1194
    [10] Colleary, C. et al. (2015) "Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 112 (41): 12592–12597
    [11] Polly, David, et al. (2006) "Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)". Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019–1027
    [12] Dennis O'Neil (1999). “The First Primates”. Palomar College
    [13] Feduccia, Alan (1995). "Explosive evolution in Tertiary birds and mammals". Science 267 (5198): 637–638
    [14] Friedman M. (2010). “Explosive morphological diversification of spiny-finned teleost fishes in the aftermath of the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Biological sciences, 277(1688), 1675–1683","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":989381,"date":"2021-11-27T18:15:21+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 5 "The K/T boundary"","attachments":["
  • Chapter 5.pdf
    Chapter 5.pdf
    560.2 KB· Views: 158
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":989791,"date":"2021-11-28T22:52:43+0100","text":"Hello Pierre
    I just read the 6 pages of the forum on mass extinction.
    Thank you very much for sharing your work.
    I am not a scientist at all and your way of writing makes this subject accessible to everyone.
    Thank you, really.

    For information, for those who are interested, the two plants you mention are two homeopathic remedies...
    Drosera is a known remedy for coughs and whooping coughs, etc.
    And Aldrovanda vesiculosa has been observed in India since the 16th century.
    A propos des plantes carnivores : les Drosera

    Thank you also for sending me your work in pdf, in English.
    I have the text in bilingual, which allows me to continue my learning of English by reading very interesting texts.

    For Perlou, if she wishes, I have put all the French text in word.

    Channa","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4717,"user":"Jones","id":989825,"date":"2021-11-29T01:16:37+0100","text":"
    Channa said:
    For Perlou, if she wishes, I have put all the French text in word.
    Click to expand...


    Hi Channa, perhaps you could save your translated version as a .pdf and attach it to a post here for other French readers \":-)\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":989887,"date":"2021-11-29T10:24:54+0100","text":"Merci PIERRE pour les chapitres 4 et 5 que j'ai bien copiés/collés en Français...

    Thank you PIERRE for the chapters 4 and 5 that I copied and pasted in French...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":989888,"date":"2021-11-29T10:28:59+0100","text":"Channa, merci pour ta proposition et bien sûr je suis intéressée, peux tu donner le lien s'il te plait... Merci beaucoup...

    Channa, thank you for your proposal and of course I am interested, can you please give the link... Thanks a lot...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":989936,"date":"2021-11-29T14:48:51+0100","text":"Hello to all of you
    As Jones asked me, I put the text of Pierre, in French and in PDF
    Good reading to all
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinctions de masse PDF.pdf
    Extinctions de masse PDF.pdf
    1.3 MB· Views: 99
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":989966,"date":"2021-11-29T17:51:29+0100","text":"Un grand Merci CHANNA...

    A big thank you CHANNA...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":990009,"date":"2021-11-29T21:22:32+0100","text":"``I'm finding this information riveting and so easily absorbable. As others have said Pierre, you have the storytellers ability to make this incredible information so clear and easily understood.

    My grandson, aged 9, has got an obsession with anything to do with comets. His father is very leery of letting him talk to me on this subject but we find moments to chatter nonetheless. Your illustration above on the massive growth of lifeforms around the K/T extinction will, I have no doubt, fascinate him. I don't, of course, talk about the cyclical nature of these things. Thank you for this amazing work.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":990946,"date":"2021-12-04T14:18:14+0100","text":"

    Chapter 6: The Cambrian Life Explosion​


    The Cambrian life explosion took place about 541 Mya, soon in geological terms, after a mass extinction that was probably due to cometary impacts[1]. Two substantial impact craters are coeval with this mass extinction: Acraman and Beaverhead[2]. The cometary impact hypothesis is strengthened further by the discovery of typical cometary impact markers like iridium, osmium and platinum spikes[3] at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary.

    During this exceptional life explosion almost all the present day 31 animal phyla[4] appeared quite suddenly[5]:



    (c) Royal Ontario Museum
    The Cambrian explosion marks the apparition of most phyla    ​


    The Cambrian animals reveal a level of complexity[6] comparable to modern animals although their morphologies differ. This evolutionary leap is all the more stunning that before the Cambrian explosion most organisms were unicellular along with a minority of few very simple multicellular organisms.

    Basically, before the Cambrian there is no animal fossil and after there are incomparably complex animals like the trilobite, weighing as much as 4.5 kilograms[7], and being more than 45 centimeters[8] long, equipped with fully formed eyes, legs, digestive system and exoskeleton:


    ​

    © Alias Collection
    Fossil of a Paraceraurus trilobite from the Volchow River, Russia.    ​


    After its sudden appearance, the trilobite didn’t notably evolve for 300 million year until it disappeared during the Permian–Triassic extinction 252 Mya. A close cousin[9] of the trilobite is the horseshoe crab which displays a similar exoskeleton[10] and is still alive today.



    © Warren1225
    Horseshoe crab, a close relative to the trilobites    ​


    An even more striking example of hundreds of millions of years of existence devoid of notable evolution is the tardigrade, also known as water bear, a microscopic but complex animal that suddenly appeared during the Cambrian[11] explosion and still found today everywhere on Earth, from mountaintops to the deep sea and from tropical rainforests to the Antarctica[12]. Tardigrades even live in erupting mud volcanoes[13].



    © Eye of Science
    Electron microscopy photograph of a tardigrade    ​


    An even more striking is the comb jelly that suddenly appeared during the Cambrian explosion. Comb jelly is still extant through its close relatives but Cambrian comb jelly had a more complex nervous system than its modern descendants[14].




    © Holly Sullivan
    An artist’s impression of the comb jelly fossil    ​


    The sudden appearance of the trilobites, with no ancestor whatsoever, prompted Charles Darwin to qualify it as "undoubtedly of the gravest nature"[15] He should have added “…for the credibility of me incremental random evolution theory”.

    The trilobite is not an isolated case of sudden apparition. Marine animals like sea urchins and star fish also displayed a “rapid, extensive innovation”:
    There is considerable biogeographic complexity to the [Cambrian] recovery. […] An exquisitely preserved echinoderm fauna from the Fammennian Hongegulung Formation of northwestern China demonstrates the rapid, extensive innovation among blastoids and crinoids.[16]
    Click to expand...

    The Cambrian life explosion saw tens of thousands of new complex animal species suddenly appearing on Earth, including a wide variety of worms, mollusks, brachiopods, echinoderms, arthropods and fishes to name but a few[17].

    [1] Signor, P.W. et al (1982)."Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record". In Silver, L.T. “Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the earth”. Geological Society of America.
    [2] Keller, Gerta (2005) “Impacts, volcanism and mass extinction: Random coincidence or cause and effect?”Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52. 10.1080.
    [3] Hsu, K., et al. (1985). “‘Strangelove ocean’ before the Cambrian explosion”. Nature 316, 809–811
    [4] A phylum (plural phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. As of today, there are 31 known animal phyla. For example human beings are part of the animal kingdom, the chordata phylum and the mammalian class.
    [5] Maloof, A. C. et al. (2010). "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 122 (11–12): 1731–1774.
    [6] Whittington, H. B. (1979). “Early arthropods, their appendages and relationships”. In M. R. House, “The origin of major invertebrate groups” pp. 253–268. The Systematics Association Special Volume, 12. Academic Press
    [7] 9.9 lb
    [8] 18 in
    [9] American Museum of Natural History Editors. (2012). “Horseshoe crabs are one of nature's great survivors”. Phys.org
    [10] Lienhard, John H. (2009). “No. 2496 Trilobites”. Engines of our Ingenuity
    [11] Grimaldi, David et al. (2005) “Evolution of the Insects”. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97
    [12] Sarah Bordenstein (2021) ‘’Tardigrades (Water Bears)’’. Microbial Life - Educational Resources
    [13] Suen, C. et al.(2021) “Tardigrades, Water Bears, Moss Piglets Tardigrada (Spallanzani 1777)”. EDIS, 2021(2), 2-2
    [14] James Urquhart (2021) “Ancient comb jelly had more complex nerves than its modern relatives” New Scientist
    [15] Darwin, C. (1859) “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection”. Murray. pp. 202, 306–308
    [16] Douglas Erwin (2001) “Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions”. PNAS 98 (10) 5399-5403
    [17] Rex E. Crick Markes et al. (1999) “Cambrian faune”. Encyclopaedia Britannica","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":990947,"date":"2021-12-04T14:24:46+0100","text":"Here the pdf file of the Chapter 6: "The Cambrian Life Explosion"","attachments":["
  • Chapter 6.pdf
    Chapter 6.pdf
    971.2 KB· Views: 138
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11611,"user":"Mikkael","id":990973,"date":"2021-12-04T16:41:04+0100","text":"I've just bought the book CE on kindle and I'm looking forward to find out more. Thanks for sharing the bits from chapters, so fond of Paraceraurus Trilobite photograph attached above, such awesome design. Clearly, bullhorn won its design contest 500 MYA.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":990976,"date":"2021-12-04T16:55:00+0100","text":"

    Chapter 7: Other Life Explosions​


    The life explosion following the K/T boundary is the most recent and the most documented one. The Cambrian explosion is the most dramatic one. But they are not two isolated cases. Virtually all mass extinctions were followed by life explosions marked by the emergence a new and more complex lifeforms displaying physiological features never observed before.

    - The mid-Ordovician extinction, also known as the Ordovician Meteor Event happened ca. 467 Mya. It was followed by the Ordovician radiation which took place about 40 My[1] after the Cambrian explosion described in the previous chapter. While the Cambrian explosion produced most modern phyla, the Ordovician radiation filled these phyla with numerous new classes and lower-level taxa[2]. This was a diversity explosion with a tripling of the total number of marine families and a doubling of the number of marine orders[3].

    In addition these new life forms revealed a marked increase complexity[4], particularly among brachiopods, gastropods and bivalves[5]. Interspecies organization complexity also increased dramatically with the apparition of the reef ecosystem[6].

    - The Ordovician–Silurian extinction ca.450–440 Mya was followed by the apparition of water-conducting cells along with tracheophytes[7], also known as vascular plants. The aftermath of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction also marks the advent of the oldest land animal, a millipede species called Pneumodesmus [8] along the first land plant, known as Eohostimella heathana [9]. Until then fauna and flora were exclusively aquatic. Soon after the extinction, appeared the gnathostoma[10], a subphylum, containing all the jawed vertebrates and comprising about 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates[11].

    The end-Silurian extinction ca. 430 Mya was followed by the Devonian explosion which marked dramatic evolutions in flora with the apparition of leaves[12], roots[13] and meristems[14] (a type of tissue made of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division). It marks as well the apparition of lungs - indistinguishable from modern lungs[15] and legs[16] along with the apparition of the first (wingless) insects on land[17] and the first amphibians[18]. The aftermath of this mass extinction also marked the apparition of bones and the first bony fishes amongst which the first shark fossil[19] (doliodus) and the first representatives of osteichthyes, a large taxonomic group of fishes containing about 28,000 species[20].

    - The late Devonian extinction ca. 375–360 Ma saw, soon after its aftermath, major evolutions in plants with the apparition of Archaeopteris who developed a secondary vascular tissue that produced wood[21] while Elkinsia, an early seed fern (not a true fern), had evolved seeds[22]. The late Devonian extinction was also followed by the apparition of the first tetrapods[23].

    Around the time of this extinction appeared two species that don’t belong to any phylum, therefore these two species have no identified ascendants, not even remote ones:
    - A small animal called Gluteus minimus, colloquially known as horse collar[24].
    - Libodiscus ascites, an organism that doesn’t belong to any phylum since its morphology is so singular:

    [Libodiscus ascites] consists of a flask-like body bearing a flange of plates or flattened tentacles. At one end a pair of arm-like extensions connects with a disc with concentric markings. The flask has transverse structures with prominent relief. [25]



    Lauret Savoy
    Reconstruction of Libodiscus ascites    ​



    - The Carboniferous-Permian extinction ca. 305 Mya witnessed the apparition of a whole animal class of animal, the conodont, an eel-like creature which features the first appearance of teeth[26] in the fossil records. Around the time of this extinction also appeared the conifers. Coniferae is a large group of plants containing 8 families, 68 genera and more than 600 species[27].

    This time marks as well the apparition of the Tullimonstrum, colloquially known as the Tully Monster. The peculiarity[28] of this life form is that it doesn’t belong to any phylum[29]. It shows some similarities with mollusks, arthropods, conodonts and vertebrates but it’s too dissimilar to belong to any of these categories[30].

    - The late Middle Permian extinction ca. 270 Mya, saw the rise of a major group of animals, therapsida, which featured a posture similar to mammals[31] and traits, including fur[32], suggesting endothermy[33] (maintenance of body heat at a favorable temperature).

    The late Middle Permian extinction marked also the apparition of the octopus, a taxonomic order containing about 300 species[34]. Octopuses are dramatically different and more complex than the earlier molluscs, with a brain made of half a billion neurons, six times more than a mouse brain[35], an elaborate camouflage apparatus[36] and more gene than humans[37]. In fact, octopuses are so different from other molluscs that they have no identified ancestors[38].

    - The Permian–Triassic extinction ca. 252 Mya was followed by the Mesozoic marine revolution which heralded the apparition of numerous new predators in particular shell-crushing species[39] and new taxonomic groups of sea snails like neritaceans, mesogastropods and neogastropods, who developed shells with external sculptures and asymmetric shapes to defend against this new mode of predation[40].

    Also the Permian–Triassic extinction was soon followed by the apparition of the earliest frog: Triadobatrachus massinoti[41].

    The earliest teleost fossil dates back to the early Triassic[42]. Teleosts constitute a broad and successful infraclass of fish, which displays numerous innovations like protruding mouth, elongated neural arches and unpaired basibranchial toothplates[43]. With more than 23,500 species, the teleost subclass contains 95%[44] of all extant fish species.

    Around the time of the advent of the first teleost fish, also appeared the first flying vertebrate, the pterosaur[45] whose innovative features are stunning even for today’s standards:

    “Pterosaurs were just the coolest things that were ever in the air," says Padian. "They were the first vertebrates to fly. They did it long before birds and bats. And it terms of size, they pushed the envelope as far as it could go for a flying animal."[46]
    Click to expand...

    Besides the apparition of the new and more complex lifeforms described above, the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic extinction was marked by a generalized increase in complexity among lifeforms and ecosystems:

    Likelihood analyses of 1176 fossil assemblages of marine organisms from Phanerozoic (i.e., Cambrian to Recent) assemblages indicate a shift in typical relative-abundance distributions after the Paleozoic. Ecological theory associated with these abundance distributions implies that complex ecosystems are far more common among Meso-Cenozoic assemblages than among the Paleozoic assemblages that preceded them. This transition coincides not with any major change in the way fossils are preserved or collected but with a shift from communities dominated by sessile epifaunal suspension feeders to communities with elevated diversities of mobile and infaunal taxa. This suggests that the end-Permian extinction permanently altered prevailing marine ecosystem structure and precipitated high levels of ecological complexity and alpha diversity in the Meso-Cenozoic.[47]
    Click to expand...

    - The Triassic–Jurassic extinction, ca. 201 Mya marked the disappearance of 70% of all species. There was no recovery interval, a life explosion happened right after the mass extinction:

    The end-Triassic mass extinction is one of the most significant during the Phanerozoic for both marine and terrestrial groups, but the recovery has been poorly documented. Bivalves, ammonites, brachiopods, crinoids, foraminifera, and ostracodes in Europe show no survival interval but simply a steady diversification over several myr[48]

    The first armored dinosaurs[49] appeared right after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction. The aftermath of this extinction also marked the sudden and dramatic transformation of crocodylomorphs[50]:

    The TJ [Triassic-Jurassic] extinction was followed by a geologically rapid adaptive radiation of crocodylomorphs. This radiation marks the beginning of the spectacular evolutionary history of crocodylomorphs in post-Triassic Mesozoic ecosystems, which saw the clade evolve an astonishing range of body sizes, habitats and niches [51]
    Click to expand...

    - The Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction, ca. 145 Mya was followed by the apparition of angiosperms[52] (flower plants). This sudden apparition was so problematic for the theory of gradual evolution that Charles Darwin called it an "abominable mystery”[53]. Soon after this extinction event also appeared the graminaea family[54] with includes rice, maize, wheat, bamboos or grasses.

    - The end-Eocene extinction[55], ca. 34 Mya was soon followed by the apparition of the C4 carbon fixation pathway in plants enabling higher temperature tolerance, water use efficiency[56] and nitrogen use efficiency[57]. The late-Eocene extinction was also followed by the apparition[58] of Thalassocnus, a kind of giant sea sloth[59] who doesn’t belong to any phylum. Its morphology is so odd that it’s been euphemistically called an “iconic example of transcendent evolutionary change”[60].

    The aftermath of The late-Eocene extinction was marked by the apparition of new complex mammals:

    - The cricetidae[61], a family of rodents that includes about 600[62] species like hamsters or lemmings.
    - The castoridae[63], another family of rodents that included dozen of species including the two extant species of beavers.
    - The erinaceidae[64], a family of small mammals including the hedgehog and the moonrats.
    - The felidae[65], colloquially known as cats, a taxonomic family that contains 34 species.

    A number of geologic periods (Cambrian, Jurassic, Cretaceous,…) has been mentioned in the life explosions described above. Since the Cambrian, each geologic period lasts on average 50 million years. One fundamental factor upon which the time boundaries of these geologic periods are established are the fossils they contain:

    Fossils are fundamental to the geologic time scale. The names of most of the eons and eras end in zoic, because these time intervals are often recognized on the basis of animal life.[66]
    Click to expand...

    Each geologic period is characterized by a stable and specific set of fossilized life forms, which is markedly different from the set of the geologic period that precedes it and from the set that follows it. This fact is recognized even by Darwinists:

    It remains an indisputable fact that in the most thoroughly explored regions, those where the fauna is best known. As for instance, the Tertiary of the Paris basin, the species of one bed often differ widely from those of the preceding, even where no stratigraphic gap appears between them. [67]
    Click to expand...

    The picture below illustrates how each geologic period is characterized by specific life forms, showing a marked increase complexity compared to the previous period:


    © Brittanica
    Each geologic period since the Cambrian with its characteristic life forms    ​

    The above listed mass extinctions and subsequent evolutionary leaps show that each geological period reveals the same pattern:

    - It starts with a mass extinction that removes most life forms that characterized the previous period.
    - It is followed by the sudden apparition of new fully developed life forms appearing seemingly out of thin air:

    Look at the Ordovician, when jawless fish with no known ancestors suddenly appeared; or the Silurian, when algae crawled out of the sea and onto the barren ground; or the Devonian, when coniferous trees suddenly appeared, as did ferns, seemingly out of thin air […] So many new kinds of fish appeared in the Devonian that it's called the "Age of the Fishes." Sharks appeared suddenly, and the first amphibian, Ichthyostega, crawled out of the water and onto the land.[68]
    Click to expand...

    - It lasts for tens of millions of years without any dramatic changes in the life forms of this period, until the next mass extinction that ends the geologic period.

    The correlation between the aftermath of mass extinctions and the apparition of new lifeforms is striking, in fact almost all major living branches of life appeared right or soon after a mass extinction, as shown in the illustration below:


    © Eisenberg
    Mass extinctions and new forms of life.    ​

    From the new life forms around cometary events like Tunguska or the Carolina Bays to the Cambrian life explosion, the K/T cometary induced mass extinction with its subsequent life explosion and virtually all other mass extinctions. All these events reveal the same thing: major cometary impacts are not only destructive acts through the removal of obsolete life forms during mass extinctions but also creative acts through the introduction of more elaborate life-forms.

    But what is the mechanism beyond these sudden life explosions? This question will be addressed in the next part of this book[69]; but before that we’ll dedicate one chapter to recap what we have learnt about mass extinctions and evolutionary leaps and how these observations fit with the two main kinds of evolution theories.

    [1] Servais, T. et al. (2008) "The Ordovician Biodiversification: revolution in the oceanic trophic chain". Lethaia. 41 (2): 99–109.
    [2] Servais, T. et al. (2010) "The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE): the palaeoecological dimension" Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 294 (3–4): 99–119
    [3] Droser, M. et al. (2003) "The Ordovician Radiation: A Follow-up to the Cambrian Explosion?" Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43: 178–184
    [4] Munnecke, A. et al. (2010) "Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis" Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 296 (3–4): 389–413
    [5] Stigall, A.L et al. (2016) "Biotic immigration events, speciation, and the accumulation of biodiversity in the fossil record". Global and Planetary Change. 148: 242–257
    [6] Douglas H. Erwin. (2001). “Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions”. PNAS 98 (10) 5399-5403
    [7] Jennifer L. Morris et al. (2018) ‘’Timescale of early land plant evolution”. PNAS 115 (10) E2274-E2283
    [8] Paul Selden & Helen Read (2008). "The oldest land animals: Silurian millipedes from Scotland". Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group. 23: 36–37
    [9] Niklas, Karl J. (1976) "Chemical Examinations of Some Non-Vascular Paleozoic Plants". Brittonia 28 (1): 113–137.
    [10] Zhao, Wenjin & Zhu, Min (2010) “Siluro-Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography of China” Palaeoworld 19. 4-26. 10.1016
    [11] Brazeau, M. D., & Friedman, M. (2015) “The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates” Nature, 520(7548), 490–497
    [12] Boyce, C. (2005) “The Evolutionary History of Roots and Leaves”. Vascular Transport in Plants. 479-499
    [13] Meyer-Berthaud, B. et al. (2010) "The land plant cover in the Devonian: a reassessment of the evolution of the tree habit". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 339 (1): 59–70
    [14] Boyce ; Knoll, C. A. (2002). "Evolution of developmental potential and the multiple independent origins of leaves in Paleozoic vascular plants" Paleobiology 28 (1): 70–100
    [15] Kamenz, C. et al. (2008). “Microanatomy of Early Devonian book lungs”. Biology letters, 4(2), 212–215
    [16] Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki et al. (2010) "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland" Nature 463 (7277): 43–8
    [17] B. Misof et al. (2014) "Landmark study on the evolution of insects". Sciencedaily.com
    [18] Michael Melford (2021) “Devonian Period” National Geographic
    [19] John G. Maisey et al. (2017) "Pectoral Morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the ‘Acanthodian’-Chondrichthyan Divide" American Museum Novitates 2017(3875), 1-15
    [20] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2021) ‘’Bony fish’’ Encyclopaedia Britannica
    [21] Retallack, G.J et al. (1985) "Fossil Soils as Grounds for Interpreting the Advent of Large Plants and Animals on Land [and Discussion]" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 309 (1138): 105–142
    [22] Rothwell, G. W. et al. (1989) "Elkinsia gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules" Botanical Gazette 150 (2): 170–189
    [23] Alexander, Pyron R. (2011) "Divergence Time Estimation Using Fossils as Tematic Biology". Systematic Biology. 60 (4): 466–481
    [24] Richard Arnold Davis et al. (1975) "Fossils of uncertain affinity from the Upper Devonian of Iowa". Science 187 (4173): 251–254.
    [25] Morris, S.C., Savoy, L.E. And Harris, A.G. (1991). “An enigmatic organism from the ‘Exshaw’ Formation (Devonian-Carboniferous), Alberta, Canada”. Lethaia, 24: 139-152
    [26] Shubin, Neil (2009). Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5 Billion Year History of the Human Body (reprint ed.). Pantheon Books. pp. 85–86.
    [27] Lott, John N. A; et al. (2002). "Iron-rich particles and globoids in embryos of seeds from phyla Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta: characteristics of early seed plants". Canadian Journal of Botany. 80 (9): 954–961
    [28] Greshko, Michael (2016). "Scientists Finally Know What Kind of Monster a Tully Monster Was". National Geographic.
    [29] A level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. See taxonomic table in chapter 1.
    [30] Brian Switek (2017). “Tully Monster Still a Mystery”. Scientific American.
    [31] Romer, A. S. (1966). “Vertebrate Paleontology” (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
    [32] Bajdek, Piotr et al. (2016). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia". Lethaia. 49 (4): 455–477.
    [33] Kévin, Rey et al. (2017). "Oxygen isotopes suggest elevated thermometabolism within multiple Permo-Triassic therapsid clades". eLife. 6
    [34] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Octopus”. Wikipedia
    [35] Herculano-Houzel, S. et al. (2006) ‘’Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains”. PNAS 103, 12138–12143
    [36] Kröger, B., et al. (2011). “Cephalopod origin and evolution”. Bioessays 33, 602–613
    [37] Albertin, C., et al. (2015) The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties. Nature 524, 220–224.
    [38] Mark Carnall. (2016). ‘’ I, for one, welcome our new cephalopod overlords ... but what are they?”. The Guardian
    [39] Vermeij, G. J. (1977). "The Mesozoic Marine Revolution: Evidence from Snails, Predators and Grazers". Paleobiology. 3 (3): 245–258.
    [40] Vermeij, G. J. (1977). "The Mesozoic Marine Revolution: Evidence from Snails, Predators and Grazers". Paleobiology. 3 (3): 245–258.
    [41] Ascarrunz, Eduardo; et al. (2016). "Triadobatrachus massinoti, the earliest known lissamphibian (Vertebrata: Tetrapoda) re-examined by µCT-Scan, and the evolution of trunk length in batrachians". Contributions to Zoology. 58 (2): 201–234.
    [42] Clarke, John T.; Friedman, Matt (2018). "Body-shape diversity in Triassic–Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes: sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety". Paleobiology. 44 (3): 402–433.
    [43] Patterson, C.; Rosen, D. E. (1977) "Review of ichthyodectiform and other Mesozoic teleost fishes, and the theory and practice of classifying fossils". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 158 (2)
    [44] Volff, JN. (2005) “Genome evolution and biodiversity in teleost fish” Heredity 94, 280–294
    [45] David W. E. Hone et al. (2008) “Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas”. Zitteliana An International Journal of Palaeontology and Geobiology, 61–107
    [46] Richard Monastersky. (2021) “Pterosaurs—Lords of the Ancient Skies” National Geographic
    [47] Wagner, Peter J. et al. (2006) “Abundance Distributions Imply Elevated Complexity of Post-Paleozoic Marine Ecosystems”. Science 1289-1292
    [48] Douglas H. Erwin (2001) “Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions” PNAS 98 (10) 5399-5403
    [49] University of Berkeley Editors (2021) “Introduction to Thyreophora - The armored dinosaurs” University of Berkeley
    [50] A group of archosaurs that includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives
    [51] Olja Toljagić (2013) “Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction as trigger for the Mesozoic radiation of crocodylomorphs” Biology Letters
    [52] Feild, T. S et al. (2011) "Fossil evidence for Cretaceous escalation in angiosperm leaf vein evolution" PNAS 108 (20): 8363–8366
    [53] Davies TJ. et al. (2004) "Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms" PNAS. 101 (7): 1904–9
    [54] Prasad, V. et al. (2011) "Late Cretaceous origin of the rice tribe provides evidence for early diversification in Poaceae". Nature Communications 2: 480
    [55] Prothero, D. R. (1994) “The Late Eocene-Oligocene Extinctions”. Annual Review Of Earth And Planetary Sciences, Volume 22, pp. 145-165
    [56] Osborne CP. et al. (2012) "Evolution of C4 plants: a new hypothesis for an interaction of CO2 and water relations mediated by plant hydraulics" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 367 (1588): 583–600
    [57] Sage, RF et al. (1987). "The Nitrogen Use Efficiency of C(3) and C(4) Plants: I. Leaf Nitrogen, Growth, and Biomass Partitioning in Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus". Plant Physiology 84 (3): 954–8
    [58] Jaime Trosper (2021) "Problematica: The Abominable Species” Futurism
    [59] Riley Black. (2019) “Sloths in the Water” Hakai Magazine
    [60] Riley Black. (2019) “Sloths in the Water” Hakai Magazine
    [61] Freudenthal, M. (1996) "The Early Oligocene rodent fauna of Olalla 4A" Scripta Geologica 112: 1–67
    [62] Worls Species Editors (2021) “Cricetidae’’ Worls Species
    [63] Rybczynski, N. (2006) "Castorid phylogenetics: implications for the evolution of swimming and tree-exploitation in beavers" Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 14 (1): 1–35
    [64] Butler, P.M. (1948) “On the Evolution of the Skull and Teeth in the Erinaceidae, with Special Reference to Fossil Material in the British Museum” Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 118: 446-500
    [65] Kitchener, A. C.; et al. (2017) "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group". Cat News. Special Issue 11
    [66] Lucy E. Edwards et al. (1997) “Fossils, Rocks, And Time” Chapter “The Relative Time Scale” USGS
    [67] Félix Bernard (1895) ‘’Elements de Paléontologie’’ J.-B. Baillière p. 25
    [68] Felix, R. (2008) “Magnetic Reversals and Evolutionary Leaps: The True Origin of Species” Sugarhouse Publications
    [69] Part III: Virus are the Drivers of Life","attachments":["
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":990983,"date":"2021-12-04T17:37:55+0100","text":"Un Grand MERCI Pierre pour ces deux chapitres que j'ai pu enregistrer en Français...

    A big THANK YOU Pierre for these two chapters that I could record in French...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":990989,"date":"2021-12-04T18:21:58+0100","text":"Hello to all of you

    Thanks to Pierre for these new chapters
    I continue to put it in PDF in French, if anyone is interested...

    Channa","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4717,"user":"Jones","id":991026,"date":"2021-12-04T22:05:12+0100","text":"Thanks Pierre. This is a very interesting and a work confirming of cycles within cycles. Brings to mind images of both sperm travelling towards an ovum and comets travelling towards earth.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":991041,"date":"2021-12-04T23:01:32+0100","text":"What a lot of information to take in but riveting. That Tardigrade was one ugly creature!!!. What amazes me is how it can be known, the nervous system of the extinct Comb Jelly.?. Did it leave a fossil to study or was it guess work. Sorry if there's an obvious answer.

    Thanks Pierre for this mosaic of our beautiful planet.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991042,"date":"2021-12-04T23:06:05+0100","text":"Here is chapter 7 "Other Life Explosions"","attachments":["
  • Chapter 7.pdf
    Chapter 7.pdf
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":991048,"date":"2021-12-04T23:15:12+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    The term “genotypic dispersion” used above refers to an increase in genetic mutations. Mutations, especially detrimental ones, are compatible with cometary encounters being exclusively agents of destruction since radioactive fallouts and ionizing radiations[3] are known to damage genetic material[4] and occurred during the Tunguska explosion[5].
    Click to expand...
    Concerning [5], this as cited is Vladimir Rubtsov's The Tunguska Mystery (2009) wherein it says:

    • The only book written in the English language on Tunguska studies in the former Soviet Union and new independent states that is entirely based on first-hand accounts of serious researchers directly engaged in these studies
    • Objective and pays attention to both conventional and unconventional theories of the Tunguska space body’s origin
    • Devoid of the pseudoscientific arguments that are rather typical for the "UFO-oriented" Tunguska books published in the West
    • More up-to-date and more comprehensive than other Tunguska books available
    • Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras
    Click to expand...
    On the tree rings studied:
    Pierre said:
    Notice that this growth spur affected both new trees, young trees and old trees. This accelerated growth only weakened in the 1990s[7]. A sustained and accelerated growth doesn’t sound like a random mutation, which is in more than 99.99%[8] of the cases detrimental or neutral. It sounds rather like a beneficial one. Could cometary events, beside their obvious destructive effects, somehow improve life forms?
    Click to expand...
    It would be interesting to see the 11 trees sampled, and also see that it said "From these data no correlation with the tree position has been found."

    From the photo (at its young age) the tree looks to have suffered what is called a Catface (sometimes referred to as a Church Door) - link:

    Catface – a defect on the surface of a log resulting from a wound where healing has not re-established the normal cross-section of the log.
    Church Door – a defect, caused by a ground fire, resulting in a tapered piece of wood missing from the butt end of a butt log.
    Click to expand...

    Did the other tree samples have defect? It does not say, so was curious about this.

    Aside from that, Vladimir Rubtsov also wrote a paper (likely included findings in his book) that can be read here. He shows the same tree cross section in his paper and adds:
    (5) The presence of feeble but noticeable radioactive fallout after the Tunguska explosion is an empirical fact, confirmed by finding the peaks of radioactivity dated 1908 in trees that had withered before 1945 (that is, before the year when nuclear tests in the atmosphere started and the artificial radionuclides began to fall from the sky in abundance). Only the increased radioactivity of the samples taken from the trees that continued their growth after this year may be explained as contamination from contemporary nuclear tests (Mekhedov 1967; 9 Zolotov 1969). Note that the problem of Tunguska radioactivity was studied not by amateurs, but by the most distinguished Russian radiochemists, in particular by Professor Boris Kurchatov, the father of Soviet radiochemistry, and his close associate Dr. Vladimir Mekhedov (see: Vasilyev and Andreev 2006).

    (6) Within 10 to 15 kilometers from the Tunguska epicenter the level of thermoluminescence (TL) of local minerals considerably exceeds the background level. The zone of the increased TL level has an axis of symmetry running almost directly from the east to the west. “Formerly we were calling the factor which had stimulated thermoluminescence at Tunguska somewhat too cautiously ‘unknown,’ but now it’s time to tell that we cannot see any rational alternatives to identifying this with hard radiation” (Bidyukov 2008:83). The traces 4, 5 and 6 seem to indicate that the Tunguska explosion was accompanied by hard radiation.
    Click to expand...

    Here is Rubtsov's concluding remarks:

    V. Conclusion One must admit that the reconstructed image of the Tunguska phenomenon does not offer a definite answer to the question “What was it?” What is more, none of the existing hypotheses fits this image sufficiently well. In particular, the high concentration of energy of the Tunguska explosion contradicts the hypothesis of the vapor cloud explosion. And an ordinary comet or a stony asteroid seems to be out of the question.

    It goes without saying that the Tunguska “meteorite” (TSB-A) was a dangerous space body of unknown nature. Had it exploded over London or New York an entire city would have been destroyed. What kind of body was it? At present we do not know. But we know that instead of elements that are prevalent in space – iron, nickel and cobalt, it contained titanium, aluminum, ytterbium and gold... The Tunguska space body flew at a low velocity and exploded due to the internal energy of its substance, not due to the energy of motion. Its explosion had a high concentration of energy, approaching that of a nuclear explosion. Also, it was accompanied by ionizing radiation and radioactive fallout.

    So, if the TSB was a natural space body, then it means that there exists in space another type of dangerous space objects, whose nature remains vague at best. Naturally enough, to estimate chances of their collision with our planet and predict their coming, it will be needed, first of all, to detect these space bodies instrumentally and to determine their physical properties and parameters of their orbits. Until then, the only thing we can say about these objects is that they are very different from asteroids and comets.
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    The correlation between the aftermath of mass extinctions and the apparition of new lifeforms is striking, in fact almost all major living branches of life appeared right or soon after a mass extinction, as shown in the illustration below:


    © Eisenberg
    Mass extinctions and new forms of life.    ​
    Click to expand...

    Appreciate the chapters, Pierre. What an interesting world we live in; these post mass extinction event seedings (perhaps ID) were prolific indeed.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991052,"date":"2021-12-04T23:49:26+0100","text":"
    Tuatha de Danaan said:
    What amazes me is how it can be known, the nervous system of the extinct Comb Jelly.?.
    Click to expand...
    Unfortunaly this answer is beyond a paid wall:

    James Urquhart (2021) “Ancient comb jelly had more complex nerves than its modern relatives” New Scientist.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":991060,"date":"2021-12-05T01:07:59+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Unfortunaly this answer is beyond a paid wall:

    James Urquhart (2021) “Ancient comb jelly had more complex nerves than its modern relatives” New Scientist.
    Click to expand...
    Which issue?
    I’m looking it up through my University library.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4309,"user":"BHelmet","id":991101,"date":"2021-12-05T08:03:47+0100","text":"Interesting to note the NewScientist is on the woke side of promoting Vaccine booster shots and climate worries. So.... they may be more of a pseudo pop science Rag for people who fancy themselves critical thinkers rather that a real science mag. As for Jelly fish, who knows. They could be blowing hot smoke. Or not.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":991109,"date":"2021-12-05T09:39:45+0100","text":"I think it’s very important to appraise articles individually by the information contained in them and the quality of the research process and soundness of the conclusions.
    Rather than making a judgement of the journal or even scientist themselves.
    In other words appraise the information not the source. Science is never black and white it is a process of discovery and as we go along (in our history) science evolves and matures. Lots of tension between competing schools of thought-what ever the reason-gets washed or shaken out through decades of scientific discovery and development.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":991124,"date":"2021-12-05T11:19:57+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Unfortunaly this answer is beyond a paid wall:
    Click to expand...
    Thanks for the reply and and as we are talking time-periods that makes you head hurt I'll go with the flow. What's one jelly-fish amongst the explosion of life forms that appeared.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991143,"date":"2021-12-05T12:49:59+0100","text":"
    gottathink said:
    Which issue?
    I’m looking it up through my University library.
    Click to expand...
    I don't have the issue number, just the date: August 14, 2021 ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9890,"user":"Chad","id":991155,"date":"2021-12-05T13:50:17+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    I don't have the issue number, just the date: August 14, 2021
    Click to expand...

    This article:

    At New Scientist: Ancient comb jelly more complex than its modern relatives? | Uncommon Descent

    uncommondescent.com

    Links to an open paper:
    Cambrian comb jellies from Utah illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory systems in ctenophores
    DEFINE_ME

    Could that be the one being referred to?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991162,"date":"2021-12-05T15:41:27+0100","text":"
    itellsya said:
    This article:

    At New Scientist: Ancient comb jelly more complex than its modern relatives? | Uncommon Descent

    uncommondescent.com

    Links to an open paper:
    Cambrian comb jellies from Utah illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory systems in ctenophores
    DEFINE_ME

    Could that be the one being referred to?
    Click to expand...
    I think it is one.

    we describe two ctenophore species from the Cambrian of Utah [fossils], which
    illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory features in the phylum.
    Thalassostaphylos elegans has 16 comb rows, an oral skirt, and an apical organ
    with polar fields. Ctenorhabdotus campanelliformis has 24 comb rows, an oral
    skirt, an apical organ enclosed by a capsule and neurological tissues preserved
    as carbonaceous films. These are concentrated around the apical organ and
    ciliated furrows, which connect to a circumoral nerve ring via longitudinal
    axons. C. campanelliformis deviates from the neuroanatomy of living ctenophores
    and demonstrates a substantial complexity in the nervous system of
    Cambrian ctenophores.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":["
  • Cambrian comb jellies from Utah.pdf
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991188,"date":"2021-12-05T18:41:35+0100","text":"

    Chapter 8: Saltationism vs Darwinism​


    The previous chapter provided abundant examples of evolutionary leaps following mass extinctions. When one zooms out over past eons, one can see each that geologic period mark the apparition of new life forms that are distinctly more evolved than the life forms belonging to the preceding period.

    This notion of evolution was far from foreign to past thinkers. Already, more than two millennia ago, Greek philosopher Anaximander[1] established a surprisingly sound theory of evolution:

    Anaximander believed that life began in the sea, and that by some type of adaptation to the environment, animals evolved into what they are today. He believed that the human species must have been born out of other animals[2]
    Click to expand...

    Notice that Anaximander’s theory was not baseless speculation, since fossils, their origin and their meaning were already known in ancient Greece.[3] Evolution concepts similar to Anaximander’s can be found in Roman times, in Lucrecius’ writings for example:

    Lucretius claimed that a type of natural selection caused monster-like creatures to die-off, and that the creatures which survived did so due to their capacity for strength, speed, or intelligence. Lucretius parted with Anaximander by claiming that a land animal could not evolve from a creature of the sea, and he was skeptical that one species could evolve out of another.[4]
    Click to expand...

    The conception of evolution was still much alive centuries, as testified by this excerpt of the Muqaddimah[5]:

    One should then take a look at the world of creation. It started out from the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of touch. The word 'connection' with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the first stage of the newest group. The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man. This is as far as our (physical) observation extends[6]
    ​
    Click to expand...
    ​



    © Public Domain
    Comparison between bird and human skeleton by Pierre Bellon (1555 AD)    ​


    Likewise during the enlightenment period, almost two centuries before Charles Darwin, the notion of evolution was widely theorized by thinkers like Pierre Louis Maupertius[7] or John Ray[8]. But notice that like Lucrecius, Ray didn’t believe in a progressive evolution from one species to another:

    Animals likewise that differ specifically preserve their distinct species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa[9]
    Click to expand...

    The above shows that during the 24 centuries that separate Anaximander from Charles Darwin, evolution was known, researched and theorized[10].

    Decades prior to Charles Darwin, evolution was well established as exemplified by the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck[11], Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire[12] or Lorenz Oken[13], who developed detailed theories of evolution, which like most other theories of evolution of these times were saltationists. Saltation comes from the latin “saltus” meaning "leap". For virtually all scientists of the time, evolution proceeded by sudden and large change.

    Consequently Charles Darwin didn’t invent evolution theory whatsoever; he just replaced complexity-driven evolutionary leaps by random incremental changes. To put it bluntly, Darwin replaced a truth by a lie.

    Darwinism is built on two foundations: random mutations effecting small changes. Both these foundations are falsified by facts. About randomness, here are the probabilities that random mutations led to various life forms in 5 billion years of random evolution:

    Thus in 5.109 years the probability of random synthesis of the about 103 enzymes of the simplest cell was evaluated to ~ 10-40,000; and the probability of ~ 10-24,000,000 for the advent of man[14]

    The probability of 10-24,000,000 is quite commensurable. It is equal to 0.XXX1 % where XXX represents 24 million zeros. If the probability of winning the lottery is 1 in 14 millions[15], 10-24,000,000 is the probability of winning the lottery 10 times each second of lifetime. That’s probably one of the reasons why all experiments attempting to re-create even the simplest lifeforms failed[16].

    The second tenet of Darwinism, postulates small incremental changes. This should lead to continuous fossils record displaying life forms shifting very progressively from one species to another. The problem is that the fossil records tell a whole different story:

    Darwin's central dogma emphasizing "small steps" (Darwin 1859,1871) is in fact completely refuted by the fossil record, as eukaryotic evolution generally proceeds in quantum leaps in the absence of intermediary forms (Eldredge and Gould 1972; Gould 2002; Hoyle and Wickramasinghe 1984).[17]
    Click to expand...

    Actually Darwin himself was painfully aware of the abyssal gap between his gradual theory of evolution and the bouncy nature of fossil records:

    Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record more as an embarrassment than as an aid to his theory. Why, he asked (1859, p. 310), do we not find the "infinitely numerous transitional links that would illustrate the slow and steady operation of natural selection? "Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the gravest objection which can be urged against my theory" (1859, p. 280).[18]
    Click to expand...

    Darwin’s doubts were confirmed by modern research based on ever increasing fossil records and new paleontology technics. Recent research papers including one extensive meta-studies show that evolutionary leaps are the rule rather than exception:

    More modern studies, including a meta-analysis examining 58 published studies on speciation patterns in the fossil record showed that 71% of species exhibited stasis, and 63% were associated with punctuated patterns of evolutionary change. According to Michael Benton, "it seems clear then that stasis is common, and that had not been predicted from modern genetic studies." A paramount example of evolutionary stasis is the fern Osmunda claytoniana. Based on paleontological evidence it has remained unchanged, even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes, for at least 180 million years.[19]
    Click to expand...

    The example of Osmunda claytoniana is not isolated. As previously mentioned[20] tardigrades appeared during the Cambrian explosion ca. 540 Mya and are still extant with little or no evolution during half a billion year of existence.

    As shown in the quote above, not only most species experience evolutionary leap but then most species experience long periods of total stagnation (stasis). This succession of sudden leaps and long period of stagnation is totally contrary to the concept a gradual change.

    Notice also that the studies quoted above only deal with species. The apparition and demise of whole families, clades and even phila - as exemplified by the Cambrian explosion[21] with the sudden apparition of more than 90% of modern phyla, some of them staying virtually unchanged for more than 500 million years - is even less linear than the pattern exhibited by species.

    Despite the consecration in the 19th and 20th Century of Darwin’s postulate as the inalterable truth Saltationism survived. The chasm between Darwinism and fossil reality became so wide that saltationism has been experiencing a revival since the 1960’s:

    MacGillavry (1968, p. 70) has written that "many species do not show any evolutionary change at all." MacGillavry points out that, although gradual change might be expected on a theoretical basis, it is rarely encountered, and that such a situation is not an artifact of the fossilization process. Another of the rare statements to this effect was made by Kurten (1965, p.345): "The situation suggests that new species arose comparatively rapidly, but once established, tended to continue without any change."[22]
    Click to expand...

    And, in the 1970’s, a modern alternative to Darwin’s theory was conceptualized thanks to the works of Niles Eldredge[23], Harry Whittington[24] and Stephen Jay Gould[25]:

    While differing significantly in details, both Whittington and Gould proposed that all modern animal phyla had appeared almost simultaneously in a rather short span of geological period. This view led to the modernization of Darwin's tree of life and the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which Eldredge and Gould developed in the early 1970s and which views evolution as long intervals of near-stasis (evolutionary stagnation) "punctuated" by short periods of rapid change[26]
    Click to expand...

    The diagram below illustrates the fundamental differences between the smooth Darwinian evolution line (light grey) and the jagged saltationist curve (black) alternating long period of stasis (horizontal sections of the curve) with sudden evolutionary leaps (vertical sections of the curve):


    © Sott.net
    Life forms complexity VS. Number of specie
    ​

    Notice that, in the diagram above, the cyclicity of mass extinctions/life explosions is idealized over the 27 My cycle. In reality and in addition to the 27 My cometary cycle that is in sync with more than half the documented mass extinctions[27] , there are also other cometary cycle or isolated (non-cyclical) cometary events that account for other mass extinctions.

    Notice also that the biodiversity as shown by the number of species or higher taxa remains constant over long periods of time:

    Sepkoski (1978) constructed an explicit defense of the use of higher taxa (e.g., families or orders) as a surrogate for species diversity, and employed ordinal diversity to infer that the numbers of extant marine species had been constant since the late Ordovician (~440 Ma). [28]
    Click to expand...


    So there is a clear de-correlation between complexity and diversity. While the latter increases by leaps, the former remains overall constant.
    After the brief interlude about the history of evolution theory, let’s go back to our investigation of the causes of the above described evolutionary leaps.


    [1] Anaximander ca. 610 – ca. 546 BC was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and, arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.
    See: Wikipedia contributors. (2021). “Anaximander”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
    [2] Jacob Bell (2019) “Evolutionary Theory in Ancient Greece & Rome” Classical Wisdom
    [3] University of Berkeley editors (1996) “Evolution and Paleontology in the Ancient World”. University of Berkeley
    [4] Jacob Bell (2019) “Evolutionary Theory in Ancient Greece & Rome” Classical Wisdom
    [5] book written by the Arab historian Ibn Khaldun in 1377 AD
    [6] Khaldun, ibn. (1377) "The Muqaddimah" Translated by Franz Rosenthal
    [7] French mathematician and philosopher (1698 – 1759)
    [8] English naturalist (1627 - 1705)
    [9] Ray, (1686) “History of Plants”, translated by E. Silk.
    [10] Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1894). “From the Greeks to Darwin: An outline of the development of the evolution idea”. Macmillan and Co
    [11] French biologist and naturalist (1744 – 1829)
    [12] French naturalist (1772 – 1844)
    [13] German naturalist, botanist, biologist and ornithologist (1779 – 1851)
    [14] Preoteasa, E., & Apostol, M. (2008) “Collective dynamics of water in the living cell and in bulk liquid. New physical models and biological inferences”. arXiv: Biological Physics
    [15] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Lottery mathematics” Wikipedia
    [16] Steele EJ, et al. (2018) “Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic?” Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 136:3-23
    [17] Merill Singer et al. (2011) “Extinctions: History, Origins, Causes & Future of Mass Extinctions” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [18] Niles Eldredge & Stephen Jay Gould (1972) “Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism” In “Models in Paleobiology”. Freeman Cooper. pp. 82-115
    [19] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Punctuated equilibrium”. Wikipedia
    [20] See Part II, chapter “the Cambrian Explosion”
    [21] See previous Chapter “The Cambrian Life Explosion”
    [22] Eldredge, N. (1971) “The Allopatric Model And Phylogeny In Paleozoic Invertebrates” Evolution 25: 156-167
    [23] American biologist and paleontologist (1943-)
    [24] American paleontologist (1916–2010)
    [25] American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science (1941 – 2002)
    [26] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Cambrian explosion” Wikipedia
    [27] See Part I, Chapter 3
    [28] Philip W. Signor (1994) “Biodiversity in Geological Time”. American Zoologist, Volume 34, Issue 1, Pages 23–32","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991191,"date":"2021-12-05T18:46:05+0100","text":"Here is the pdf chapter 8.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 8.pdf
    Chapter 8.pdf
    375.9 KB· Views: 136
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":991192,"date":"2021-12-05T18:46:25+0100","text":"
    itellsya said:
    This article:

    At New Scientist: Ancient comb jelly more complex than its modern relatives? | Uncommon Descent

    uncommondescent.com
    Links to an open paper:
    Cambrian comb jellies from Utah illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory systems in ctenophores
    DEFINE_ME

    Could that be the one being referred to?
    Click to expand...
    Yea that’s the paper Urquart (2021) refers to.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":991195,"date":"2021-12-05T18:59:05+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Unfortunaly this answer is beyond a paid wall:

    James Urquhart (2021) “Ancient comb jelly had more complex nerves than its modern relatives” New Scientist.
    Click to expand...
    This author delves into this question a bit more. A quick and easy read.

    Genome map shows comb jellies had separate course of evolution from other animals | Uncommon Descent
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":991212,"date":"2021-12-05T20:01:08+0100","text":"@Pierre, I have to say I’m finding your writing and progression of your argument good to follow and understand with just one reading. It’s makes the learning fun and not hard work. Thanks so much for publishing your book in the forum.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":991241,"date":"2021-12-05T21:53:59+0100","text":"Hello,
    if you want, French PDF - Chapter 1-8
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse PDF 1-8.pdf
    Extinction de masse PDF 1-8.pdf
    2.1 MB· Views: 96
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2942,"user":"Bobo08","id":991249,"date":"2021-12-05T22:28:37+0100","text":"Thank you for sharing your work here, Pierre! I'm following your posting with bated breath \":-)\"

    Pierre said:
    So there is a clear de-correlation between complexity and diversity. While the latter increases by leaps, the former remains overall constant.
    Click to expand...
    Just a small correction here. I think the order in the second sentence should be swapped: While the former increases by leaps, the latter remains overall constant.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3770,"user":"sid","id":991295,"date":"2021-12-06T06:47:56+0100","text":"This book is excellent, @Pierre and appreciate you sharing it on the forum. Just reading through the chapters, one can observe the way life has evolved from 1D to 3D on the planet Earth and continues to evolve further. Interestingly, we had Kantek with fully evolved 3D life and Mars was on its way to becoming a 2D planet before Earth stole its water. That proves that that there is plenty of life out there in other Solar systems with some type of life being seeded on all types of planets and in turn, terraforming them via natural processes. As the C's have said and I am paraphrasing that STO works within the natural order of Universe and the end result is incredibly beautiful.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":991324,"date":"2021-12-06T10:31:18+0100","text":"Un Grand MERCI Pierre pour le Chapitre 8 toujours aussi passionnant, quel plaisir de pouvoir le lire en Français...
    MERCI Channa pour le PDF très utile...

    A big THANK YOU Pierre for the Chapter 8 always so fascinating, what a pleasure to be able to read it in French...
    THANK YOU Channa for the very useful PDF...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":991432,"date":"2021-12-06T20:02:57+0100","text":"
    gottathink said:
    This author delves into this question a bit more. A quick and easy read.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you gottathink for finding the article. The two comments related to the article were interesting to say the least.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":991788,"date":"2021-12-07T20:55:48+0100","text":"

    Part III: Viruses are the Drivers of Life​



    ​

    © Adobe StockGraphic
    Representation of an Influenza virus    ​

    ​

    Chapter 9: The Enigma of Speciation​


    We concluded the chapter titled “Other life explosion” with the following statement: the above suggests that major cometary impacts are not only destructive acts through the removal of obsolete lifeforms during mass extinctions but also creative acts through the introduction of more elaborate lifeforms. But what is the mechanism beyond these sudden life explosions?

    Surprisingly, for a long time, this peculiarity didn’t attract much attention from the scientific community:

    […] the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other groups of animals at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary was the last of the six major mass extinction episodes identified around 1960 from the fossil record, the earlier ones (in chronological order) being near or at the end of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Permian and Triassic Periods. However, very few evolutionary biologists or palaeontologists (investigators of fossils) saw any reason to think a special explanation was required for these events. By this time, the Modern Synthesis, blending traditional Darwinism with population genetics, had become the overwhelmingly-dominant evolutionary paradigm, and it was believed that the entire course of life on Earth could be explained through the mechanism of adaptive mutation. [1]
    Click to expand...

    Darwinists tentatively explain the evolutionary leaps by the vacancy of ecological niches enabling the apparition of new species. This theoretical process is called adaptive radiation[2]. It claims that the release from competition induced by mass extinction allows the ensuing evolutionary leaps.

    If reduced competition was indeed the driver of evolutionary leaps, the most severe the mass extinction was, the lower the competition became and, consequently, the greater the evolutionary leap should be. But it is not the case at all:

    [T]here is no apparent relationship between the magnitude of an extinction and its ecological or evolutionary impact.[3]
    Click to expand...

    Actually paleontologists’ data show that competition or lack thereof plays no role in the origination of new species or the extinction of existing ones:

    The deep-sea record shows that species originations and extinctions are individual events unrelated to other species in the same environment. Competitive replacement (a fitter species leaking out of a marginal environment and outcompeting an established species) is generally not observed.[4]
    Click to expand...

    One can leave a bacterium in any environment as long as one wants; competition or not, it won’t lead to a trilobite. This point is further illustrated by the previously mentioned ridiculously low probability[5] of the advent of even the simplest cell. Vacant ecological space can’t account for the sudden apparition of new and more complex species, whom, at least in some cases, are devoid of any known ancestors. While competitive replacement might play a marginal role in some instances, it is not enough, there’s obviously something missing.

    According to recent research, mass extinctions do enable the subsequent evolutionary leaps:

    There is no denying the profound evolutionary impetus mass extinctions have provided to the history of life. Mass extinctions create new evolutionary opportunities and redirect the course of evolution. [6]
    Click to expand...

    But how can mass extinctions (an act of destruction) enable life explosion (an act of creation) if not through the Darwinian competitive replacement? According to English biochemist and evolutionist Trevor Palmer, the answer lies in genetics:

    […] developments in genetics have suggested that mass extinctions may do more than create vacant ecological space for the radiation of new species. It seems clear that stress can give rise to hypermutations and also to epigenetic changes, so it must be considered possible that a catastrophic mass extinction episode could give rise to a range of variants beyond what was likely to have occurred during normal times[7]
    Click to expand...

    What could be the cause of the above-mentioned “hypermutations” and “epigenetic changes” that lead to the apparition of new species?

    By the way, the evolutionary leaps observed after mass extinctions require not only “hypermutations” as stated in the above quote but beneficial hypermutations enabling the sudden appearance of not only new but also more complex, more organized lifeforms. What could cause these fundamental and beneficial changes?

    The apparition of new and more complex species after cometary-induced mass extinctions is a recurring pattern. This emergence of new species is called “speciation”, a process that has been observed in real time, only once in animals[8]: Australian rock wallabies.



    ​

    © Periptus
    Yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) at Monarto Zoo, Australia    ​



    Currently, the reorganizing of retroviruses in the genomes of is leading to the birth of a new species:

    In 2001, O'Neill and her colleagues showed how retroviruses inhabiting the centromeres of the chromosomes of hybrid Australian rock wallabies are creating new species by wholesale juggling of chromosomal fragments. [9]
    Click to expand...

    This viral speciation hypothesis exposed in the above quote fits with Trevor Palmer’s thesis according to which speciation is driven by “hypermutation” and “epigenetics changes”. Indeed, viruses are known to play a major role in epigenetics:

    Viruses infecting animal cells are thought to play central roles in shaping the epigenetic scenario of infected cells. In this context it has become obvious that knowing the impact that viral infections have on the epigenetic control of their host cells will certainly lead to a better understanding of the interplay viruses have with animal cells.[10]
    Click to expand...

    Likewise, viruses are a major cause of “hypermutations” in hosts’ genomes through at least three processes:

    1/ The integration of the viral genome in the host’s genome, a phenomenon also known as viral genome integration. This integration is a necessary step[11] for all retroviruses and it occurs also for other viruses, including some as common as hepatitis B[12], human herpes[13] (HHV-6) or Epstein Barr[14] viruses.

    Let’s illustrate the viral genome integration with an example. A given animal is exposed to a new virus, carried by air, water or other lifeforms. At this point in time, for this animal, the virus is an exogenous virus. If the viral infection and integration occurs in the germline of this host, the virus sequence will become part of its progeny’s DNA, the exogenous virus has become an endogenous virus, and from now on it is a hereditary viral sequence integrated in the host descendants’ genomes. This integration of viral genetic sequences into a host’s DNA modifies it de facto as shown in the following illustration:


    © Yoder Lab
    viral integration into host genome    ​

    2/ once the virus is integrated, it can further alter the host’s genome through a number of modifications amongst which duplication[15], deletion[16], replication[17] and recombination hotspots[18].

    3/ viral sequences inserted in a host’s genome modify the expression of this genome, in other terms they turn on and off the existing genes[19] of the host’s genome. This point will be developed in the next pages.

    Actually, the virus-induced modifications of the host’s genome are so deep that it can lead to fundamentally opposite results: death on one hand, evolution on the other one, depending on the host. This duality is reminiscent of recurring mass extinctions scenarios where the obsolete species face death while the sparred ones evolve:

    Upon cell infection, some viruses integrate their genome into the host chromosome, either as part of their life cycle (such as retroviruses), or incidentally. While possibly promoting long-term persistence of the virus into the cell, viral genome integration may also lead to drastic consequences for the host cell, including gene disruption, insertional mutagenesis and cell death, as well as contributing to species evolution.[20]
    Click to expand...

    The ongoing speciation among Wallaby is not the only case of apparition of new lifeforms induced by viral sequences. The very apparition of the genus homo (humans) is also associated with viral activity:

    Humans share about 99% of their genomic DNA with chimpanzees and bonobos; thus, the differences between these species are unlikely to be in gene content but could be caused by inherited changes in regulatory systems. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) comprise ∼ 5% of the human genome. The LTRs of ERVs contain many regulatory sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals and factor-binding sites. Thus, they can influence the expression of nearby human genes. […] It is likely that some of these ERVs could have integrated into regulatory regions of the human genome, and therefore could have had an impact on the expression of adjacent genes, which have consequently contributed to human evolution[21]
    Click to expand...

    In the quote above, the author makes a distinction between coding genes (i.e. that create proteins) and non-coding genes - that don’t create protein but instead regulate the activity of the coding regions.

    To use an analogy, coding genes are like musicians who, instead of producing sound, produce proteins, which are the fundamental building-blocks of lifeforms. Non-coding genes play an even more fundamental role; they are like an orchestra director who, instead of directing musicians, directs[22] the expression of coding genes.


    © Jeffrey Zheng
    Non-coding regions vs coding regions    ​

    As shown in the illustration above, coincidentally or not, most viral sequences are integrated[23] in our non-coding genes, while they are very rare in coding regions[24].

    Now that we know a bit more about coding and non-coding regions, let’s go back to the apparition of humans and clarify the reason why viruses are the probable cause of the divergence between humans and other hominids (great apes).

    - The genome difference between human and chimpanzees is only 0.5% in active coding regions[25]. So the morphologic (also known as phenotypic) differences must come from non-coding regions.
    - In the non-coding regions (the orchestra directors), the most active[26] DNA sequences are called LTR (Long Terminal Repeat) and they are of viral origin[27].
    - Out 19 LTRs presence tested in human and other great apes genomes, 17 (~90%) were human specific.[28]

    The three points developed above show that the main genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees lies in viral LTRs, which are therefore the probable genetic cause of the obvious morphologic differences.

    Notice that the influence of viruses on the human genome and its expression didn’t stop with the divergence between humans from other great apes. Since then, viruses have been markedly shaping human DNA:

    […] an astonishing 30 percent of all protein adaptations since humans' divergence with chimpanzees have been driven by viruses.[29]
    Click to expand...

    Not only viruses are considered as the cause of the apparition of humans (genus homo) but the apparition of the whole taxonomic family (hominids) - to which they belong along with seven other extant species of great apes[30] - is also attributed to viruses:

    Hughes and Coffin used phylogenetic and sequence analysis to suggest that human endogenous retroviruses may have induced large-scale deletions, duplications and chromosome reshuffling in human genomic evolution. In the opinion of the geneticist Eugene Sverdlov, these viruses played a significant role in the evolution and divergence of the hominids.[31]
    Click to expand...

    One of the evidence provided by Sverdlov to correlate the hominids divergence with retrovirus activity is the conspicuous apparition of retroviruses in hosts’ genomes at the time great apes (hominids) diverged from other apes:

    Some HERVs emerged in the genome over 30 MY ago, while others have appeared rather recently, at about the time of hominid and ape lineages divergence.[32] [33]
    Click to expand...

    The apparition of placental mammals to which the hominids family belongs is also correlated to the genomic integration of viral sequences[34].

    Coincidently or not, the earliest fossil of a placental mammal dates back to 66 Mya, right at the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The fossil belongs to the species Protungulatum donnae[35].

    The taxonomic subclass constituted by placental mammals is by far the most represented of the three subclasses of mammals with nearly 4,000 species[36] offering a broad morphologic diversity from the bat to the whale.

    Until the advent of the placentals, reproductive strategies were based on egg-laying. Placentals brought a number of major innovations: placenta and uterus of course, but also the deactivation of the mother’s immune system against the fetus and the protection against infections of the fetus, which is virtually devoid of any immunity. ERVs play a major role in these innovations:

    - They are necessary to the morphogenesis of the placenta[37].
    - They protect the fetus from infections by related exogenous retroviruses[38]
    - They protect the fetus from the mother’s immune system[39]
    - They control the expression of the embryo’s genome during its development[40]

    The illustration below shows the role played by some ERVs at each step of development from germ cell to fully formed embryo. Keep in mind that not all ERVs in placentals have been identified yet and even less ERVs have been characterized. Despite these limitations, the role played by ERVs is already omnipresent:


    © Yangquan Xiang
    Selective activation of some ERVs during host development     ​

    The placental mammals (eutherian) taxonomic subclass belongs to the vertebrate taxonomic subgroup which appeared during the previously described Cambrian explosion[41] and coincides both phylogenetically[42] and temporally with the apparition of retroviruses together with their vertebrate hosts:

    […] recent studies which date the emergence of the complex retroviruses of vertebrate lines at or just before the Cambrian Explosion of ∼500 Ma. Such viruses are known to be plausibly associated with major evolutionary genomic processes.[43]
    Click to expand...

    If we go further back the phylogenetic tree leading to humans, we discover again the prominent role played by ERVs, this time in the creation of cellular nucleus[44] and the apparition of one of the three[45] domains of life, the eukaryotes[46] (organisms whose cells have nucleus): which encompasses virtually all macroscopic lifeforms, including the previously described vertebrates.

    To recap, the apparition of our genus (homo), the apparition of the family it belongs to (hominids), the apparition of the subclass it belongs to (eutheria), the subphylum that contains it (vertebrates) and the domain it belongs to (eukaryotes) are each closely associated with the integration of ERVs in the hosts’ genomes.

    In the diagram below, from left to right, the light grey arrow shows the apparition of the eukaryotes, the white arrow shows the divergence of the vertebrates from other chordates[47], the medium grey arrow indicates the eutheria divergence, the dark grey arrow shows the great apes (hominids) divergence and the black arrow marks the human (homo) divergence:



    ©Sott.net
    Human phylogenic tree    ​

    To illustrate further the fundamental role played by viruses in speciation, the example of syncytin is edifying. Syncytin is a protein coded by a human endo-retrovirus called HERW1, involved in the specific development of placental mammals described previously. The role of Syncytin is so cardinal that it is necessary for placental development:

    Genetic studies in mice have established that the proteins encoded by syncytin A (Syna) and Synb, which arose independently in the rodent lineage from different ERV copies, are both required for the formation of the bilayered syncytiotrophoblast of the murine placenta.[48]
    Click to expand...

    Now, the unexpected feature of syncytin is that it was acquired by mammals at least seven times, during distinct integration of distinct viruses and each time this integration is correlated with the aftermath of a speciation event:

    […] syncytin acquisition from distinct viruses has occurred independently at least seven times, each event happening after the divergence of the mammalian orders in which they are found.[49]
    Click to expand...

    In addition, paleovirological analyses established that syncytin-1 that is found in human that is around 30 million years old[50], coeval with the end-Eocene extinction.



    © commons.wikimedia
    Structure of the syncytin protein    ​

    The paradox raised by virtually identical genomes leading to different morphology is not limited to the above mentioned example of homo vs chimpanzees. Actually, when compared to one another, most lifeforms exhibit the same contradiction. It is a thorny issue for Darwinists, according to whom evolution proceeds through incremental genetic changes, which lead to incremental morphologic changes. It is obviously not the case:

    Results of recent research in evolutionary developmental biology is that the diversity of body plans and morphology in organisms across many phyla are not necessarily reflected in diversity at the level of the sequences of genes, including those of the developmental genetic toolkit and other genes involved in development. Indeed, as John Gerhart and Marc Kirschner have noted, there is an apparent paradox: "where we most expect to find variation, we find conservation, a lack of change". So, if the observed morphological novelty between different clades does not come from changes in gene sequences (such as by mutation), where does it come from? Novelty may arise by mutation-driven changes in gene regulation.[51]
    Click to expand...

    As detailed in the human-chimpanzee divergence and applicable to virtually any lifeforms, viral sequences can and do cause different expressions of virtually identical genomes[52], which solves the paradox exposed in the quote above.

    There are a sheer number[53] of viruses integrated in various hosts’ genomes, but their integration is not systematically dated. Nonetheless the examination of the scientific literature reveals four dates for the integration of three different virus families into mammals’ genomes:

    - the integration of bornaviridae ca. 93 Mya
    - the integration of circoviridae ca. 68 Mya
    - the integration of filoviridae and parvoviridae, which are both dated to 30 Mya:


    © Holmes et al.
    Dating of the integration of viruses in hosts’ genomes    ​

    Notice that each of these four dating almost perfectly match the timing of some of the most recent mass extinctions:

    - The end-Eocene extinction ca. 34 Mya (cometary cycle #2)
    - the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction ca. 66 Mya (cometary cycle #3)
    - the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction ca. 93 Mya (cometary cycle #4)

    Beside the apparition of new families of viruses seems to be also associated with time of comet-induced mass extinctions. It is for example the case of the viral family baculoviruses that contains 85 species of viruses[54] and mostly infect insects[55]. Baculoviruses are thought to have appeared ca. 310 Mya[56], which is the time of the Carboniferous-Permian extinction.

    In this chapter, we’ve observed three strong correlations:

    1/ ERVs and new taxa: ERVs are associated with the apparition of whole new taxa; species like humans or wallabies, family like hominids, subphylum like vertebrates and even the taxonomic domain eukaryotes.

    2/ ERVs and mass extinctions: The integration of new viral families (bornaviridae, circoviridae, filoviridae and baculoviridae) and new viruses (the viral gene of syncytin-1) in hosts’ genomes is associated with the time of mass extinctions.

    3/ New taxa and mass extinctions: the apparition of a number of new taxa is repeatedly associated with mass extinctions as extensively described part II.


    © Sott.net
    Correlation between new taxa, new viruses and mass extinctions    ​


    Are these three associations fortuitous or do comet-induced mass extinctions mark the time when new ERVs are integrated in host genomes AND the time when these genomic integrations lead to the apparition of new lifeforms?

    We have already seen two examples where these three associations are part of a single consistent chain of events: a/ the divergence of the placentals, because of the genomic integration of a new virus during the K/T extinction, b/ the emergence of new viruses along with their vertebrate hosts during the Cambrian explosion.

    But the examples of the placentals and the vertebrates are not odd exceptions. Scientific literature reveals other instances when the integration of new ERVs was instrumental in the apparition of new species during or soon after a mass extinction:

    - Jawed vertebrates appeared in the aftermath of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction. Analysis of their genomes reveals the viral origin of the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins and their pivotal role in the speciation of jawed vertebrates:

    The results support the theory that RAG1 and RAG2 were once components of a transposable element [of viral origin[57]], and that the split nature of immunoglobulin and T-cell-receptor genes derives from germline insertion of this element into an ancestral receptor gene soon after the evolutionary divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates.[58]
    Click to expand...

    - Teleost fishes appeared in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction and their apparition was, at least partly, caused by viral sequences:

    In contrast to mammalian genomes, teleost genomes also contain multiple families of active transposable elements [of viral origin[59]], which might have played a role in speciation by affecting hybrid sterility and viability.[60]
    Click to expand...

    - Lepidoptera: a whole order of insects containing 126 families[61] and 180,000 species including moths, wasps and butterflies. Lepidoptera represents 10% of the species of living organisms[62] and appeared 200 Mya[63] at the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction without clearly identified ancestors[64]. At the same time[65] appeared a new family of viruses: the bracovirus which lives symbiotically in virtually every lepidopterian species[66].


    © Van Eldijk
    Exquisitely fossilised Lepidoptera wing from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary    ​


    The information gathered above - in particular the apparition of the vertebrates, the teleost fishes, the placentals the jawed vertebrates and Lepidoptera all occurring because the integration of new viral sequences around the times of mass extinctions - strongly suggest a causative chain of events involving the following time sequence: comet-induced mass extinctions, apparition of new viruses, integration of viral sequences in hosts’ genomes and finally apparition of new taxa, as depicted in the diagram below:





    © Sott.net
    Comet → virus → speciation chain of event    ​

    [1] Palmer, Trevor (2018) “Perilous Planet Earth Revisited Chronology and Catastrophism” ResearchGate​
    [2] Givnish, T.J. (2015) “Adaptive radiation versus ‘radiation’ and ‘explosive diversification’: why conceptual distinctions are fundamental to understanding evolution” New Phytol, 207: 297-30
    [3] Douglas H. Erwin (2001) “Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions”. PNAS, 98 (10) 5399-5403
    [4] Cesare Emiliani (1994). “Evolution--a composite model” Evolutionary Theory, Vol.10, No.6, 299-303
    [5] ~ 10-40,000
    [6] Erwin, Douglas (2001) “Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions” PNAS 98 (10) 5399-5403
    [7] Trevor Palmer (2010) “Lamarck – The Man, the Myth and the Legacy”. C&C Review, pp. 40-51
    [8] Two other cases of real time speciation are often mentioned. The first if the Central European blackcap, a bird, which “could be on the verge of a speciation event”. The second is the Galapagos finch, whose genome analysis revealed that, after all, it was only a large cactus finch
    See: Jennifer Skene (2010) “Evo in the news: Speciation in real time” UC museum of Paleontology
    University of Berkeley contributors (2010) “Understanding Evolution: Speciation in real time” University of Berkeley
    [9] Ryan, Frank. (2004). “Human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease: a symbiotic perspective”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 97(12), 560–565.
    [10] Silvia C. Galvan et al. (2015).“Epigenetics and animal virus infections”. Editorial. Frontiers in Genetics.
    [11] Desfarges, S., Ciuffi, A. (2012) “Viral Integration and Consequences on Host Gene Expression” Viruses: Essential Agents of Life, 147–175
    [12] Murakami Y et al. (2005) “Large scaled analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration in HBV related hepatocellular carcinomas” Gut 54:1162-1168
    [13] Pellett PE et al (2011) “Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6: questions and answers”. Rev Med Virol
    [14] Gao J, et al. (2006) “Epstein-Barr virus integrates frequently into chromosome 4q, 2q, 1q and 7q of burkitt's lymphoma cell line” J. Virol. Methods 136:193-199
    [15] Hughes JF, Coffin JM (2001) "Evidence for genomic rearrangements mediated by human endogenous retroviruses during primate evolution" Nature Genetics. 29 (4): 487–89
    [16] Campbell, I. et al. (2014) “Human endogenous retroviral elements promote genome instability via non-allelic homologous recombination” BMC biology, 12, 74
    [17] Ibid
    [18] Mighel, A.J. et al (1997). “Alu sequences” FEBS Lettre 417, 1–5
    [19] A gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA
    [20] Desfarges, S. et al. (2012) “Viral Integration and Consequences on Host Gene Expression”. Viruses: Essential Agents of Life, 147–175
    [21] Khodosevich, K. et al. (2002). “Endogenous retroviruses and human evolution.” Comparative and functional genomics, 3(6), 494–498
    [22] Fernandes, J. et al. (2019) “Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of Gene Expression: Physiology and Disease”. Non-coding RNA, 5(1), 17
    [23] De Parseval, N. et al. (2003) “Survey of human genes of retroviral origin: identification and transcriptome of the genes with coding capacity for complete envelope proteins” Journal of virology, 77(19), 10414–10422
    [24] De Parseval, 2003
    [25] Goodman M. (1999) “The genomic record of humankind’s evolutionary roots”. Am J Hum Genet 64: 31–39
    [26] Boeke JD, Stoye JP. (1997). ‘’Retrotransposons, endogenous retroviruses, and the evolution of retroelements” In Retro- viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 343 – 435
    [27] Lower R, et al. (1996) “The viruses in all of us: characteristics and biological significance of human endogenous retrovirus sequences” PNAS 93:5177–5184
    [28] Khodosevich, K. et al. (2002) “Endogenous retroviruses and human evolution.” Comparative and functional genomics, 3(6), 494–498
    [29] Genetics Society of America (2016) “Viruses revealed to be a major driver of human evolution: Study tracking protein adaptation over millions of years yields insights relevant to fighting today's viruses” ScienceDaily
    [30] 3 species of orangoutan, 2 species of gorilla, 1 species of chimpanzee and 1 species of bonobo. See:
    Groves, C. P. (2005) “Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.)” Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–184
    [31] Ryan, Frank (2004) “Human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease: a symbiotic perspective”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 97(12), 560–565
    [32] Sverdlov ED. (2000) “Retroviruses and primate evolution” Bioessays;22(2):161-71
    [33] Some of the ERVs that distinguish great apes from other apes are Fc2master and Fc2 env
    [34] Chuong E. B. (2013) “Retroviruses facilitate the rapid evolution of the mammalian placenta” BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 35(10), 853–861
    [35] O'Leary et al. (2013) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals" Science. 339 (6120): 662–667
    [36] Dave Smith (1994) “Eutheria, the Placental Mammals” University of Berkeley Museum of Paleontology
    [37] Mi, S. (2000) “Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis.” Nature 403:785–788
    [38] Benit, L. (2001). “Identification, phylogeny, and evolution of retroviral elements based on their envelope genes.” J. Virol. 75:11709–11719
    [39] Cianciolo, G. J. et al. (1985). “Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope protein’’. Science 230:453–455
    [40] Fu, B., et al. (2019). “Endogenous Retroviruses Function as Gene Expression Regulatory Elements During Mammalian Pre-implantation Embryo Development”. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(3), 790
    [41] See Part II: Chapter “The Cambrian Life Explosion”
    [42] Aiewsakun, P. et al. (2017) “Marine origin of retroviruses in the early Palaeozoic Era” Nature Communications 8, 13954
    [43] Edward J. Steele, et al. (2018). “Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic?” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Volume 136, Pages 3-23
    [44] Takemura M (2001) "Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 52 (5): 419–425
    [45] The two other domains are the prokaryotes (bacteria) and the archaea (single-celled organism)
    [46] Yoshikawa G et al. (2019) "Medusavirus, a Novel Large DNA Virus Discovered from Hot Spring Water" Journal of Virology. 93 (8)
    [47] Taxonomic phylum including all lifeforms equipped with a backbone amongst other distinctive features
    [48] Feschotte, C., Gilbert, C. (2012) “Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology” Nature Review Genetics 13, 283–296
    [49] Katzourakis A. (2013) “Paleovirology: inferring viral evolution from host genome sequence data” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. 368(1626), 20120493
    [50] Lavialle, C., et al. (2013) “Paleovirology of 'syncytins', retroviral env genes exapted for a role in placentation” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. 368(1626), 20120507
    [51] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Evolutionary developmental biology” Wikipedia
    [52] Rebollo R, et al. (2012) "Transposable elements: an abundant and natural source of regulatory sequences for host genes" Annual Review of Genetics 46 (1): 21–42
    [53] See chapter : anteriority and pervasivness of Viruses
    [54] Harrison, RL et al. (2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Baculoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (9): 1185–1186
    [55] Wang, M., & Hu, Z. (2019) “Cross-talking between baculoviruses and host insects towards a successful infection” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. 374(1767), 20180324
    [56] Theze, J. et al. (2011) "Paleozoic origin of insect large dsDNA viruses". PNAS. 108 (38): 15931–5
    [57] Young, G. R., et al. (2012) “Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice”. Nature, 491(7426), 774–778
    [58] Agrawal, A., et al (1998) “Transposition mediated by RAG1 and RAG2 and its implications for the evolution of the immune system” Nature 394, 744–751
    [59] Young, G. R. et al. (2012) “Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice” Nature, 491(7426), 774–778
    [60] Volff, JN. (2005) “Genome evolution and biodiversity in teleost fish” Heredity 94, 280–294
    [61] Capinera, John L. (2008) "Butterflies and moths" In “Encyclopedia of Entomology”. Springer. pp. 626–672
    [62] Mallet, Jim (2007) "Taxonomy of Lepidoptera: the scale of the problem". The Lepidoptera Taxome Project
    [63] van Eldijk et al. (2018) "A Triassic-Jurassic window into the evolution of Lepidoptera". Science Advances. 4 (1): e1701568
    [64] J.-C. Sohn et al. (2015) “The fossil record and taphonomy of butterflies and moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera): Implications for evolutionary diversity and divergence-time estimates” BMC Evol. Biol. 15, 12
    [65] Jennifer Welsh (2011) “Oldest Viruses Infected Insects 300 Million Years Ago” Live Science
    [66] Gasmi L, et al. (2015) “Recurrent Domestication by Lepidoptera of Genes from Their Parasites Mediated by Bracoviruses” PLOS Genetics 11(9): e1005470","attachments":["
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  • Part III chapter 9.pdf
    Part III chapter 9.pdf
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":991841,"date":"2021-12-07T23:55:47+0100","text":"Thank you
    Channa

    PDF Chapter 1-9","attachments":["
  • Extinctions de masse PDF 1-9.pdf
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    Chapter 10: Species-Specific Eradication or Enhancement​


    Beside their role played in speciation, viruses might also explain a puzzling feature of most mass extinctions: their apparent species discrimination.

    Although the mechanical effects of a cometary impact whether mega tsunami, ice Age or induced mass volcanism can and do account for most destruction observed during mass extinctions, it falls short to explain its species-specific dimension: while one given species was eradicated, another closely related species sharing similar habitat, nutrition, physiology was spared:

    Twenty-one of the twenty-seven species of lampshells (brachiopods) were completely obliterated at the K-T boundary, only to be suddenly replaced by twenty-four entirely new species.[1]
    Click to expand...

    Why were some species spared and even blossomed while others closely related species were totally obliterated? Was it only a matter of random chance?

    This species-specific actions displayed by viruses has been repeatedly proven by modern experiments. For example, the inoculation of the same virus to various species of fruit flies leads to dramatically different results. For some species the viral infection is benign or even asymptomatic while for other closely related fruit fly species, the virus is deadly:

    The researchers infected 48 species of fruit fly with an RNA virus, and found that the amount of harm caused by the virus was extremely variable in the new hosts, with some species having relatively benign infections and other species dying rapidly.[2]
    Click to expand...

    This species discrimination revealed by viruses is not limited to insects in laboratory settings. In nature the most evolved mammals, including humans, experience the same species-specific viral action:

    The Ebola virus, for example, appears to cause few symptoms in its natural reservoir, the fruit bat, but it is deadly in chimpanzees, gorillas and humans.[3]
    Click to expand...

    Similarly to Ebola, nearly all HERVs have a species-specific action because their binding sites in their hosts are themselves species-specific:

    […] nearly 90% of HERVs exist in the human genome as solitary LTRs and often contain transcription factor binding sites that are species-specific[4]
    Click to expand...

    The same applies to virtually each virus-species interaction:

    host species-specific and virus strain-specific interactions of viral molecules with the host innate immune system play a pivotal role in determining virus host range and virulence.[5]
    Click to expand...

    In the same vein, the same species-specific viral action might apply to mass extinctions. For example, despite the eradication of 75% of the species, the K/T extinction, including its epidemics component, seems to have been species-selective:

    wide variety of species were spared, or quickly recovered, such as amphibians, birds, crocodiles, ferns, insects, lizards, seed-producing plant, snakes, turtles, and most mammals which quickly diversified and became the dominant land animal[6]
    Click to expand...

    Not only were some species spared while others were decimated, but these two phenomena seem to have been concomitant:

    Continuing perturbations will allow at least some groups to accommodate and potentially diversify while other groups may still be declining. Several mass extinction episodes, particularly during the Late Devonian, fall into this category.[7]
    Click to expand...

    During this same K/T event the previously mentioned bornavirus[8] appeared seem to have played a key and species-specific role:

    "While studying the genetic history of these EBLs [endogenous bornaviral-like elements] and their locations in the genomes of various species, we concluded that they likely integrated into mammal DNA approximately 70 million years ago,” Wellehan said.
    Sixty-six million years ago, the end-Cretaceous extinction led to the disappearance of all non-avian dinosaurs. Although the cataclysm following the Chicxulub meteor impact receives much of the blame for the extinction in popular culture, climate shifts following the volcanic release of carbon dioxide also helped bring about the end of the dinosaur age.
    Bornaviruses are in the same order of viruses as Ebola, measles and rabies, all of which are capable of causing significant population-level effects. During the end-Cretaceous extinction, EBLs within mammal genomes may have protected mammals from bornaviruses that affected birds and reptiles, allowing them to step into the ecological niche left by extinct dinosaur species"[9]
    Click to expand...


    © Getty Images
    Electron microscopy of bornaviruses    ​


    Could bornaviruses have been a novel viruses introduced during the Chicxulub event, subsequently integrated in the pre-mammalian genome providing enhancement in the form of protection from other diseases while contributing to the removal of obsolete life forms, the non-avian dinosaurs?

    Are viruses the agent allowing the emergence of new more complex life form and also contributing to the removal of obsolete life forms, along with other mechanical and indiscriminate destruction induced by cometary impacts like mega-tsunamis, induced volcanism or ice age?

    According to Chandra Wickramasinghe, viruses target specific hosts inducing enhancement or death depending on the match between the host’s genome and the viral sequence:


    the virus acts purposefully, targeting and inserting its RNA or DNA into specific hosts where there is a perfect genetic match. However, when there is a slight mismatch (or due to UV or other genetic damage), errors are introduced into the genome, and the host sickens and may die.[10]
    Click to expand...

    This idea is confirmed by Shawn Joseph for whom both removal of obsolete species and the apparition of new species are directed by the interaction between genomes and the environment:

    The interaction between the environment and genetic activity, regulates the emergence of new species and the elimination of yet others--a form of evolutionary-apoptosis.[…] As a form of evolutionary apoptosis, extinction is tightly regulated at the genetic and cellular level, and specific environmental (Lovelock 2006) and biological triggers (Ward 2009), will initiate the mass death and elimination of specific species.
    Multicellular organisms which served as a genetic bridge to subsequent species, and which have fulfilled their biological purpose and provide no additional biological/environmental function, are destroyed by biologically/genetically regulated processes (Joseph 2009a).[11]
    Click to expand...

    [1] Felix, Robert (2008) “Magnetic Reversals and Evolutionary Leaps: The True Origin of Species” Sugarhouse Publications P. 33
    [2] University of Cambridge (2015) “Emerging diseases likely to be more harmful in similar species” ScienceDaily
    [3] Idib
    [4] Friedli M., Trono D (2015) “The Developmental Control of Transposable Elements and the Evolution of Higher Species” Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Boil. 31:429–451
    [5] Rothenburg S, Brennan G. (2020) “Species-Specific Host-Virus Interactions: Implications for Viral Host Range and Virulence” Trends Microbiol 28(1):46-56
    [6] Singer, Merill (2011) “Extinctions: History, Origins, Causes & Future of Mass Extinctions” Cosmology Science Publishers P.4-26
    [7] Budd A F & Johnson K G (1999) Paleobiology 25:188–200
    [8] See previous chapter “The Enigma of Speciation”
    [9] Hyndman TH et al. (2018) “Divergent bornaviruses from Australian carpet pythons with neurological disease date the origin of extant Bornaviridae prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction” PLOS Pathogens 14(2): e1006881
    [10] Wickramasinghe, Chandra et al (2013) “Diseases From Space: Astrobiology, Viruses, Microbiology, Meteors, Comets, Evolution” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [11] Joseph, Rhawn (2009) “Extinction, Metamorphosis, Evolutionary Apoptosis, and Genetically Programmed Species Mass Death” Journal of Cosmology","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":992515,"date":"2021-12-11T17:24:24+0100","text":"here's the pdf for chapter 10","attachments":["
  • Chapter 10.pdf
    Chapter 10.pdf
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    Pdf in French chapter 1-10
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse PDF 1-10.pdf
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":995708,"date":"2021-12-26T14:25:15+0100","text":"

    Chapter 11: Viruses Contribute to Mass Extinctions​


    Cometary events cause mass extinctions during which some species are eradicated while other species are spared and suddenly evolve.

    As described in the previous chapter[1], viruses have species-specific destructive action, but there’s a difference between a virus causing diseases in a given species and a virus decisively contributing to the extinction of this same species.

    So in the present chapter, we will attempt to answer the following question: Are there documented cases of pathogens in general and viruses in particular being notably involved in the extinction of a given species?

    1/ Past virus-induced extinction​


    Let’s start with the previously described[2] K/T extinction ca. 66 Mya, the most recent and the most documented of the big five mass extinctions.

    Infectious diseases are considered as one of the major cause of the elimination of some taxa during the K/T extinction while other taxa were being spared. These species-specific pathogens are fungi[3] [4], bacterias[5] and of course viruses[6].

    The K/T extinction seems to have involved viral diseases which contributed to the mass extinction:

    For example during the K/T extinction, the die off was not instantaneous but followed a pattern suggestive of spreading contagion. In fact, basing their findings on pathogens found within amber-entombed insects, Poinard has concluded that the extinction of the dinosaurs was due to "the cumulative, cascading effects of many diseases.
    Click to expand...

    Poinard gave more details about how pathogens eradicated the dinosaurs along with numerous other Cretaceous species:

    insect-vectored fungal and viral diseases were critical in determining which plants lived and died in the Cretaceous world.[7]
    According to Poinar, insect-borne viruses, infected plants that, in turn, infected the dinosaurs:

    Since extant aphids carry approximately 50% of insect-transmitted plant viruses, perhaps they were responsible for the rapid turnover of Late Cretaceous plant lineages.[8]
    Click to expand...

    The K/T event is not the only mass extinction marked by the destructive activity of viruses. The cometary event that triggered the Younger Dryas 12,900 years ago, eradicated most of the woolly mammoths[9], but left pockets of survivors in Wrangel Island[10] who survived until ca. 4,200 BP[11]



    © CC BY-SA 3.0
    Location of Wrangel Island    ​


    The DNA of the Wrangel Island mammoths revealed some peculiarities:

    Here, we show that a Wrangel Island mammoth genome had many putative deleterious mutations that are predicted to cause diverse behavioral and developmental defects. Resurrection and functional characterization of several genes from the Wrangel Island mammoth carrying putatively deleterious substitutions identified both loss and gain of function mutations in genes […] These data suggest that at least one Wrangel Island mammoth may have suffered adverse consequences from reduced population size and isolation.[12]
    Click to expand...

    Now, the mutations found in the mammoths of Wrangel Island are attributed to the scarce population and the subsequent inbreeding. However inbreeding doesn’t cause genetic defects per se but only increase the risk of recessive gene disorders[13].

    More importantly, the wooly mammoths from Wrangel Island revealed gain of function mutations, which is difficult to explain by an inbreeding process, but, as shown later[14], can easily be induced by viruses.

    According to the senior curator of the American Museum of Natural History, Ross MacPhee it is indeed a viral epidemics[15] that caused the demise of the mammoth of Wrangler Island:

    After reading a magazine article about the Ebola virus outbreak, MacPhee was struck by a sudden insight: the only thing capable of causing extinctions of this type [Wranglel Island] and scale was a highly lethal infectious disease.[16]
    Click to expand...

    Coincidentally or not, the comet-induced Younger Dryas was coeval with the apparition of the deadliest virus for humans, the smallpox:

    Smallpox (Variola major & minor) is an epidemic disease caused by a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. In fact, it was the first and only disease ever intentionally eradicated from the face of our planet. Historians speculate that it appeared around 10,000 BC [12,000 BP] in the agricultural settlements of NE Africa[17]
    Click to expand...

    During the 20th century only, smallpox is estimated to have killed 500 million people[18]. But along its deadliness, smallpox conferred to its surviving carriers some benefits (gain-of-functions), for example a natural immunity to the HIV virus[19].

    Even hominid species seem to have been affected by virus-induced extinction. Neanderthal became extinct ca. 28,000 years BP[20] after at least 100,000 years[21] of successful adaptation. The pattern of their extinction suggests that it was, at least partly, caused by viral diseases:

    We investigated whether the evolutionary history of AMHs and the Neanderthals matches the time and place of origin and evolution of some of the viral pathogens that could have played a role in Neanderthal extinction.[22]
    Click to expand...

    Notice that the K/T extinction, the extinction of Neanderthal, the extinction of the Wrangler woolly mammoths happened thousands, if not millions of years ago and it concerned species that are now extinct.

    So, despite several circumstantial evidence suggesting that these extinctions were virally induced there is no smoking gun. For that, proper autopsies should be conducted but in most cases there’s no corpse, only fossils. The exception is the woolly mammoth and the thousands of frozen corpses but no autopsy looking for viruses was performed yet[23].

    However, there is a number of documented and recent virus-induced extinction.

    2/ Recent virus-induced extinction​


    The role played by viruses in some extinctions, has been repeatedly confirmed by observation of contemporary extinctions. For example, infectious diseases are the main driver of the ongoing extinction of some critically endangered amphibians:

    […] amphibians account for 30% of critically endangered animals and that they also comprise approximately 75% of critically endangered species threatened by disease. Although ranavirus infections, trematode infestations, and several other pathogen threats have been proposed as driving particular cases of decline, the agent thought to contribute most widely to amphibian endangerment is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, first identified in the 1990s as the cause of a fatal chytridiomycosis.[24]
    Click to expand...

    Amphibians are not an isolated case, the same goes for the extinction of 18 contemporary bird species:

    18 examples of bird extinctions and extirpations that have been attributed at least partly to infectious diseases. […] Warner proposed that these losses were due to panzootics caused by the inadvertent introduction of Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum). Another lethal agent, presumably introduced as well, was avian pox (Poxvirus avium).[25]
    Click to expand...

    Mammals are also affected; with for example, the extinction of the endemic species of rats from Christmas Island because of infectious disease:


    The Christmas Island rat is completely extinct and its genetic endowment has not persisted in any form. Genetic evidence of the murid-specific trypanosome Trypanosoma lewisi was found in the true black rat and the Christmas Island rat samples. In samples of the bulldog rat, all collected earlier than 1899, no evidence of trypanosome infection could be found. Thus, detection of trypanosomes correlates with the arrival of invasive black rats and the subsequent extinction of the native rat species on Christmas Island (only inferential in the case of the bulldog rat).[26]
    Click to expand...




    The extinct endemic Christmas Island rat (Rattus macleari)​

    The discovery of recent virus-induced extinctions led to a paradigm shift where viruses are now considered as potential agents of extinction:

    Infectious disease, especially virulent infectious disease, is commonly regarded as a cause of fluctuation or decline in biological populations. However, it is not generally considered as a primary factor in causing the actual endangerment or extinction of species. We review here the known historical examples in which disease has, or has been assumed to have had, a major deleterious impact on animal species, including extinction, and highlight some recent cases in which disease is the chief suspect in causing the outright endangerment of particular species. We conclude that the role of disease in historical extinctions at the population or species level may have been underestimated.[27]
    Click to expand...

    Nowadays, infectious disease is officially listed among the top five causes of global species extinctions[28].

    3/ Are Viruses extinction agents past and present?​


    The suspected involvement of virus in past extinction like Wrangler mammoths, Neanderthal or the K/T event combined with the observation of recent extinctions caused by viruses among amphibians, birds and mammals have led some researchers to think that viral infections are the cause of other past extinctions recorded in fossil records:

    In 1981 I suggested that the sudden, individual disappearance of an established species could result from viral action […] extinction is usually rapid (i.e., geologically instantaneous) and synchronous over vast areas; and the sympatric[29] species are not affected.[30]
    Click to expand...

    This idea exposed in the above quote according to which viral diseases can be a contributing agent or even the sole cause of extinction of given species was submitted in 1995 but it is not new. It was already theorized more than three centuries ago to explain the extinction of the Irish giant deer[31]:

    By what means [the Irish giant deer] formerly so common and numerous in this Country, should now become utterly lost and extinct, deserves our Consideration [Despite accepted explanations,] it seems more likely to me, this kind of Animal might become extinct here from a certain ill Constitution of Air in some of the past Seasons long since the Flood, which might occasion an Epidemick Distemper; if we may so call it, or Pestilential Murren, peculiarly to affect this sort of Creature, so as to destroy at once great numbers of them, if not quite ruin the species.[32]
    Click to expand...


    © Imgur
    Irish giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus) reconstruction    ​

    Unlike this centuries-old quote and until recently, modern science tended to ignore the role played by infectious diseases in extinction events. This position changed with the advent of genomics and the identification and tracking of viruses in extinct and extant species. The role played by viruses in past extinctions led some researchers to theorize that the host-specific viral action was both the cause of extinctions AND the main driver of evolution:

    Every few million years a mass extinction occurs--the disappearance of a number of taxa apparently caused by an environmental upset of some kind. These events are used by stratigraphers to subdivide geologic time. Interspersed between mass extinctions are the background extinctions, the individual extinctions of well-established species while the sympatric species exhibit no sign of stress. It is hypothesized that background extinctions are caused by host-specific viral action. It is further hypothesized that background extinctions are a fundamental component of the process of evolution.[33]
    Click to expand...

    The host-specific viral action exposed in the above quote would reconcile and explain the two seemingly opposite aspects exhibited by mass extinctions: on one hand species-specific extinctions soon followed by, on the other hand, by the sudden apparition of new species.

    This dual and fundamental role fulfilled by viruses make them ubiquitous, at the same time agents of creation and destruction, contributing to mass extinction through rampant diseases and also contributing to genetic “upgrades” leading to the apparition of new and more complex species.

    From this perspective viruses seem to be the main driver of an intelligent evolution directed towards increased complexity[34]. Like the master in the parable of the talents, viruses contribute to the eradication of some “obsolete” species and “pay back” the “valuable” species with an evolutionary leap.


    The Parable of Talents on the stained glass in St Mary Abbot`s church on Kensington High Street.
    ​
    Now if viruses are the drivers of life, could they also be its initiators? The following three chapters will illustrate the fundamental role played by viruses in life, their astounding seniority, their pervasiveness on planet Earth and each lifeform that roams it, and the numerous benefits, they provide to these lifeforms.

    [1] Chapter 10 “Species-Specific Eradication or Enhancement”
    [2] See Part I: “Comets and Mass Extinctions” and Part II, chapter “The K/T boundary”
    [3] Casadevall, A (2012) “Fungi and the Rise of Mammals” PLoS Pathog 8(8): e1002808
    [4] Lips K. R. (2016) “Overview of chytrid emergence and impacts on amphibians”. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London 371(1709), 20150465
    [5] Poinar, G. & Poinar, R. (2007) “What Bugged the Dinosaurs? Insects, Disease, and Death in the Cretaceous” Princeton University Press
    [6] Emiliani C. (1993) “Extinction and viruses” Bio Systems, 31(2-3), 155–159
    [7] George Poinar, Roberta Poinar. (2008) “What Bugged the Dinosaurs?: Insects, Disease, and Death in the Cretaceous” Princeton University Press
    [8] Ibid
    [9] Pierre Lescaudron (2021). “Cometary Encounters”, Red Pill Press. Part I “The Flash-frozen Mammoths”
    [10] Arctic island located in the East Siberian Sea
    [11] Vartanyan, S.L. et al. (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating Evidence for Mammoths on Wrangel Island, Arctic Ocean, until 2000 BC". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 1–6.
    [12] Erin Fry et al. (2020). “Functional Architecture of Deleterious Genetic Variants in the Genome of a Wrangel Island Mammoth”, Genome Biology and Evolution, Volume 12, Issue 3, March, Pages 48–58
    [13] Nabulsi MM. et al. (2003) "Parental consanguinity and congenital heart malformations in a developing country" American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 116A (4): 342–7
    [14] See chapter “Beneficial Viruses”
    [15] MacPhee, R. D. E.; Marx, P. A. (1997) “The 40,000-Year Plague: Humans, Hyperdisease, and First-Contact Extinctions” Natural and human induced change in Madagascar ; 169-217
    [16] Robert Payo (2009) “What Killed the Mammoths? Ross MacPhee Looks for Answers” Ohio State University
    [17] Amanda Laoupi (2016) “Fires from Heaven. Comets and diseases in circum-Mediterranean Disaster Myths” Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards & Proactive Planning – NTUA
    [18] David A. Koplow (2003) “Smallpox—The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge” Berkeley University of California Press
    [19] Alison P. Galvani (2003) ”Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    [20] Delson, E. Harvati, K. (2006) “Return of the last Neanderthal” Nature 443, 762–763
    [21] Klein, R. (1983) "What Do We Know About Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon Man?". Anthropology 52 (3): 386–392
    [22] Wolff, H. et al. (2010) “Did viral disease of humans wipe out the Neandertals?” Medical hypotheses 75(1), 99–105
    [23] Tia Ghose (2014) “Can the Long-Extinct Woolly Mammoth Be Cloned?” Livescience
    [24] Ross D. E. et al. (2013) "Infectious Disease, Endangerment, and Extinction" International Journal of Evolutionary Biology
    [25] Ibid
    [26] Ibid
    [27] Macphee, R. et al. (2013) “Infectious Disease, Endangerment, and Extinction” International journal of evolutionary biology 571939
    [28] Smith KF. et al. (2006) “Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment” Conserv. Biol. 20(5):1349-57
    [29] The term “sympatric” stands for living in the same geographic area
    [30] Emiliani, C. (1995) “Evolution--a composite model“ Evolutionary Theory Vol.10 No.6 299-303
    [31] One of the largest deer that ever lived. Its range extended from Ireland to Siberia. The most recent remains have been dated to 7,700 BP.
    See: Stuart, A.J. et al. (2004). "Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth" Nature 431 (7009): 684–689
    [32] Quigley, K. (2017). “Boggy Geography and an Irish Moose: Thomas Molyneux’s New World Neighborhood” The Eighteenth Century, 58(4), 385-406
    [33] Emiliani C. (1993) “Extinction and viruses” Biosystems;31(2-3):155-9
    [34] In this context, “Complexity” stands for “information processing capability” as explained in Part V & Part VI","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":995710,"date":"2021-12-26T14:31:11+0100","text":"Here chapter 11 in pdf.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 11.pdf
    Chapter 11.pdf
    887.7 KB· Views: 130
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":995726,"date":"2021-12-26T16:21:21+0100","text":"Pierre, thank you
    Here, PDF in French , Chapter 1-11
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1- 11.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1- 11.pdf
    3 MB· Views: 91
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":995739,"date":"2021-12-26T18:15:13+0100","text":"Merci Pierre et Channa... Que de merveilles...77

    Thank you Pierre and Channa... What wonders...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996057,"date":"2021-12-28T15:07:04+0100","text":"

    Chapter 12: Anteriority of Viruses​





    © kellyshenfrog
    The rubeola virus​


    Viruses are one of the oldest organisms present on Earth, if not the oldest. Their presence is conservatively attested to, at least, 550 Mya[1] but some researchers place the apparition of viruses much earlier: during[2] the Archean Age[3] or even before[4]. The bacteriophages, a variety of bacteria-eating viruses, are considered to be, at least, 3 billion-years old[5].

    Evan further back in time, the presence of viral material has been found in stromalites[6], a microorganism considered as one of the oldest lifeform discovered in 3.7 billion-year-old[7] sedimentary rocks in Greenland:

    This study provides evidence from early Neoproterozoic columnar stromatolites in the Jiuliqiao Formation from the southeastern margin of the North China Platform for fossilized extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and cyanobacteria, along with nanospheres which may represent permineralised viruses or viral-like particles.[8]
    Click to expand...

    The role of viruses is so fundamental that some researchers are now wondering if “viruses are our oldest ancestors". This is the core idea of the “virus-first” hypothesis[9] according to which viruses enable the emergence of cellular life and subsequently all unicellular or multicellular lifeforms.

    The idea that viruses are the precursors of all lifeforms has gained traction with the advent of genomics but it is not new. Salvador Edward Luria[10] won the Nobel Prize of medicine in 1969 for discovering the genetic structure of viruses and their replication mechanism. In 1959, Luria made the following statement:

    […] may we not feel that [in] the virus, in their merging with the cellular genome and re-emerging from them, we observe the units and process which in the course of evolution, have created the successful genetic patterns that underlie all living cells?[11]
    Click to expand...

    Strong evidence in favor of the virus-first theory is the presence of key genes in viruses that are absent in cellular lifeforms:

    The existence of several genes that are central to virus replication and structure, are shared by a broad variety of viruses but are missing from cellular genomes (virus hallmark genes) suggests the model of an ancient virus world, a flow of virus-specific genes that went uninterrupted from the precellular stage of life's evolution to this day.[12]
    Click to expand...

    The fact that viruses hold specific genes is perfectly illustrated by the recent discovery of the Yaravirus, a virus whose 90% of the genes are found in no other lifeforms:

    Surprisingly, Yaravirus genome annotation showed that none of its genes matched with sequences of known organisms when we compared them at the nucleotide level. When we looked for homology at the amino acid levels, we found that only two predicted proteins had hits in the Pfam-A database and, in total, six had distant matches in the nr database. Therefore, considering the same criteria that have been used to analyze other giant viruses’ genomes, about 90% (n = 68) of the Yaravirus predicted genes are ORFans. […] [13]
    Click to expand...



    © IHU Marseille
    Electron microscopy picture of the Yadavirus    ​



    Another factor underpinning the virus-first theory is the analysis of basal genes which reveals that for a given gene present in a multitude of organisms, including viruses; its oldest version is most of the time found in viruses:

    Even in most of the cases in which similarity can be seen between host and viral genes, a properly conducted phylogenetic analysis will usually show that the viral version is basal to the version found in the host. The viral version appears to be older, often simpler. [14]
    Click to expand...

    Also, there is a growing body of evidence showing that viruses are ancestral to the three domains of life[15] (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya), to cells[16] and even to DNA[17].

    The above strongly suggest that viruses were indeed first. If this is the case how did they contribute to the ensuing lifeforms? The illustration below shows the structure of the “old world” (before cells existed). The first step being labeled “RNA-proteins world” (bottom of the illustration) and being constituted of RNA viruses, from which emerge the third step called “DNA world” which includes DNA viruses:


    © Sott.net adapted from Koonin
    Viruses as the precursors of all life-forms    ​

    From this perspective, viruses seem even more fundamental than life itself; for they are the information carriers[18] (genetic codes) from which all biological life stems.

    Viruses are more than life: they are the very source of life; they are the informational precursors, the initiators of lifeforms. To quote professor of biology Ali Saïb:

    If life is a tree, virus is its sap[19]​
    Click to expand...

    [1] Hayward, Alexander (2017) “Origin of the retroviruses: when, where, and how?”Current Opinion in Virology
    Volume 25, Pages 23-27
    [2] Krupovic M. et al. (2018) “Viruses of archaea: Structural, functional, environmental and evolutionary genomics” Virus Res 15;244:181-193
    [3] The Archean Eon began about 4 billion years ago and ended about 2.5 billion years ago
    [4] Koonin EV, Senkevich TG, Dolja VV (2006) “The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells” Biol Direct. 1:29
    [5] Hatfull GF. (2008) “Bacteriophage genomics” Curr Opin Microbiol 11:447–453
    [6] Stromatolites are layered sedimentary formations, created by cyanobacteria. See:
    Winner, Cherie (2013) "What Doomed the Stromatolites?" Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    [7] Allwood, Abigail C. (2016) "Evidence of life in Earth's oldest rocks" Nature 537 (7621): 500–5021
    [8] Zhongwu La et al. (2020) “Evidence for microbes in early Neoproterozoic stromatolites” Sedimentary Geology, Volume 398, 105589
    [9] Arshan Nasir et al. (2012) “Viral evolution” Mobile Genetic Elements, 2:5, 247-252
    [10] Italian microbiologist (1912 –1991)
    [11] A. Isaacs, B. W. Lacey (1959) “Virus growth and variation: Ninth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology” Cambridge University Press
    [12] Koonin EV et al. (2006) “The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells” Biol Direct. 1:29
    [13] Paulo V. M. Boratto et al. (2020) ”Yaravirus: A novel 80-nm virus infecting Acanthamoeba castellanii”. PNAS, 117 (28) 16579-16586
    [14] Villarreal, L. (2004) “Can Viruses Make Us Human?” PAPS, 148(3), 296-323
    [15] Jalasvuori, M. (2008) “Structural co-evolution of viruses and cells in the primordial world”. OLEB 38:165–81
    [16] Koonin EV, Dolja VV (2013) ‘’A virocentric perspective on the evolution of life.’’ Curr Opin Virol. 3(5):546-57
    [17] Forterre P. (2002) “The origin of DNA genomes and DNA replication proteins”. Curr Opin Microbiol.;5:525–32
    [18] Mainstream science usually consider genetic sequence as a form of information, hence the use of the word “carrier”. Further in this book, we’ll see that “transmitters” may be a more correct wording in light of the information receivership capabilities exhibited by viruses.
    See chapter “DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field”
    [19] Ali Saïb (2010) ‘’Les virus, mais ou ennemis’’ Conference cycle Universcience","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996059,"date":"2021-12-28T15:08:48+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 12","attachments":["
  • Chapter 12.pdf
    Chapter 12.pdf
    520.5 KB· Views: 143
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":996077,"date":"2021-12-28T17:22:22+0100","text":"MERCI Pierre...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16915,"user":"Jebra","id":996093,"date":"2021-12-28T18:15:38+0100","text":"Thankyou so much Pierre. I really enjoy reading all this thankyou so much for all this research! I do hope you can still publish it but I really do appreciate you putting it on the forum like this. \":clap:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":996307,"date":"2021-12-29T21:26:55+0100","text":"
    Jebra said:
    Thankyou so much Pierre. I really enjoy reading all this thankyou so much for all this research! I do hope you can still publish it but I really do appreciate you putting it on the forum like this. \":clap:\"
    Click to expand...

    Ditto the above.

    If life is a tree, virus is its sap[19]
    Click to expand...

    Thanks Pierre!!!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":996318,"date":"2021-12-29T22:22:13+0100","text":"Hello Pierre
    Thank you, once more
    Here, PDF Ch 1-12","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-12.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-12.pdf
    3.2 MB· Views: 87
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":40940911897,"user":"PierrePierrePERLOU","id":996640,"date":"2021-12-31T16:24:36+01002021-12-31T16:27:15+01002021-12-31T16:48:10+0100","text":"

    Chapter 13: Pervasiveness of Viruses​


    Not only viruses represents one the oldest if not the oldest type of organism, but they are also, by far, the most numerous organisms on our planet[1].

    In the atmosphere, there are an estimated 1031 viruses; in the soil there are 2.5 x 10 e31 viruses; and in the oceans there are 1.2 x 10 e30 viruses. In total, the estimated[2] number of viruses on our planet is 10 e32, making them, by far, the most successful species. That's hundred billion more than the estimated number of stars in the Universe (1021),[3] which in turn exceeds substantially the number of sand grains on our planet[4].

    To provide a hopefully fathomable reference, the oceans present an average concentration of 10 e6 to 10 e9 viruses per cubic millimeters[5] depending on the scientific sources and the counting methods[6] [7]. It means that there is, on average, between 50 million and 50 billion of viruses in one single drop[8] of ocean water.



    © Sott.net
    Abundance of viruses in seawater    ​



    The abundance of viruses in the ocean is so high that they represent, despite their tiny weight[9], 95% [10]of the total oceanic biomass.

    Viruses are also, and by far, the most diverse organisms, with an estimated 100 million different types of viruses on Earth[11]. For comparison, there are about 5,500 known mammalian species on our planet[12]​

    ​


    © Viral Zone
    A small sample of viruses showing their diversity in size and shape
    ​

    Viruses accompany bacteria and archaea[13] in the microbial world, but outnumber them[14] by a ratio of up to 100 to 1.

    Even the air is laden with viruses. Every minute one individual breathes in between 17,000 and 400,000[15] viruses a minute. This figure jumps up to 2 million viruses a minutes when one exercises.

    The prevalence of viruses is not limited to our environment; they are also extremely abundant within our own bodies.

    Let’s take for example one of the numerous types of viruses: the bacteriophages, also known as phages, because they infect bacteria. An adult human body contains an estimated 10 e15 bacteriophages[16]. For comparison, there are about 10 e13 cells in a human body[17], it’s 100 times less than the number of bacteriophage viruses.



    © iStock
    Structure of a bacteriophage    ​


    In the adult human gut only, the total population of bacteriophages[18] is estimated[19] to 10 e15, which represents between 10 e8 and 10 e10 phages per gram[20] of stool. A paper published in 2021 found that the gut viral population is constituted of more than 142,000 different phage species[21].

    Notice that these counts focused solely on bacteriophage viruses, which represents only a portion of the total virus population.

    Notice also that this number, although substantial keeps increasing. A similar study conducted in 2020 only identified 33,000 viral species in human gut[22]. This rapid progression, only one year apart, suggests that real number of viral species is way higher than these two counts.

    Since the beginning of the 20th Century science keeps discovering new human virus species and the rate of discovery is not weakening[23]:



    © Woolhouse
    Discovery curve for human virus species.    ​


    The discovery of human viruses keeps increasing because the discovery methods are mostly based on the underreported clinical observation:


    [T]he process of virus detection and identification is still mostly initiated by clinical observation; […]. However, it is widely believed that the vast majority of human infections are not reported to medical practitioners, and that no etiological agent is formally identified for most of those that are. Thus, it is unsurprising that we are still discovering new viruses that can infect humans[24]
    Click to expand...

    A tiny proportion of viruses are pathogenic, these are the ones who are tracked viruses and sometimes are identified. But most viruses are non–pathogenic and therefore highly likely to stay untracked and un-identified.

    A study focused on viral population in the human blood plasma counted a concentration of 10 e7 (10 million) virions[25] per milliliter[26]. During this count, several novel viruses of the anellovirus family were serendipitously discovered[27]

    The official number of viruses and the diversity of viral species in our body (guts, blood) are stunningly high and ever-growing. In addition viruses are also markedly present within our own DNA:

    One of the most earth-shaking papers of this century was the publication of the human genome sequence. About half, possibly even two-thirds of the sequence are composed of more or less complete endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and related retroelements (REs) [...].
    The origin of REs is being discussed as remnants of ancient retroviral germline infections that became evolutionarily fixed in the genome.
    About 450,000 human ERV (HERV) elements constitute about 8% of the human genome consisting of hallmark retroviral elements like the gag, pol, env genes and flanking long terminal repeats (LTR) that act as promoters. Howard Temin, one of the discoverers of the reverse transcriptase, in 1985 already described endogenous retrovirus-like elements, which he estimated to about 10% of the human and mouse genome sequence.
    The actual number is about 45% as estimated today. In some genes such as the Protein Kinase Inhibitor B (PKIB) gene we determined about 70% retrovirus-related sequences. Is there a limit? Could it have been 100%?" [28]
    Click to expand...

    The prevalence of virus-related sequences (LINE, SINE, ERV and transposons) in the human genome is illustrated by the chart below:


    © Weiss
    Proportion of transposable elements in the human genome    ​

    The human genome is not the only one revealing a large proportion of ERVs. Viral sequences also constitute about half of the mammalian genome:

    For example, ERV sequences encompass 42.2% of the human genome and almost half of the mammalian genome[29]
    Click to expand...

    In total, the human genome contains nearly half a million viral sequence insertions[30] along with about 200,000 copies of ERVs, which have been introduced through at least 31[31] infection events[32]. Notice that these counts only reflect the number of identified viral sequences and retrovirus.

    Our DNA code is literally made of viral sequences. This omnipresence is compounded by the numerous copies of the same viral sequences found all over the human genome:

    [...] humans, given the vast proliferation of insertion sites involving those 30 to 50 families of viruses, and the 200 or so subgroups. If, for example, we look at just the HERV clone 4-1 variant of the HERV-E family that was studied by Sekigawa in relation to SLE, the human genome contained 85 copies of the virus at various integration sites within different chromosomes. [33]
    Click to expand...

    In a world which is so overrun by viruses, and given the proliferation of life on this planet, it is thus evident that viruses sicken and kill only rarely and their purpose goes far beyond the thin visible veneer of viral diseases.

    Evidence proving that viruses are much more than pathogenic agents is the fact that viruses evolve, on average, about one million times faster than their hosts[34]. How could hosts develop any effective defense system against such an ever-changing “enemy”?


    [1] Hendrix, Roger W. et al. (1999) “Evolutionary relationships among diverse bacteriophages and prophages: All the world’s a phage” PNAS 96 (5) 2192-2197
    [2] K. Moelling (2020) “Viruses More Friends than Foes” Electroanalysis 32, 669
    [3] Wu, Katherine J. (2020) "There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do only some infect us? - More than a quadrillion quadrillion individual viruses exist on Earth, but most are not poised to hop into humans. Can we find the ones that are?" National Geographic Society
    [4] Mackie, Glen (2002) "To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand". Swinburne University of Technology
    [5] 6X10-5 cubic inch
    [6] Emiliani, C. (1995). “Evolution--a composite model“. Evolutionary Theory Vol.10, No.6, 299-303
    [7] 1012 to 1014 viruses per cubic inches.
    [8] One drop equals 50 cubic millimeters
    [9] The weight of one virus is roughly equal to 10-18g. See:
    Bahr GF et al. (1976) “Determination of the mass of viruses by quantitative electron microscopy”. Q Rev Biophys.;9(4):459-89
    [10] Foulsham, George (2011) “10 million viruses in one drop of seawater” UC Santa Barbara
    [11] Racaniello, Vincent (2013) “How many viruses on Earth?” Virology Blog
    [12] Ibid
    [13] Archaea are single-celled microorganisms with structure similar to bacteria. They are evolutionarily distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes and form the third domain of life. See:
    Suchodolski, Jan. (2013) “Canine and Feline Gastroenterology”, Chapter 2 - Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Pages 32-41. Ed. Robert J. Washabau and Michael J. Day
    [14] Joseph, Rhawn (2009) “The Evolution Of Life From Other Planets Part 1”. Journal of Cosmology. Vol 1, 100-150
    [15] Le Libre Editors (2021) “Combien de virus inhale-t-on chaque minute?’’ Le Libre
    [16] Łusiak-Szelachowska, M. et al. (2020) “The Presence of Bacteriophages in the Human Body: Good, Bad or Neutral?” Microorganisms, 8(12), 2012
    [17] Bianconi E, et al. (2013) “An estimation of the number of cells in the human body”. Ann Hum Biol. 40(6):463-71
    [18] The estimated population of phages in the gut and in the human body is roughly the same because most phages are located within the gut.
    [19] Łusiak-Szelachowska, M. et al. (2020) ‘’The Presence of Bacteriophages in the Human Body: Good, Bad or Neutral ?’’ Microorganisms, 8(12), 2012
    [20] Babickova, J et al. (2015) “Pathological and Therapeutic Interactions between Bacteriophages, Microbes and the Host in Inflammatory Bowel Disease” World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 11321–11330
    [21] Camarillo-Guerror, L. F. et al. (2021) “Massive expansion of human gut bacteriophage diversity”. Cell 184, 1098–1109.E9
    [22] Gregory AC et al. (2020) “The Gut Virome Database Reveals Age-Dependent Patterns of Virome Diversity in the Human Gut”. Cell Host Microbe. 28(5):724-740.e8
    [23] Woolhouse, Mark et al. (2008) “Temporal trends in the discovery of human viruses”. Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society. 275. 2111-5. 10
    [24] Woolhouse MEJ, Adair K. (2013) “The diversity of human RNA viruses” Future Virol. 8(2):159-171
    [25] A virion is an entire virus particle, consisting of an outer protein shell called a “capsid” and an inner core of RNA or DNA
    [26] 0.035 fl
    [27] Mya Breitbart, Forest Rohwer (2005) “Method for discovering novel DNA viruses in blood using viral particle selection and shotgun sequencing” BioTechniques 39:5, 729-736
    [28] Moelling, K. & Broecker, F. (2019) “Viruses and Evolution - Viruses First? A Personal Perspective” Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 523
    [29] Wickramasinghe, Chandra et al. (2013) “Diseases From Space: Astrobiology, Viruses, Microbiology, Meteors, Comets, Evolution” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [30] Feschotte, C., Gilbert, C. (2012) “Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology” Nature Review Genetics 13, 283–296
    [31] This figure is reminiscent of the estimated 20 to 30 extinction events that our planet experienced. See chapter “Mass extinctions”
    [32] Rhawn, Joseph (2010) “Comets and Contagion: Evolution, Plague, and Diseases From Space” Journal of Cosmology
    [33] Ryan, 2013
    [34] Wain-Hobson, S. (2008) “Retrovirus evolution”. In: Origin and Evolution of Viruses. Academic PressHere is the pdf for chapter 13.MERCI PIERRE, un beau cadeau de fin d'année... LOVE

    THANK YOU PIERRE, a nice end of year gift... LOVE","attachments":["
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996641,"date":"2021-12-31T16:27:15+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 13.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 13.pdf
    Chapter 13.pdf
    323.8 KB· Views: 130
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":996642,"date":"2021-12-31T16:48:10+0100","text":"MERCI PIERRE, un beau cadeau de fin d'année... LOVE

    THANK YOU PIERRE, a nice end of year gift... LOVE","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":996704,"date":"2022-01-01T10:02:58+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    So, while iridium anomalies at the E-O boundary signal that the mass extinction about 66 million years ago was due to a cosmic event, it remained to be seen whether the culprit was a supernova or a meteor bombardment.
    Click to expand...
    @Pierre there is possibly an error in the sentence above: the E-O boundary is dated 37 Mya.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996706,"date":"2022-01-01T10:16:19+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    @Pierre there is possibly an error in the sentence above: the E-O boundary is dated 37 Mya.
    Click to expand...
    good catch! Yes it is a mistake. It is now corrected.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":996744,"date":"2022-01-01T15:47:47+0100","text":"And here the PDF
    Tenderness to all","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-13.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-13.pdf
    3.4 MB· Views: 98
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13630,"user":"Stella Marys","id":996747,"date":"2022-01-01T16:02:14+0100","text":"THANK YOU Pierre for your generosity! Before I continue reading the material, I wanted to pass on my thanks to you.

    On the other hand, is it possible that you could show us how is your gesture representing the information field? Apparently, you have a trademark.\":-D\"

    I ask this, because every time the words "information field" appear in a conversation, I automatically guess what could be the gesture that represents this concept, but it is just a guess. Non-verbal language is also important to illustrate an idea, it can even enhance it in many cases.

    Well, again THANK YOU for sharing your monumental effort with us! It is very, very much appreciated!\":flowers:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":996854,"date":"2022-01-02T08:38:08+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    the Chixulub impact crater ca. 66 Mya (3 cycles ago) coincident with the end Cretaceous (or K/T) extinction
    Click to expand...
    It should be Chicxulub.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":996860,"date":"2022-01-02T09:18:43+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    This hypothesis was considerably strengthened in 2021 when Rampino[34] demonstrated that during last 260 My the last 89 major geological events, including cometary bombardments, mass volcanism, anoxia and sea level change and mass earthquakes where in sync with the 27-My cycle, as illustrated by the diagram below, which shows on the left the timing of major geological events (smoothed) while the graph on the right reveals the 27.5-My cyclicity of these major geological events as indicated by the black arrow:
    Click to expand...
    There is no black arrow on the graph below.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":996864,"date":"2022-01-02T09:57:34+0100","text":"@Pierre Some more:

    Pierre said:
    detected by Kyte[30] et Alarvez [31]
    Click to expand...
    -> "and Alvarez"

    Pierre said:
    The Hangelberg Event (ca. 258 Mya) part the late Devonian extinction
    Click to expand...
    Hangelberg -> Hangenberg
    258 Mya -> 358 Mya

    See here.

    Pierre said:
    The Kellwasser Event (ca. 272 Mya)
    Click to expand...
    -> 372 Mya

    From Wikipedia:

    refers to a major extinction, the Kellwasser event (also known as the Frasnian-Famennian extinction), which occurred around 372 million years ago
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996885,"date":"2022-01-02T13:32:30+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    It should be Chicxulub.
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the main file and in the post","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996886,"date":"2022-01-02T13:35:14+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    @Pierre Some more:


    -> "and Alvarez"


    Hangelberg -> Hangenberg
    258 Mya -> 358 Mya

    See here.


    -> 372 Mya

    From Wikipedia:
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the main file and in the post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":996887,"date":"2022-01-02T13:36:32+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    There is no black arrow on the graph below.
    Click to expand...
    It was not the correct graph. Good catch. It is corrected now in the main file and in the post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3770,"user":"sid","id":997228,"date":"2022-01-04T00:41:56+0100","text":"Interesting!! If we have so many viruses around us and inside out bodies right down to the DNA then we ought not to call them "viruses". They are more like self-aware consciousness units connected with the Information field. Not only do they help create and evolve life, in turn assisting in soul development but, on the other hand they also help in body-death via "diseases" when the soul is not making the best use of it.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997498,"date":"2022-01-05T14:39:55+0100","text":"
    sid said:
    Interesting!! If we have so many viruses around us and inside out bodies right down to the DNA then we ought not to call them "viruses". They are more like self-aware consciousness units connected with the Information field. Not only do they help create and evolve life, in turn assisting in soul development but, on the other hand they also help in body-death via "diseases" when the soul is not making the best use of it.
    Click to expand...
    very nice summary!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997510,"date":"2022-01-05T15:12:50+0100","text":"

    Chapter 14: Beneficial Viruses​


    Exogenous viruses

    The evolutionary role played by viruses is huge compared to their pathogenicity. Out of the estimated 100 million different species of viruses mentioned in the previous chapter, only about 200[1], in other terms a mere 0.0002%, might cause diseases in humans.

    These 200 viruses are only sometimes pathogenic, most carriers are asymptomatic. On top of that, some of these 200 documented viral “pathogens” can also induce beneficial effects; it’s for example the case of the widespread Herpes virus and cytomegalovirus.




    © Commons Wikimedia
    Representation of HSV-1 Herpes virus    ​

    Indeed, both Herpes virus and cytomegalovirus exhibits either detrimental or beneficial effects depending on the state of the host’s immune system:

    Herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus are well-known examples of the virome that are prevalent in greater than 50% and up to 90% of the human population, respectively. While these viruses can become pathogenic during states of immune suppression, they may provide beneficial immunologic stimuli to the host at steady state [2]
    Click to expand...

    Herpesvirus and cytomegaloviruses are not isolated cases. A virus as common as the flu, believed until recently to be solely a pathogenic agent, is now known to be beneficial by making people more sociable[3]. Notice some subjects in this study had the pro-social benefit of the virus without experiencing any symptoms.

    The benefits of viruses are numerous, for example, they enhance the protection of their hosts against bacterial infections[4], they help alternative routes of carbon metabolism during infection[5] and they stimulate the creation of heat shock proteins[6] (HSPs) during times of stress[7]. HSPs are involved in processes as fundamental as:

    HSPs are important factors in regulating cell survival, differentiation and cell death. Accumulating evidence shows that some HSPs participate in not only innate cellular immunity but also antigen presentation in adaptive immune response. HSPs also serve as potential biomarkers for some diseases.[8]
    Click to expand...

    An even stunning example virus-host synergy comes from parasitic wasps have domesticated viruses that cannot replicate outside the wasps. When injected inside a prey, the viruses neutralized the host’s immune system, so it doesn’t attack the eggs laid by the wasp inside the body of the host:

    Wasps inject PDVs [Polydnaviruses] into hosts during parasitism, which then express viral gene products that alter host immune defenses, growth and development to optimize conditions for development of the wasp’s offspring.[9]
    ​
    Click to expand...


    © Burke
    Life cycle of parasitoid wasps and Polydnaviruses parasitizing a lepidopteran larval host    ​

    But maybe the best example of the health benefits induced by viruses is the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial diseases:

    [d’Herelle and] Georgi Eliava established phage therapy in Tsiblisi at the Eliava Institute in 1936, which still exists until this very day. Up to 1200 employees were producing tons of phages in peak times. They produced pills, band aids, and treated 18.000 soldiers in the Finnish-Russian War in 1939 with a phage cocktail against anthrax with 80 % success rate, which means avoiding amputations. In 1963 as many as 30.000 children were treated some even with phage as a prophylactic[10]
    Click to expand...

    For reference, untreated inhalation anthrax has a fatality rate of 80% or higher[11].

    The examples above show how prevalent and vital viruses are in animal life forms, including humans. But the same goes for plants:

    viruses generally have not been included in the beneficial microbe lists. Recent work has indicated that they can also play important and beneficial roles in plants.[12]
    Click to expand...

    One of the main purposes of viruses used by botanists is to improve the beauty of a given plant:

    Some of the best characterized beneficial viruses that have been used in plants are those that enhance the beauty of ornamental plants. Tulip breaking virus was the first of a long list of the beautiful viruses, but many other prized ornamentals owe their value, at least in part, to the viruses that infect them[13]



    © Norton Simon Museum
    Gouache before 1640 - effect of Tulip breaking virus: streaks of white in its red petals    ​

    But the beneficial role played by viruses in plants goes way beyond esthetics:

    [viruses] are involved in conferring tolerance to drought, cold and hot soil temperatures […] increases their value or growth potential, or decreases the need for the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides.[14]
    Click to expand...

    Like in the human genome, viruses have been present in plants genome for a long time:

    Studies on virus biodiversity are indicating that plants are infected with numerous viruses that do not have any apparent ill effects on their hosts […] These viruses have very long relationships with their plant hosts, being vertically transmitted for perhaps thousands of years, strongly implying a positive interaction.[15]
    Click to expand...


    Endoretroviruses​


    Although the list of benefit provided by exogenous viruses to their hosts is substantial, it is nothing compared to ERVs.

    We’ve seen previously the pivotal role played by ERVs in the apparition of a number of new complex taxa: wallabies, humans, great apes, vertebrates, eukaryotes, jawed vertebrates, teleost fishes Lepidoptera and of course placentals.[16]

    For the latter we’ve seen how ERVs were the driver of the apparition of the placentals, including virtually all mammals. Before that reproductive strategies were based on egg-laying.

    Like most exogenous viruses, ERVs don’t cause diseases:

    Most ERV sequences have acquired numerous mutations over time and therefore do not have protein-coding potential or the potential to generate infectious viral particles.[17]
    Click to expand...

    But the fact that the numerous viral sequences found in our DNA are not pathogenic doesn’t mean that they are useless archaism. Actually their integration of ERVs in the host’s genome provides benefits:

    HERVs thus appear to contain still active genes, which most probably have been subverted by the host for its benefit and should be considered as bona fide human genes.[18]
    Click to expand...

    ERVs are part of what was called “junk DNA”[19], which, for decades, was considered as useless DNA stored away during “evolutionary selection”. This kind of DNA represents about 90%[20] of our genome. But it is now called non-coding DNA because modern genomic has revealed that the junk DNA is not junk at all. One prime example is “gene desert”:

    Gene deserts are regions of the genome that are devoid of protein-coding genes […] Originally believed to contain “junk” DNA due to their inability to create proteins, gene deserts have since been linked to several vital regulatory functions, including distal enhancing and conservatory inheritance. Thus, an increasing number of risks that lead to several major diseases, including a handful of cancers, have been attributed to irregularities found in gene deserts. [21]
    Click to expand...

    In addition, the common belief that ERVs are non-coding is generally true, but yet there are exceptions for example HERV-K[22] is known to code HDTV[23].

    Out of 500 env genes[24], 16 can code for proteins and are abundantly transcribed in key organs like the brain, the thyroid or the adrenal:


    © de Parseval
    Transcriptome of the coding retroviral envelope genes of the human genome in 19 human tissues    ​

    In addition to directing genes expression, ERVs have an uncanny ability to modify the existing genome of their hosts, viral and non-viral sequences included:

    A detailed study of the HERV‑K (HML2) subfamily shows that 6 (17%) of the 35 full-length copies examined have undergone some form of NAHR [a kind of recombination] following insertion, despite their fairly recent origin (<20 million years ago). Given that this subfamily accounts for a minuscule fraction (<<1%) of human ERVs, these data underscore the potentially profound contribution of ERVs to remodeling genome architecture over a large timescale.[36]
    Click to expand...

    Despite the recent advent of genomics, there are already numerous examples of beneficial effects induced by endogenous viruses, for example ERVs play a fundamental role in protecting their hosts from ongoing epidemics:

    [ERVs] support the antiviral immune response via numerous mechanisms. These include the enhancement of cellular sensing pathways, regulation of viral gene expression, blockade of entry receptors, and direct restriction of virion assembly.[25]
    Click to expand...

    Another example of beneficial effect induced by ERVs is their involvement in the regulation of the expression of useful coding genes:

    "In 1996, Roy J Britten, of the California Institute of Technology, was able to list ten examples in which endogenous retroviral sequences helped regulate the expression of a useful gene. Seven of the ten examples were human.[26]
    Click to expand...

    ERVs are involved in the detection and fight against cancer:

    Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells are important effectors of tumor surveillance. They are armed with granzyme and perforin to directly kill tumor cells. A recent study using a set of 66 ERVs as a reference showed that 8 of the 66 ERVs positively correlated with the expression of granzyme and perforin in breast cancer tissues, implying a potential role of ERVs in immune surveillance[27]
    Click to expand...

    And ERVs are also necessary for embryo development from the earliest stage:

    "[...] when Corrado Spadafora […], applied an anti-reverse transcriptase drug in this very early stage of embryogenesis in the mouse, all development ceased at the four-cell stage. It would appear that endogenous retroviruses are playing a very profound, if completely unknown, role at this early stage in mammalian embryogenesis. [28]
    Click to expand...

    Maybe the fundamental role played by ERVs in morphogenesis as emphasized in the quote above explains why viruses played also a pivotal role in what can be consider as the greatest evolutionary leap, namely the transition from unicellular organisms to multicellular ones:

    All known cell fusion molecules are viral in origin suggests that they have been vitally important to the inter-cellular communication systems that enabled multicellularity. Without the ability of cellular fusion, colonies could have formed, but anything even as complex as a sponge would not have been possible.[29]
    Click to expand...

    The above shows the prevalence of viruses in our genetic code and the vital role they play. This perspective provides a different spin to the on-going question about whether viruses are life forms or not. The answer to this question amply depends on the definition one gives to the word “life”.

    Virus contributed to human genome and bring beneficial changes bacteria and viruses have donated to the eukaryotic genome many of the core genes which made evolution and speciation possible (Joseph 2009a,b), whereas viruses often provide substantial benefits to the host and are often subverted by the host for its benefit (Lorenc and Makalowski. 2003; Miller et al., 1999; Parseval and Heidmann 2005). Thus, viruses do not generally sicken the host, but provide benefits to the host. Moreover, they insert genes and regulatory elements into the host genome and have played an active role in evolution leading to humans (Joseph 2009a,b).[30]
    Click to expand...

    In the light of the quote above, viruses seem more fundamental than even life itself; they are the information carriers -genetic codes- from which biological life stems. Viruses are more than life; they are the very source of life; they are the informational precursors, the initiators of every single lifeform:

    As we can see by the above description of the virome[31], it is no exaggeration to say that the virome is the language of all life on earth. We are literally swimming in a vast sea of genomic information that was essential for life to begin and flourish on this precious earth and that is still trying to help all species survive. The matrix of organisms that make up the microbiome have built a viromic information stream that has allowed for adaptation and biodiversity to occur on the planet. And that very same viromic information stream is responsible for building the human species.[32]
    Click to expand...

    ERVs are involved in a multitude of fundamental functions amongst which, altering and promoting amylase gene, expressing host genes or to facilitating splicing events:

    Among endogenous retroelements that retain some degree of function, many have adapted and have become symbionts in their host species. […] ERVs co-evolving with their hosts include the contribution of an ERV enhancer in altering the tissue specificity of a human amylase gene[33] from pancreatic to parotid-specific expression, promoting salivary gland-specific regulation of this gene. ERV promoters have been employed by their hosts as promoters to express host genes, or to facilitate specific splicing events[34]
    Click to expand...

    Another example is how transposable elements (sequences of viral origin) are involved in a number of vital processes from immunity to apoptosis (cellular death) regulation[35]:




    © Lorenc
    Functional classification of the Transposable Elements proteins.    ​


    [1] The exact number of potentially pathogenic virus in human in exactly 219 as of 2012. Notice also that, on average, 3 to 4 potentially pathogenic viruses in human are discovered every year. See:
    Woolhouse, Mark et al. (2012). “Human viruses: discovery and emergence.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences vol. 367,1604 (2012): 2864-71.
    [2] Tokuyama, Maria et al. (2018). “ERVmap analysis reveals genome-wide transcription of human endogenous retroviruses”. PNAS, 115 (50) 12565-12572;
    [3] Reiber C. et al. (2010) “Change in human social behavior in response to a common vaccine”. Ann Epidemiol. 20(10):729-33.
    [4] Sherman LA, Pauw P. (1976) “Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M. II. Protein and DNA synthesis”. Virology.;71(1):17-27
    [5] Sullivan MB et al. (2005) “Three Prochlorococcus Cyanophage Genomes: Signature Features and Ecological Interpretations” PLOS Biology 3(5): e144
    [6] Key proteins involved in proteins folding, transport and assembly. HSP’s are also involved in apoptosis and immune response.
    [7] Wan, Q. et al. (2020). “Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development”. Sig Transduct Target 5, 125
    [8] Ibid
    [9] Burke, G. R. et al. (2012). ‘’Polydnaviruses of Parasitic Wasps: Domestication of Viruses To Act as Gene Delivery Vectors’’. Insects, 3(1), 91–119.
    [10] K. Moelling (2020) “Viruses More Friends than Foes” Electroanalysis 32, 669.
    [11] FDA Editors (2018) “anthrax” FDA
    [12] Roossinck, M.J. (2015) “Beneficial viruses for crops” Molecular Plant Pathology 16: 331-333.
    [13] Ibid
    [14] Ibid
    [15] Roossinck, M.J. (2012) “Plant virus metagenomics: biodiversity and ecology” Annu. Rev. Genet. 46, 357–367
    [16] See chapter ‘’The Enigma of Speciation’’
    [17] Tokuyama, Maria et al. (2018) “ERVmap analysis reveals genome-wide transcription of human endogenous retroviruses”. PNAS, 115 (50) 12565-12572
    [18] de Parseval N. et al. (2005) “Human endogenous retroviruses: from infectious elements to human genes”. Cytogenet Genome Res. 110(1-4):318-32
    [19] TR, ed. (2005) “The Evolution of the Genome” Elsevier. pp. 29–31
    [20] Ponting, C.P. (2011) "What fraction of the human genome is functional?" Genome Research. 21 (11): 1769–76
    [21] Ovcharenko, Ivan et al. (2004) "Evolution and Functional Classification of Vertebrate Gene Deserts" Genome Research 15 (1): 137–145
    [22] Boller K. et al. (1993) “Evidence that HERV-K is the endogenous retrovirus sequence that codes for the human teratocarcinoma-derived retrovirus HTDV”.Virology. 196(1):349-53
    [23] Human Teratocarcinoma-Derived Virus particles
    [24] Genes of viral origin
    [25] Srinivasachar Badarinarayan S., Sauter D. (2021) “Switching Sides: How Endogenous Retroviruses Protect Us from Viral Infections” J Virol. 95(12):e02299-20
    [26] Ibid
    [27] Tokuyama M et al. (2018) “ERVmap analysis reveals genome-wide transcription of human endogenous retroviruses”. PNAS 115:12565–72
    [28] Ibid
    [29] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Multicellular organism” Wikipedia
    [30] Wickramasinghe, 2013
    [31] Assemblage of viruses that are associated with a particular ecosystem
    [32] David Skripac (2021) “Our Species is Being Genetically Modified: Humanity’s March Toward Extinction?” Global Research
    [33] Enzyme that transforms starch into sugars
    [34] Eiden M. V. (2008) “Endogenous retroviruses--aiding and abetting genomic plasticity” Cellular and molecular life sciences 65(21), 3325–3328
    [35] Lorenc, Anna et al. (2003) “Transposable Elements and Vertebrate Protein Diversity” Genetica 118. 183-91. 10.1023
    [36] Feschotte, C., Gilbert, C. (2012) “Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology” Nat Rev Genet 13, 283–296","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997530,"date":"2022-01-05T16:52:55+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 14","attachments":["
  • Chapter 14.pdf
    Chapter 14.pdf
    529.6 KB· Views: 134
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":997531,"date":"2022-01-05T17:03:20+0100","text":"MERCI PIERRE...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":997624,"date":"2022-01-06T07:13:35+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    End-Botomian extinction event ca. 517 May which removed up to 80% of marine genera[11]
    Click to expand...
    Another spelling error -> Mya.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":997627,"date":"2022-01-06T07:27:34+0100","text":"From Chapter 3:

    There was no plutonium. A supernova had not killed the dinosaurs. These results were later published in a paper titled ‘Negative results for the Supernova hypotheses’. In this paper they [Alvarez et al.] described how the measurements showed there was no plutonium-244 present, and how this result ruled out the supernova theory ¼[14]
    Click to expand...

    Full stop or ellipsis?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":297,"user":"Nienna","id":997675,"date":"2022-01-06T14:14:23+0100","text":"Chapter 14. I think there is a typo here:
    Pierre said:
    When injected inside a pray, the viruses neutralized the host’s immune system,
    Click to expand...
    Should this work be "prey"?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997677,"date":"2022-01-06T14:27:13+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    Another spelling error -> Mya.
    Click to expand...
    Thanks. Corrected in the main file and in the post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997678,"date":"2022-01-06T14:27:38+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    From Chapter 3:



    Full stop or ellipsis?
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the main file and in the post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997679,"date":"2022-01-06T14:31:32+0100","text":"
    Nienna said:
    Chapter 14. I think there is a typo here:

    Should this work be "prey"?
    Click to expand...
    Thanks. Corrected in the main file and in the relevant post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":997692,"date":"2022-01-06T15:35:30+0100","text":"Hello
    PDF in French 1-14
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-14.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-14.pdf
    3.6 MB· Views: 80
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997857,"date":"2022-01-07T13:46:19+0100","text":"

    Chapter 15: Terrain and/or germs?​


    The previous chapters revealed in detail the astounding seniority, diversity, sheer numbers, overall harmlessness and pivotal role played by viruses in the emergence and evolution of life. However, viruses are widely considered as exclusively pathogenic agents, spreading disease, suffering and death.

    How did reach we a paradigm so orthogonal to truth? This demonizing of viruses is in great part due to Louis Pasteur[1], who fathered a new germ theory[2] in the late 19th century, which limited any germs, including viruses, to their nefarious roles.

    Darwin[3] didn’t create evolution; neither did Pasteur create the germ theory. As early as 1025 AD, Avicenna[4] developed basic forms of germ theory[5]. In 1546 - three centuries before Pasteur’s work - Girolamo Frastoro[6], one of the founding fathers of epidemiology proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by minute bodies that could be transmitted by direct contact, indirect contact and even over long distances without contact[7].



    © Wellcome Images
    Collection of three books about contagion, contagious diseases and their cure.
    (Girolamo Fracastoro, ed. 1550)    ​


    In 1762, Marcus von Plenciz[8] confirmed Fracastoro’s and Avicenna’s work by publishing an updated germ theory of infectious diseases:

    Plenciz maintained that there was a special organism by which each infectious disease was produced, that micro-organisms were capable of reproduction outside of the body, and that they might be conveyed from place to place by the air[9]
    Click to expand...

    So by Pasteur’s times, germ theory was old news. One of the dominant epidemiologic theories of these times was proposed by Antoine Béchamp[10] and Claude Bernard[11]:

    By contrast, “terrain theory,” which was initiated by Claude Bernard and later built upon by Antoine Béchamp, alleges that the terrain—that is, the internal environment of the body—and not an external germ determines our health or lack thereof. What Béchamp referred to as “terrain” is very close to what modern medicine has now termed the innate immune system.[12]
    Click to expand...

    Darwin didn’t create evolution theory but erased saltationism, likewise Pasteur didn’t create epidemiology but helped remove one of its fundamental factors: the terrain or immune system and replaced it by vaccines:

    In 1882, while his desk was loaded with reports of disasters, Pasteur went to Geneva, and there before the cream of disease-fighters of the world, he gave a thrilling speech, with the subject: How to guard living creatures from virulent maladies by injecting them with weakened microbes[13]
    Click to expand...

    Pasteur’s work was heavily promoted by the Flexner Report, funded John D. Rockefeller[14] and Andrew Carnegie[15] who hold respectively the first and the third worldwide net worth in recorded history[16].

    Rockefeller accumulated wealth by operating illegal oil and railroad monopolies[17] while Carnegie accumulated his own by operating illegal steel monopoly[18]. Both were coincidently staunch supporters of eugenics[19] [20].

    The motto of the Flexner Report could be summarized as follow: germs are bad, they have to be eradicated with allopathic drugs:

    Unfortunately, the allopathic medicine regime, which plutocrats John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie forced on most of the world with their 1910 Flexner Report, still has a large segment of the scientific community believing that bacteria, fungi, and viruses are our enemy. The foundation of Rockefeller’s allopathic medicine scheme is Louis Pasteur’s flawed “germ theory,” which claims that outside microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses attack, invade, and infect the body, thereby causing disease.[21]
    Click to expand...

    The guidelines brought up by Flexner report were applied in the North America and led to death of “alternative medicines” through defunding and banning of schools and practitioners in osteopathy, chiropractic medicine, electrotherapy, botanical medicines, naturopathy, and homeopathy[22]. Notice that these “alternative” disciplines were the dominating ones until then[23].

    It propelled de facto allopathic medicine[24] as the only therapy and pharmaceutical companies as the sole supplier of medicine. Flexner gave a particular prominence to vaccine among the allopathic arsenal:

    Flexner clearly doubted the scientific validity of all forms of medicine other than that based on scientific research, deeming any approach to medicine that did not advocate the use of treatments such as vaccines to prevent and cure illness as tantamount to quackery and charlatanism.[25]
    Click to expand...

    Another consequence of the Flexner report was to erase any notion of terrain. The medical schools were hereafter focused exclusively on “curing” disease with chemical drugs; the causes of disease were not addressed any more. Preventive medicine was no longer considered a responsibility of physicians[26]. In other terms, the physicians were reduced to the role of pharmaceutical dealers[27].


    © CFAT
    The Flexner Report on medical education in the United States and Canada (1910)    ​

    Pasteurism is an ideology which equates viruses with diseases. Given the astounding number of viruses shown previously, if viruses were solely pathogenic all their hosts including human beings would have disappeared from the surface of Earth a long time ago. Actually, we would have never appeared since we're made of virus, or more accurately, viruses made us.

    Here’s one example illustrating this point: a seven-day-old infant has 108 (hundred million) viruses in each gram of feces[28]. He has natural immunity but no acquired immunity (antibodies on which the vaccines and some other allopathic drugs are based on).

    However most infants are perfectly healthy - even when exposed to a virus for which he has no protection from his mother's milk / antibodies because she was not exposed to this virus - confirms the idea that viral disease are not per se due to viruses, but to the interactions between viruses and our immune systems:

    It is not that the viruses are causing a disease. Rather, it is that they are simply presenting the body with a new genetic adaptation option. The body’s innate immune system then determines how much of that new information it will absorb. If the cells are in dire need of repair—perhaps as a result of poor dietary choices, a sedentary lifestyle, or toxicity in the environment—the virus will create an inflammation event as the body goes through its regenerative process. This is usually accompanied by a fever, loss of appetite, and an elevated white blood cell count. Such an inflammatory event is what we commonly refer to as “the flu.[29]
    Click to expand...

    The herpes virus illustrates the point that viral diseases are the results of the interaction between the virus and the terrain (immune system). Most[30] human beings are infected by herpes viruses. But, in most cases the presence of herpevirus is asymptomatic. However, the reactivation of latent herpes can be induced by an imbalanced immune system:

    The normal course of host–viral relationship implies a well-regulated viremia and thus limited malaise. However, certain factors cause this evolutionary-designed, benign relationship to fault.
    For one, the design is tuned to a ubiquitous presence of viruses in the population, and the acquisition of virus at an early age. As such, they may be referred to as part of a normal, microbiotic flora; although in ancient times all subtypes were probably not present in all human subpopulations. An elevated level of hygiene in industrialized societies restricts this early transmission. When people are affected at a later stage in life, the immune system has taken on a somewhat different quality. The resulting misbalance of viral activity may cause diseases, of which mononucleosis presumably is a typical example.[31]
    Click to expand...

    Herpesvirus is not the only example. The same goes for the influenza virus where the interaction between the virus and the immune system determines the outcome for the patient[32].

    Basically, when there is a balance between the virus and the host, the infection is asymptomatic, the virus doesn’t cause any sickness. It’s the outcome by default in the virus-host relationship, and it applies to a number of viruses, including some that are way deadlier than herpes or influenza.

    Indeed, a number of healthy people are the unknowing carriers of many “pathogenic” viruses, even deadly ones like HIV (if untreated), which never caused them any trouble:

    We explored non-human sequence data from whole-genome sequencing of blood from 8,240 individuals, none of whom were ascertained for any infectious disease. [...] we mapped sequences to 94 different viruses, including sequences from 19 human DNA viruses, proviruses and RNA viruses (herpesviruses, anelloviruses, papillomaviruses, three polyomaviruses, adenovirus, HIV, HTLV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, parvovirus B19, and influenza virus) in 42% of the study participants. [33]
    Click to expand...

    This study is not an isolated case. Another study[34] revealed results that were even more unexpected with 92% of healthy participants carrying at least one viral genus and one subject carrying each of the 15 genera that were tested during this trial, without, of course, presenting any symptoms.

    Count of viruses in healthy carriers suggest that Béchamp was right, it’s the reaction of the immune system to a virus – not the virus alone - that will result, possibly, in a disease.

    Given their pervasiveness[35] inside and outside our bodies, it would derisory to try to control our exposure to viruses. However, we can control to a large extent our immune system since it is known to be modulated by diet[36], exercise[37], stress[38], socializing[39], fatigue[40], toxicity[41] and emotions[42].

    Being right didn’t prevent Béchamp from being deemed heretical. To give you an idea of the ideological pressure supporting the germ theory and censoring the terrain theory, let’s examine Wikipedia, the “free” encyclopedia, where the whole “terrain theory” page was removed and replaced[43] with “germ theory denialism” ascribing, de facto, to Bechamp and others the denial of virus existence.



    © XenForo
    Screenshot of the message about Wikipedia changing terrain theory to denialism    ​

    Bechamp’s terrain theory was amalgamated with the no-virus theory, throwing the baby (terrain) with the bathwater (no-virus theory). It is also a serious distortion of objective facts.

    How ironic it is to equate Bechamp with the virus deniers. First, the first virus was discovered decades after the end of Bechamp's career[44], at the time even the word “microbe” didn’t exist[45].

    Second, Bechamp was the first one to identify the role of microorganisms in wine fermentation, the presence of microorganisms in chalk, and who discovered and expounded the theory of antisepsis[46].

    In addition, Bechamp was the one who discovered that a parasitic microorganism was the cause of the silkworm condition called “pébrine” also known as “pepper disease”, Bechamp stated the following:

    The disease is parasitical. Pébrine attacks the worms at the start from the outside and the germ of the parasite comes from the air. The disease, in a word, is not primarily constitutional.[47]
    Click to expand...

    Ironically, it was Pasteur who was defending the no-germ theory by invoking the “spontaneous generation” of the disease:

    Pasteur, apparently, had not finally given up his ‘spontaneous generation’ ideas until 1862 or 1864 […] yet here he denies that this disease [pébrine] is parasitic! And after Béchamp’s papers proved it![48]
    Click to expand...

    In the same vein, Pasteur denied that it was agents smaller than bacteria (viruses) that cause rabies although the use of bacterial filter excluded the bacteria hypothesis[49].

    On both counts Pasteur was wrong. Rabies is caused by a virus called Rabies lyssavirus, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, and Pébrine is not due to spontaneous generation but by a microorganism; namely a protozoan[50] called Nosema bombycis[51]. Modern science confirmed Bechamp’s findings.


    © Sharma
    Electron Micrograph of Nosema bombycis    ​

    The misleading germ theory initiated by Pasteur prevailed until the advent of genetic research a few decades ago, whose results suggest that the truth about pathogens, including viruses is much more nuanced and complex than what Pasteur believed.

    Pasteurism is to epidemiology what Darwinism is to evolution. Both are regressive, reductionist and materialist ideologies. They both contributed to erasing the fundamental role played by viruses in “evolution” and in life, including of course human life.

    After this little digression about terrain theory VS germ theory, let’s go back to the main line of force of this book. We’ve seen that the evolution of life is regularly punctuated by the introduction of new viruses. Viruses contribute to the removal of obsolete species during comet-induced mass extinctions and but they also contribute to the apparition of more evolved species during the ensuing recovery. As seen previously[52] there is a strong association between viruses and cometary events.

    But is there any historical ground to this association between comet and viruses? Is there any scientific evidence associating comets and viruses? Can viruses even survive a cometary environment? Where do viruses ultimately come from? The next part of this book aims to answer these questions.

    [1] P.J. van der Eijk (2018) “Hippocrates in Context” BRILL
    [2] The Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021) "Germ theory" Encyclopedia Britannica
    [3] See part II, Chapter 8: Saltationism vs Darwinism
    [4] (980 – 1037) Persian polymath who is regarded the father of early modern medicine
    [5] Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012) “Encyclopedia of the Black Death” ABC-CLIO. p. 29
    [6] (Ca. 1476– 1553) Italian physician, poet, and scholar in mathematics, geography and astronomy
    [7] The Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021) "Girolamo Fracastoro" Encyclopedia Britannica
    [8] (1705-1786) Viennese physician. Hypothesized rightly that each infectious disease is caused by a different microorganism dwelling within the human body.
    [9] Ethel D. Hume (1924) "Béchamp or Pasteur? A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology” A distant Mirror
    [10] (1816-1908) Professor of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy. Member of many scientific societies. Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Synthesized the first organic arsenical drug.
    [11] (1813 –1878) French physiologist considered as “one of the greatest of all men of science". Pioneer of blinded experiment and originator of the concept of homeostasis
    [12] David Skripac (2021) “Our Species is Being Genetically Modified: Humanity’s March Toward Extinction?” Global Research
    [13] Trung Nguyen, R.B. Pearson (2018) “The Dream & Lie of Louis Pasteur” EnCognitive
    [14] (1839 – 1937) American businessman
    [15] (1835 – 1919) American businessman
    [16] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “List of wealthiest historical figures” Wikipedia
    [17] Segall, Grant (2001) ”John D. Rockefeller: Anointed With Oil” Oxford University Press
    [18] Boselovic, Len (2001) "Steel Standing: U.S. Steel celebrates 100 years" PG Publishing
    [19] Eric D. Isaac (2021) “Carnegie Institution for Science Statement on Eugenics Research” Carnegie Science
    [20] Weintraub, Lia (2012) “The Link between the Rockefeller Foundation and Racial Hygiene in Nazi Germany” Tisch Library Research Award
    [21] David Skripac (2021) “Our Species is Being Genetically Modified: Humanity’s March Toward Extinction?” Global Research
    [22] Stahnisch, Frank et al. (2012) "The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America" Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012: 1–10
    [23] Ibid
    [24] The Modern Revolution Editors (2016) ‘’The Flexner Report of 1910: How Homeopathy Became ‘Alternative Medicine’” The Modern Revolution
    [25] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Flexner Report” Wikipedia
    [26] Ibid
    [27] Ludmerer, Kenneth (2005) “Time to heal : American medical education from the turn of the century” Oxford University Press
    [28] Breitbart, M. et al. (2008) "Viral diversity and dynamics in an infant gut" Research in Microbiology 159 (5): 367–73
    [29] David Skripac (2021) “Our Species is Being Genetically Modified: Humanity’s March Toward Extinction?” Global Research
    [30] James, C., et al. (2020) “Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(5), 315–329
    [31] Grinde B. (2013) “Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation - viral strategies and host response” Journal of oral microbiology, 5, 10.3402
    [32] Hillaire M et al. (2013) “Clearance of influenza virus infections by T cells: risk of collateral damage?” Curr Opin Virol.;3:430–7
    [33] Moustafa, A. et al (2017) “The blood DNA virome in 8,000 humans” PLoS Pathog. 22;13(3):e1006292
    [34] Wylie, K. M. et al. (2014) ‘’Metagenomic analysis of double-stranded DNA viruses in healthy adults” BMC biology, 12, 71
    [35] See Chapter 13 : ‘’Pervasiveness of Viruses’’
    [36] Childs, C. E. et al. (2019) “Diet and Immune Function’’ Nutrients, 11(8), 1933
    [37] Da Silveira et al. (2021) “Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature” Clinical and experimental medicine, 21(1), 15–28
    [38] Segerstrom, S. C. et al. (2004) ‘’Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry’’ Psychological bulletin, 130(4), 601–630
    [39] Liu, H. et al. (2005) “Effects of social isolation stress on immune response and survival time of mouse with liver cancer” World journal of gastroenterology, 11(37), 5902–5904
    [40] Ryant, P. et al. (2004) “Sick and tired: does sleep have a vital role in the immune system?” Nature Rev Immunol 4, 457–467
    [41] Robert P. Morse et al. (2012) “Structural basis of toxicity and immunity in contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems” PNAS 109 (52) 21480-21485
    [42] D'Acquisto F. (2017) “Affective immunology: where emotions and the immune response converge” Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 19(1), 9–19
    [43] Steven Avery (2020) ‘’ Wikipedia changes terrain theory to denialism’’ XenForo
    [44] Lecoq H. (2001) ‘’Discovery of the first virus, the tobacco mosaic virus: 1892 or 1898’’. C R Acad Sci III. 324(10):929-33
    [45] Philippe Decourt (1984) ‘’Les zymases ou ferments solubles de Béchamp à la lumière des connaissances du XXe siècle’’ Histoire des sciences médicales pp147-151
    [46] Ethel D. Hume (1924) "Béchamp or Pasteur? A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology”. A distant Mirror pp34-38
    [47] Hume, 1924, p35
    [48] Hume, 1924, p36
    [49] Ali Saïb (2010) ‘’Les virus, mais ou ennemis’’ Conference cycle Universcience
    [50] Single celled organisms
    [51] Sanchita Kadam (2021) “Diseases of Silkworm: 4 Main Diseases” Notes on Zoology
    [52] Chapter 9 : ‘’The Enigma of Speciation’’","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997859,"date":"2022-01-07T13:51:29+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 15.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 15.pdf
    Chapter 15.pdf
    447.4 KB· Views: 150
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13515,"user":"KJS","id":997871,"date":"2022-01-07T14:42:43+0100","text":"PDF with merged chapters 1 to 15, if I may. Thank you very much @Pierre, it is a great read!","attachments":["
  • Chapters 1-15.pdf
    Chapters 1-15.pdf
    9.9 MB· Views: 114
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997880,"date":"2022-01-07T15:15:13+0100","text":"
    KS said:
    PDF with merged chapters 1 to 15, if I may. Thank you very much @Pierre, it is a great read!
    Click to expand...
    I'm very glad you enjoy it!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4717,"user":"Jones","id":997884,"date":"2022-01-07T15:35:17+0100","text":"Thanks Pierre, this is such an interesting read and I really appreciate your ability to distil what seems to be copious information down into the most salient details.
    Pierre said:
    The previous chapters revealed in details the astounding seniority, diversity, sheer numbers, overall harmlessness and pivotal role played by viruses in the emergence and evolution of life.
    Click to expand...
    - detail
    Pierre said:
    The guidelines brought up by Flexner report were applied in the North America and led to death of “alternative medicines” through defunding and banning of schools and practitioners in like in osteopathy, chiropractic medicine, electrotherapy, botanical medicines, naturopathy, and homeopathy[22].
    Click to expand...
    - practitioners in osteopathy,
    Pierre said:
    The herpes virus illustrates to the point that viral diseases are the results of the interaction between the virus and the terrain (immune system).
    Click to expand...
    - illustrates the point that
    Pierre said:
    Basically, when there is a balance between the virus and the host, the infection is asymptomatic, the virus doesn’t any sickness. It’s the outcome by default in the virus-host
    Click to expand...
    - the virus doesn't cause any sickness
    Pierre said:
    However, we can control to a large extant our immune system since it is known to be modulated by diet[36], exercise[37], stress[38], socializing[39], fatigue[40], toxicity[41] and emotions[42].
    Click to expand...
    - extent
    Pierre said:
    Bechamp’s terrain theory was amalgamated with the no-virus theory, throwing the baby (terrain) with the bathwater (no-virus theory). I
    Click to expand...
    - throwing the baby (terrain) out with the bathwater

    Maybe with the group helping out with editing you will get the time to publish this one too?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":997907,"date":"2022-01-07T17:08:58+0100","text":"Pierre, thank you for this fascinating reading
    PDF Ch 1-15 in French","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-15.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-15.pdf
    3.8 MB· Views: 71
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":10291,"user":"Siberia","id":997911,"date":"2022-01-07T17:26:53+0100","text":"Thank you for sharing the new chapter, Pierre! Your book is super interesting, as always. \":thup:\"

    A few possible typos, fwiw:

    Pierre said:
    However, the reactivation of latent herpes can be induced by a imbalanced immune system:
    Click to expand...
    An imbalanced?

    Pierre said:
    But, in most case the presence of herpevirus is asymptomatic.
    Click to expand...

    Cases?
    Pierre said:
    Basically, when there is a balance between the virus and the host, the infection is asymptomatic, the virus doesn’t any sickness.
    Click to expand...

    Seems like some verb is missing. Doesn't induce any sickness? Fwiw","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":997913,"date":"2022-01-07T17:40:59+0100","text":"Merci PIERRE...
    Merci aussi pour le récapitulatif des 15 chapitres...

    Thanks PIERRE...
    Thanks also for the 15 chapters summary...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997924,"date":"2022-01-07T18:07:01+0100","text":"
    Jones said:
    Thanks Pierre, this is such an interesting read and I really appreciate your ability to distil what seems to be copious information down into the most salient details.

    - detail

    - practitioners in osteopathy,

    - illustrates the point that

    - the virus doesn't cause any sickness

    - extent

    - throwing the baby (terrain) out with the bathwater

    Maybe with the group helping out with editing you will get the time to publish this one too?
    Click to expand...
    All corrected in the main file and the relevant post, except the bathwater analogy for clarity.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":997929,"date":"2022-01-07T18:12:56+0100","text":"
    Siberia said:
    Thank you for sharing the new chapter, Pierre! Your book is super interesting, as always. \":thup:\"

    A few possible typos, fwiw:


    An imbalanced?



    Cases?


    Seems like some verb is missing. Doesn't induce any sickness? Fwiw
    Click to expand...
    All corrected in the main file and in the post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":997969,"date":"2022-01-07T21:32:47+0100","text":"Pasteur/Flexner \":nuts:\"

    And look at the state of affairs all these years later. Good grief.

    Fantastic information, Pierre!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":998018,"date":"2022-01-08T09:17:31+0100","text":"From chapter 4:

    geneticists V. K. Dmitrienko and 0 . P. Fedorova
    Click to expand...
    -> O. P. Fedorova","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":18043,"user":"anatolia","id":998028,"date":"2022-01-08T09:45:15+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    To give an idea of the structure of the book and its lines of force, here's the temporary table of content:

    Introduction : 4

    Part IV: Viruses and meteorites 62
    Comet and plagues, an historical perspective 63
    Meteorites carrying micro organism 65
    Upper atmosphere microorganism 70
    Electro Magnetic pulses 72

    Part V: The information Field 77
    Information theory & consciousness 78
    The Field 84
    Collective resonance 94

    Part VI: Information field, viruses and protein 99
    DNA as antennas 100
    Proteins as tuners 102
    DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field 106
    Fractals 108
    From geometric shape to electromagnetic signature 112
    The interesting case of homeopathy 116
    Click to expand...

    I would like to add a few comments here based on my personal queries.

    First;
    Could the carrier of the virus be DNA itself?
    Could DNA be a bridge and link between the past and the future?

    More specific; Could it be that the virus's arrival from space did not define DNA bridging with our own future?

    If the proteins are antennae, is the central nervous system the main processor?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":998031,"date":"2022-01-08T09:50:11+0100","text":"From chapter 4:

    only in Central Siberia, and Iris of Bludov, found only in southern Siberia
    Click to expand...
    Correct would be Iris bloudowii. See Wikipedia.

    However, the most interesting endemic found here in the Tunguska Nature Reserve is Astragalus of Shumilov
    Click to expand...
    -> Astragalus schumilovae. See here.

    Examples of this group of plants include the Catang's Oxytrope, found only in Central Siberia
    Click to expand...

    -> Oxytropis katangensis. Google search for "Catang's Oxytrope" returns zero results.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":49,"user":"Ruth","id":998046,"date":"2022-01-08T10:43:49+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    n the following chapters, we will encounter several taxonomic terms like species, genus or order. Let’s clarify this with two classification examples human vs buttercup:

    ​
    Comparative taxonomy of human and buttercup
    Click to expand...
    Except you need a picture of a buttercup, not a sunflower. I know, details, details.... \":rolleyes:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":998048,"date":"2022-01-08T10:47:14+0100","text":"From chapter 4:

    Much to everyone's amazement, Venus' flytraps are not some strange, exotic plant. It is native only to the Carolinas, and, according to Wikipedia, probably within a 60-mile radius of Wilmington, North Carolina. They are found mostly around crater-like formations known as Carolina Bays, which are located mostly in the same area. Connections to these bays, which are thought to be caused by meteors, only help theories of their alien origins.[15]
    Click to expand...
    Pierre said:
    While there are about 180 species[16] of carnivorous plant belonging to the droseraceraea family, Venus’ flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) are the only specie representative of the genus Dionaea.

    The closest relative[17] of the Venus’ flytrap is a water plant called waterwheel (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), which is the only plant sharing the same snap trap mechanism[18].
    Click to expand...

    Despite sharing a similar snap trap mechanism, the Venus' flytrap and the waterwheel are genetically extremely different:
    Click to expand...
    It's written without apostrophe. See Wikipedia.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":998096,"date":"2022-01-08T15:03:01+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    From chapter 4:





    It's written without apostrophe. See Wikipedia.
    Click to expand...
    Corrected!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":998100,"date":"2022-01-08T15:14:28+0100","text":"
    Ruth said:
    Except you need a picture of a buttercup, not a sunflower. I know, details, details.... \":rolleyes:\"
    Click to expand...
    Corrected.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":998102,"date":"2022-01-08T15:18:26+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    From chapter 4:


    Correct would be Iris bloudowii. See Wikipedia.


    -> Astragalus schumilovae. See here.
    Click to expand...

    I've put the Latin denomination in brackets.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":998272,"date":"2022-01-09T07:35:54+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    While there are about 180 species[16] of carnivorous plant belonging to the droseraceraea family, Venus’ flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) are the only specie representative of the genus Dionaea.
    Click to expand...
    it should be Droseraceae. See Wikipedia.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":998338,"date":"2022-01-09T14:29:58+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    it should be Droseraceae. See Wikipedia.
    Click to expand...
    Fixed!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":998341,"date":"2022-01-09T15:06:52+0100","text":"Hello Pierre and all of you

    Drosera rotundifolia L (Drosera longleaf) is also a homeopathic remedy....

    An excerpt from Medical Matter:
    Principal Remedy for Whooping Cough (Hahnemann)
    Irritating cough with hoarseness, asthma attack, coughing while teething with aggravation after midnight while warming up in bed in the supine position (G).
    People who are too sensitive to the badness of others in this world where one must eat or be eaten (G).
    Drosera can break the resistance of the tubercular ganglion and make it disappear (Boericke): child with pulmonary tuberculosis (BCG at birth and then at 2 years of age) with a ganglion that disappears completely in 1 1/2 months with Drosera (the whooping cough vaccine had made the bed for this pulmonary tuberculosis) (G).

    Channa","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16011,"user":"jcsmalz","id":998394,"date":"2022-01-09T18:52:33+0100","text":"
    gottathink said:
    Crowd sourcing research !
    It hadn’t occurred to me before but that’s what you guys do. Pierre you’re awesome \"😎\"
    If there any specifics that needing more references I’m sure we can all help.
    Click to expand...
    @gottathink Yes, you can think of it something like working together to create a new group consciousness unit with a particular aim. Much like Gurdjieff's 200 conscious beings.
    forest_light said:
    Like many others, I am SO looking forward to reading this book!

    Please forgive my ignorance but

    Question 1: Is it possible to read this upcoming book and have fairly full comprehension of its material without first reading “Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic Connection”?

    I’m just wondering because I was thinking of gifting both books to my local library along with some others from the Wave Series and maybe a couple of others. Some “gemstones contained within the cracks in the road” for other seekers.

    I had a long conversation with the librarian about donating books and why I am finding it so hard to find books that have genuine merit and value in the library system. (It’s part of the reason I - gratefully- discovered Laura’s books, the website and forum.) It turns out the library doesn’t take donations unless it was published in the last couple of years and my local library generally don’t hold anything much published before 2014 unless it in high demand, which nearly made me fall on the ground. It helped me understand why I can’t find any books suggested through the ‘recommended reading’ link when you receive a ‘welcome’ message via this forum.

    There is one copy of “Earth Changes” in the library in the whole of Australia which I have tried to get on interstate loan so I can do some ‘catching up’ on some level until I purchase my own copy.

    When I described the the “Earth Changes” book generally (having not read it), the librarian mentioned something about the book not sounding like it was controversial so she didn’t know why there was only one copy, and I laughed and said “I guess that depends on personal perception, but shouldn’t people have the freedom to consider the dynamics suggested in the book for themselves?” She agreed, which was quite refreshing! But added she has no authority over what is accepted into the library.

    Question 2: Purchasing Books
    Given the ‘ethics’ of Amazon I am not keen to purchase anything through them. I know there is ‘red pill press’ so is this the preferred purchase site? I would like to purchase as directly as possible from an ethical source so Pierre / Laura and any other authors connected to this group receive the maximum return.

    Happy writing, you awesome cosmic super sleuths \"✨\"\"🌈\"
    Click to expand...
    @forest_light the reason you don't find books with "merit" in the library is because of the control system.

    Let me tell you a story.

    I found Velikovsky's Earth In Upheaval in my local library. I read it until it was time to return the book. Sometime later I decided to read the book IN the library. As I was going to put the book back in its place on the shelf, I came across a sign on a support post that said "we are interested in looking at what you're reading to improve the quality of our library content. Please leave the books here and we will look after them (or something to that effect).
    I thought this to be a little odd but I complied. Now when I returned to the library to read the book GUESS WHAT? The book was not on the shelf. I checked the system. The book no longer existed. Why would they remove this information from the eyes of the public? \"😉\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16915,"user":"Jebra","id":998403,"date":"2022-01-09T19:54:43+0100","text":"
    I thought this to be a little odd but I complied. Now when I returned to the library to read the book GUESS WHAT? The book was not on the shelf. I checked the system. The book no longer existed. Why would they remove this information from the eyes of the public?
    Click to expand...

    As someone who works in a library the most likely reason is that the book was stolen. Theft of books from the library is a common thing sadly. This would account for the book not being there and it not appearing on the system. The other reasons would be that the book was damaged and is being repaired or has been found to have been given the wrong classification mark and is being re-classified. Those things however, should always appear on a record of the book on the library system so if the book doesn't appear it's likely it's been stolen. It may be worth asking a librarian for more information. Where I work we have a service where students can request a book to be bought to be added to our library collection maybe the library you went to does something similar? I hope this helps.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16915,"user":"Jebra","id":998406,"date":"2022-01-09T20:16:39+0100","text":"
    the reason you don't find books with "merit" in the library is because of the control system.
    Click to expand...

    I have to agree with some of this sentiment. There has been alot of 'pruning' of books of certain subjects that have arisen in the past few years and it has only gotten worse under the whole 'decolonising' push. Certain authors and certain subjects are vanishing from library catalogues. Part of this is due to pressure to get people to use libraries in the first place, and then in the university sector where I work in there is the whole not offending students at all thing going on... The other factor is that the cost of books has risen dramatically while the library budgets to spend on books have not this leads to pressure to choose only those books that will be 'worth it' and this leaves out alot of the type of books that we here on this forum read. I have often considered sneakily adding some of Laura's books to our catalogue but it will be found out and I'll get into trouble :(","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16011,"user":"jcsmalz","id":998433,"date":"2022-01-09T22:57:47+0100","text":"
    Jebra said:
    I have to agree with some of this sentiment. There has been alot of 'pruning' of books of certain subjects that have arisen in the past few years and it has only gotten worse under the whole 'decolonising' push. Certain authors and certain subjects are vanishing from library catalogues. Part of this is due to pressure to get people to use libraries in the first place, and then in the university sector where I work in there is the whole not offending students at all thing going on... The other factor is that the cost of books has risen dramatically while the library budgets to spend on books have not this leads to pressure to choose only those books that will be 'worth it' and this leaves out alot of the type of books that we here on this forum read. I have often considered sneakily adding some of Laura's books to our catalogue but it will be found out and I'll get into trouble :(
    Click to expand...
    Does this not negate your rationalization about why the book disappeared in the first place? I highly doubt the book was stolen. The book was not in need of repair.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":998559,"date":"2022-01-10T17:01:42+0100","text":"

    Chapter 16: Comets and Plagues, an Historical Perspective​



    Since the dawn of history comets have been associated with plague and diseases. A series of books called the “Mawangdui Silk” was compiled in 300 BC but it list events as far back as 1,500 BC and describes in detail 29 different comet shapes and the kind of disasters, including plagues and other diseases, that they were believed to cause[1]:



    © Public Domain
    Excerpt from the Mawangdui Silk showing various comet shapes and their meaning    ​



    This association between comets and plagues was not circumscribed to China. In antiquity, most Western philosophers believed too that comets were causing pestilence[2] on Earth[3].

    In the early middle Age this paradigm was still prevailing. One of the most learned person of his epoch, Venerable Bede[4] described comets in these terms:


    Comets are stars with flames like hair. They are born suddenly, portending a change of royal power or plague or wars or winds or heat”.[5]
    Click to expand...

    A few centuries later, Maimonides[6] established a similar association between plague and comets:

    This same Maimonides was strong in belief that Plague visitations had invariably been preceded by ominous Celestial manifestations, such as Comets or changes in Planet movement.[7]
    Click to expand...

    We find the same association between comets and plagues six centuries later in the work of the Noah Webster[8] who backed up his claim with detailed observations:

    [A] number of violent plagues occurred, most of which coincided in time with the following phenomena, comets, eruptions of volcanoes, earthquakes, drought, severe winters, diseases among cattle[9]
    Click to expand...

    Knowing that cometary activity is major cause of volcanism[10], the following quote is also revealing:

    Of thirteen comets mentioned in the foregoing history, which are all whose dates I am able to ascertain, eight of them coincide with volcanic eruptions of Etna, the only volcano of any note, which the history of that period has recorded; and eleven of them coincide in time with pestilence. If we consider the scarcity of our materials for a history of these phenomena, at that period, and make due allowances for the uncertainty of chronology, we shall find reason to be surprised at such a number of these coincidences[11]
    Click to expand...

    Along with volcanism, cometary activity can also cause earthquakes[12]. Webster noticed an uncanny correlation between earthquakes and pestilence:

    The phenomenon most generally and closely connected with pestilence is an earthquake. From all the facts that I can find in history, I question whether an instance of a considerable plague in any country, can be mentioned, which has not been immediately preceded or accompanied with convulsions of the earth.[13]​
    Click to expand...

    In the following excerpt, Webster widens the scope of its association to include meteors with comets as causative agents and a series of infectious disease as consequences:

    In every case, I believe this remark will be found true; that the approach of comets, and volcanic eruptions disturb the regular course of the seasons. The heat of summer and the cold of winter are in extremes; more snow is generated in winter, and more hail in summer; tempests are more violent and frequent; meteors more numerous, and rain more unequally distributed over the earth.
    A series of epidemic diseases, measles, influenza, affections of the throat, followed by pestilential fevers, appear generally to commence and take their departure, from some of the great agitations of the elements above recited[14]
    Click to expand...

    Among the diseases monitored by Webster is the Influenza, a viral infection. Out of 45 major influenza epidemics observed between 1174 and 1797, thirty instances occurred within the year, or a few months preceding or following the appearance of comets.[15]

    So, for more than three millennia (1,500 BC to 1,800 AD), from China to America, from Maimonides to Webster the prevailing view was that comets and plagues were associated.


    Association between comets and plagues    ​

    The rise of materialism and Darwinism has progressively erased this ancient knowledge associating comets and epidemics. Today only a few researchers like Fred Hoyle, Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Wainwright and Chandra Wickramasinghe still defend this paradigm deemed by mainstream science as heretical.

    Despite the on-going revision of history to present an uniformitarian paradigm, some past catastrophes have not been erased yet. It’s the case of the two most serious pandemics in recorded history: the Plague of Justinian (541AD-767AD) and the Black Death (1347AD-1850AD), let’s now study these two major plagues and see if they are associated with any cometary activity.


    [1] Ling-feng, Yen (1976) “Mawangdui Boshu Laozi Shitan” Taipei
    [2] A fatal epidemic disease, especially plague
    [3] Hippocrates Junior (2019) “The Predicted Plague” Forgotten books P. 131
    [4] 672 or 673 – 735 AD, also known as Saint Bede. Benedictine monk at the monastery of St. Peter in Northumbria. Considered as the most eminent writer and scholar of his epoch
    [5] Kendall, Calvin et al. (2010) “Bede: On the Nature of Things and On Times” Liverpool University Press
    [6] (1138–1204), Sephardic Jewish philosopher. One of the most influential Torah scholars
    [7] Hippocrates, Junior (1900) “Predictable plagues” Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton
    [8] (1758 – 1843) American textbook pioneer, spelling reformer, editor and author. Called “The Father of American Scholarship and Education"
    [9] Webster, Noah (1799) “A brief history of epidemic and pestilential diseases” Hudson & Goodwin
    [10] Lescaudron, 2021. Chapter “Correlation between Cometary Activity and Volcanic Activity”
    [11] Webster, 1799 p.10
    [12] Lescaudron, 2021, Op cit
    [13] Webster, 1799, p.11
    [14] Ibid, p.13
    [15] Ibid, p.33","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":998560,"date":"2022-01-10T17:02:54+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 16","attachments":["
  • Chapter 16.pdf
    Chapter 16.pdf
    499.2 KB· Views: 148
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":998570,"date":"2022-01-10T17:47:45+0100","text":"MERCI Pierre...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7512,"user":"Gwenllian","id":998593,"date":"2022-01-10T19:38:51+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Despite the on-going revision of history to present an uniformitarian paradigm, some past catastrophes have not been erased yet. It’s the case of the two most serious pandemics in recorded history: the Plague of Justinian (541AD-767AD) and the Black Death (1347AD-1850AD), let’s now study these two major plagues and see if they are associated with any cometary activity.
    Click to expand...
    That's great. Daniel Defoe in A Journal of the Plague Year (published in 1722) seems to be dismissive of comets as harbingers of something evil coming this way or at least that is how I understood it. I think it's interesting that "the old women and the phlegmatic hypochondriac part of the other sex" spotted two comets in the London sky that in their mind were linked to something terrible. In other words, they were people who kept an eye on the sky, intuiting that events (the plague and the great fire the year after) were related to cosmic activity?

    But I must go back again to the beginning of this surprising time. While the fears of the people were young, they were increased strangely by several odd accidents which, put altogether, it was really a wonder the whole body of the people did not rise as one man and abandon their dwellings, leaving the place as a space of ground designed by Heaven for an Akeldama, doomed to be destroyed from the face of the earth, and that all that would be found in it would perish with it. I shall name but a few of these things; but sure they were so many, and so many wizards and cunning people propagating them, that I have often wondered there was any (women especially) left behind.


    In the first place, a blazing star or comet appeared for several months before the plague, as there did the year after another, a little before the fire. The old women and the phlegmatic hypochondriac part of the other sex, whom I could almost call old women too, remarked (especially afterward, though not till both those judgements were over) that those two comets passed directly over the city, and that so very near the houses that it was plain they imported something peculiar to the city alone; that the comet before the pestilence was of a faint, dull, languid colour, and its motion very heavy, Solemn, and slow; but that the comet before the fire was bright and sparkling, or, as others said, flaming, and its motion swift and furious; and that, accordingly, one foretold a heavy judgement, slow but severe, terrible and frightful, as was the plague; but the other foretold a stroke, sudden, swift, and fiery as the conflagration. Nay, so particular some people were, that as they looked upon that comet preceding the fire, they fancied that they not only saw it pass swiftly and fiercely, and could perceive the motion with their eye, but even they heard it; that it made a rushing, mighty noise, fierce and terrible, though at a distance, and but just perceivable.


    I saw both these stars, and, I must confess, had so much of the common notion of such things in my head, that I was apt to look upon them as the forerunners and warnings of God’s judgements; and especially when, after the plague had followed the first, I yet saw another of the like kind, I could not but say God had not yet sufficiently scourged the city.


    But I could not at the same time carry these things to the height that others did, knowing, too, that natural causes are assigned by the astronomers for such things, and that their motions and even their revolutions are calculated, or pretended to be calculated, so that they cannot be so perfectly called the forerunners or foretellers, much less the procurers, of such events as pestilence, war, fire, and the like.


    But let my thoughts and the thoughts of the philosophers be, or have been, what they will, these things had a more than ordinary influence upon the minds of the common people, and they had almost universal melancholy apprehensions of some dreadful calamity and judgement coming upon the city; and this principally from the sight of this comet, and the little alarm that was given in December by two people dying at St Giles’s, as above.


    The apprehensions of the people were likewise strangely increased by the error of the times; in which, I think, the people, from what principle I cannot imagine, were more addicted to prophecies and astrological conjurations, dreams, and old wives’ tales than ever they were before or since. Whether this unhappy temper was originally raised by the follies of some people who got money by it—that is to say, by printing predictions and prognostications—I know not; but certain it is, books frighted them terribly, such as Lilly’s Almanack, Gadbury’s Astrological Predictions, Poor Robin’s Almanack, and the like; also several pretended religious books, one entitled, Come out of her, my People, lest you be Partaker of her Plagues; another called, Fair Warning; another, Britain’s Remembrancer; and many such, all, or most part of which, foretold, directly or covertly, the ruin of the city. Nay, some were so enthusiastically bold as to run about the streets with their oral predictions, pretending they were sent to preach to the city; and one in particular, who, like Jonah to Nineveh, cried in the streets, ‘Yet forty days, and London shall be destroyed.’ I will not be positive whether he said yet forty days or yet a few days. Another ran about naked, except a pair of drawers about his waist, crying day and night, like a man that Josephus mentions, who cried, ‘Woe to Jerusalem!’ a little before the destruction of that city. So this poor naked creature cried, ‘Oh, the great and the dreadful God!’ and said no more, but repeated those words continually, with a voice and countenance full of horror, a swift pace; and nobody could ever find him to stop or rest, or take any sustenance, at least that ever I could hear of. I met this poor creature several times in the streets, and would have spoken to him, but he would not enter into speech with me or any one else, but held on his dismal cries continually.


    These things terrified the people to the last degree, and especially when two or three times, as I have mentioned already, they found one or two in the bills dead of the plague at St Giles’s.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":998625,"date":"2022-01-10T21:20:27+0100","text":"Thank you, Pierre
    Chapter 1-16 PDF French","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-16.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-16.pdf
    3.9 MB· Views: 71
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4470,"user":"Mari","id":999544,"date":"2022-01-14T23:25:18+0100","text":"Thank you very much for sharing the book Pierre!!!

    I‘m fascinated again by your great research and your efforts to put this massive information together in such a way that simply anyone can read it and understand it.

    You keep the reader wake and this is yet again a page-turner and I joined in too soon.
    I waited you to post at least 2 evenings of a good read and now that I dived into the topic - I realize I should have waited for the whole book because this is so very interesting to me that I can’t wait. \"😅\"

    It’s amazing and sad and scary in fact how this is not a general knowledge.

    You did amazing and really hard work on it and I hope your book will see the light in the end.

    Eagerly waiting for next chapters but now I know better - I simply have to wait that you publish all of it so I can enjoy the reading a bit longer.

    Thank you!
    \":perfect:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":366,"user":"Redrock12","id":999561,"date":"2022-01-15T01:36:16+0100","text":"Incredibly interesting Pierre. Discovering truth is, more than interesting, in fact mindblowing\":wow:\". Here I am at 76y/o and this is the first I have ever read about terrain theory.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":999783,"date":"2022-01-16T00:15:55+0100","text":"
    Mariama said:
    That's great. Daniel Defoe in A Journal of the Plague Year (published in 1722) seems to be dismissive of comets as harbingers of something evil coming this way or at least that is how I understood it. I think it's interesting that "the old women and the phlegmatic hypochondriac part of the other sex" spotted two comets in the London sky that in their mind were linked to something terrible. In other words, they were people who kept an eye on the sky, intuiting that events (the plague and the great fire the year after) were related to cosmic activity?
    Click to expand...

    Yes, recall what you added from his work as described by observers at the time, which he downplayed.

    As an aside, and for readers of romance, recently read in one of Mary Balogh's books a direct reference, wherein the lady is being asked what she was reading, with the reply being "Journal of the Plague Years... I do not like it as well as Robinson Crusoe, though it is worth reading," she said.

    It may be assume that Mary has indeed read Defoe's work, too. I think she would also be interested in what you are writing, Pierre! \":-)\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1000295,"date":"2022-01-17T18:43:06+0100","text":"@Pierre From chapter 8:

    Pierre said:
    © Brittanica
    Each geologic period since the Cambrian with its characteristic life forms
    Click to expand...
    -> Britannica

    And it terms of size, they pushed the envelope as far as it could go for a flying animal.
    Click to expand...

    -> in terms of

    Pierre said:
    steady diversification over several myr[48]
    Click to expand...

    -> Mya.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1000574,"date":"2022-01-19T00:20:30+0100","text":"I know that some of the errors have been corrected already but I found some other minor ones. I hope I'm not going over-the-top with these. I'm working from the pdfs and then finding them in the posts:

    Introduction:

    Pierre said:
    Where is template, where is the blueprint of the whole limb? [15]. Given that the cells have the same DNA, it must something else that guides their differentiated and harmonious development.
    Click to expand...
    - Where is the template...
    - ...it must be something...
    Pierre said:
    suggesting that it is combination of virally altered DNA and specific geomagnetic conditions that defines our connection the information field. These are main ideas suggested and developed in Part VI: Information Field, Viruses, DNA and Proteins.
    Click to expand...
    - ...it is a/the combination...
    - These are the main ideas...
    Pierre said:
    But one thing sure, all the ingredients are present for a 6th extinction to occur:
    Click to expand...
    - But one thing is sure... (or) But one thing is for sure...
    Pierre said:
    And now that you had an outlook on the content of this books, with further due, let’s jump in.
    Click to expand...
    - ...you have an...
    - ...content of this book...
    - ...without further ado... (or are you saying: with further content due?)

    Chapter 1:

    Pierre said:
    If fact, it's a bit more complicated
    Click to expand...
    - In fact, it's a bit more complicated...
    Pierre said:
    Carboniferous rainforest collapse[24],
    Click to expand...
    - This error is not noticeable in the post version, but in the pdf "collapse" is on one line and the like number is on the next.
    Pierre said:
    [27] Colloquial called sea shells.
    Click to expand...
    - Colloquially called sea shells. (this is in the footnotes)

    Chapter 2:

    Pierre said:
    several mass extinctions[3] [4]
    Click to expand...
    - Not noticeable in the post version, but the pdf might need a comma between the link numbers.
    Pierre said:
    Volcanic regions and their prevalent of period of activity
    Click to expand...
    - The first 'of' should be removed in the caption under the first image.
    Pierre said:
    build-up of polar cap and snowfalls
    Click to expand...
    - ...build up of polar caps and snowfalls.
    Pierre said:
    It seems that the chain of event is as follow:
    Click to expand...
    - It seem that the chain of events is as follows:
    Pierre said:
    increased atmospheric methane and submarine landslide[16], both being documented effect of cometary impacts.
    Click to expand...
    - ...submarine landslides... documented effects...
    Pierre said:
    High concentrations of Hydrogen sulfide are considered by some researchers as the cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction[25] 252 Mya and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction[26], 66 Mya.
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a comma behind "Permian-Triassic extinction".
    Pierre said:
    However there seem to be correlation between
    Click to expand...
    - ...seems...
    Pierre said:
    magnetic orientation[34] and leading to reversals that could takes place in a matter of days.
    Click to expand...
    - The "and' might not need to be there.
    - ...take...
    Pierre said:
    [11] The seven major periods of widespread anoxia in the oceans of the last 260 million years are significantly correlated (>99.99%) with the ages of the flood-basalt - extinction events.
    Click to expand...
    - Does the second hyphen need to be there? (found in the footnotes)
    Pierre said:
    [34] Langel, R.A., (1987). The main field, in “Geomagnetism”.
    Click to expand...
    - Does the comma need to be there?

    Chapter 3

    Pierre said:
    Nature in the year 1982
    Click to expand...
    - Not noticeable in the post but in the pdf the one is missing making it the year 982.
    Pierre said:
    significant clue 1986 when he
    Click to expand...
    - ...significant clue in 1986 when he...
    Pierre said:
    so observers have yet to find still Nemesis.
    Click to expand...
    - ... so observers have yet to still find Nemesis.
    Pierre said:
    major extinctions coincide with a 27 million years cycle.
    Click to expand...
    - ...major extinctions coincide with a 27 million year cycle.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1000587,"date":"2022-01-19T01:38:45+0100","text":"Some more.

    Chapter 4:

    Pierre said:
    Logically one considers cometary event as solely agents
    Click to expand...
    - Logically one considers cometary events as solely agents... (or a cometary event)
    [Trees growth] extrapolated maximum is expected
    Click to expand...
    - Tree growth...
    Pierre said:
    The rings after the event markedly wider
    Click to expand...
    - The rings after the event are markedly wider. (Caption under the tree ring image.)
    Pierre said:
    Charles Darwin euphemistically coined the Venus flytrap as “one of the most wonderful [plant] in the world”
    Click to expand...
    - Charles Darwin euphemistically coined the Venus flytrap as “one of the most wonderful [plants] in the world”.
    Pierre said:
    The Carolina bays host a number a fauna and flora species found nowhere on our planet.
    Click to expand...
    - The Carolina bays host a number a fauna and flora species found nowhere else on our planet.

    Chapter 6:

    Pierre said:
    He should have added “…for the credibility of me incremental random evolution theory”.
    Click to expand...
    -... my(?)...

    Chapter 7:

    Pierre said:
    followed by life explosions marked by the emergence a new and more complex lifeforms
    Click to expand...
    - ...followed by life explosions marked by the emergence of new and more complex lifeforms.
    Pierre said:
    the oldest land animal, a millipede species called Pneumodesmus [8] along the first land plant, known as Eohostimella heathana
    Click to expand...
    - ...the oldest land animal, a millipede species called Pneumodesmus [8] along with the first land plant, known as Eohostimella heathana.
    Pierre said:
    an elaborate camouflage apparatus[36] and more gene than humans[37].
    Click to expand...
    - ...an elaborate camouflage apparatus[36] and with more genes than found in humans[37].

    Chapter 8:

    Pierre said:
    When one zooms out over past eons, one can see each that geologic period mark the apparition of new life forms
    Click to expand...
    - When one zooms out over past eons, one can see that each geologic period marks the apparition of new life forms...
    Pierre said:
    The conception of evolution was still much alive centuries,
    Click to expand...
    - The conception of evolution was still much alive for centuries,...
    Pierre said:
    Consequently Charles Darwin didn’t invent evolution theory whatsoever; he just replaced complexity-driven evolutionary leaps by random incremental changes. To put it bluntly, Darwin replaced a truth by a lie.
    Click to expand...
    - Would 'with' instead of 'by' be better?
    Pierre said:
    Thus in 5.109 years the probability of random synthesis of the about 103 enzymes of the simplest cell was evaluated to ~ 10-40,000; and the probability of ~ 10-24,000,000 for the advent of man[14]
    Click to expand...
    - This section is 'quoted' in the pdf but is not in the post version. I don't know if that matters.
    Pierre said:
    If the probability of winning the lottery is 1 in 14 millions[15],
    Click to expand...
    - ...million...
    Pierre said:
    Recent research papers including one extensive meta-studies show that evolutionary leaps are the rule rather than exception:
    Click to expand...
    - ...one extensive meta-study...
    Pierre said:
    The example of Osmunda claytoniana is not isolated. As previously mentioned[20] tardigrades appeared during the Cambrian explosion ca. 540 Mya and are still extant with little or no evolution during half a billion year of existence.

    As shown in the quote above, not only most species experience evolutionary leap but then most species experience long periods of total stagnation (stasis). This succession of sudden leaps and long period of stagnation is totally contrary to the concept a gradual change.
    Click to expand...
    - ... billion years of existence.
    - As shown in the quote above, not only do most species experience evolutionary leaps but that most species then experience long periods of total stagnation (stasis). This succession of sudden leaps and long periods of stagnation is totally contrary to the concept of (a) gradual change.
    Pierre said:
    the smooth Darwinian evolution line (light grey) and the jagged saltationist curve (black) alternating long period of stasis
    Click to expand...
    - ...periods...
    Pierre said:
    [20] See Part II, chapter “the Cambrian Explosion”
    [21] See previous Chapter “The Cambrian Life Explosion”
    Click to expand...
    - See Part II, Chapter 6 "The Cambrian Life Explosion" (found in the footnotes)

    Chapter 9:

    Pierre said:
    Currently, the reorganizing of retroviruses in the genomes of is leading to the birth of a new species:
    Click to expand...
    - Currently, the reorganizing of retroviruses in the genomes is leading to the birth of a new species:
    Pierre said:
    - Out 19 LTRs presence tested in human and other great apes genomes, 17 (~90%) were human specific.[28]
    Click to expand...
    - Out of 19...
    Pierre said:
    If we go further back the phylogenetic tree leading to humans,
    Click to expand...
    - ...back in the...
    Pierre said:
    the eukaryotes[46] (organisms whose cells have nucleus):
    Click to expand...
    -...have a nucleus...
    Pierre said:
    In addition, paleovirological analyses established that syncytin-1 that is found in human that is around 30 million years old[50],
    Click to expand...
    -...that is found in humans is around...
    Pierre said:
    3/ New taxa and mass extinctions: the apparition of a number of new taxa is repeatedly associated with mass extinctions as extensively described part II.
    ​
    Click to expand...
    -...described in part II.
    Pierre said:
    [41] See Part II: Chapter “The Cambrian Life Explosion”
    Click to expand...
    -...Chapter 6(?)...


    This is a fascinating read Pierre. I'm enjoying reading this as much as your first two! \":thup:\" Thank you!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1000742,"date":"2022-01-19T23:27:05+0100","text":"I guess I should say that some of these may not be errors but rather my own misinterpretation of the language/concept. Sorry if I got some of these wrong.

    Here's a few more:

    Chapter 10:

    Pierre said:
    Why were some species spared and even blossomed while others closely related species were totally obliterated?
    Click to expand...
    -...other... (or) ...others closely related to those species...
    Pierre said:
    This species-specific actions displayed by viruses has been repeatedly proven by modern experiments.
    Click to expand...
    - These species-specific actions displayed by viruses have been...
    (or)
    - This species-specific action displayed by viruses has been...
    Pierre said:
    Could bornaviruses have been a novel viruses introduced during the Chicxulub event, subsequently integrated in the pre-mammalian genome
    Click to expand...
    -...Could the bornavirus have been a novel virus introduced...
    (or)
    -...Could bornaviruses have been novel viruses introduced...
    (also)
    -...integrated into the...
    Pierre said:
    Are viruses the agent allowing the emergence of new more complex life form and also contributing to the removal of obsolete life forms
    Click to expand...
    -...forms...
    Pierre said:
    [8] See previous chapter “The Enigma of Speciation”
    Click to expand...
    - See Chapter 9...

    Chapter 11:

    Pierre said:
    As described in the previous chapter[1], viruses have species-specific destructive action
    Click to expand...
    -...actions...
    Pierre said:
    Infectious diseases are considered as one of the major cause of the elimination
    Click to expand...
    -...causes...
    Pierre said:
    According to Poinar, insect-borne viruses, infected plants that,
    Click to expand...
    - Comma does not need to be there.
    Pierre said:
    According to the senior curator of the American Museum of Natural History, Ross MacPhee it is indeed a viral epidemics[15] that caused the demise of the mammoth of Wrangler Island:
    Click to expand...
    -...indeed a viral epidemic...
    (or)
    - ...indeed viral epidemics...
    Pierre said:
    During the 20th century only, smallpox is estimated to have killed 500 million people[18]. But along its deadliness, smallpox
    Click to expand...
    -But along with its deadliness...
    Pierre said:
    So, despite several circumstantial evidence suggesting that
    Click to expand...
    - So, despite several (cases, examples) of circumstantial evidence...
    (or)
    - So, despite several circumstantial evidence (cases, examples)...
    Pierre said:
    However, there is a number of documented and recent virus-induced extinction.
    Click to expand...
    - However, there are a number of documented and recent virus-induced extinctions.
    Pierre said:
    The suspected involvement of virus in past extinction like Wrangler mammoths,
    Click to expand...
    - The suspected involvement of viruses in past extinctions like Wrangler mammoths,...
    Pierre said:
    [2] See Part I: “Comets and Mass Extinctions” and Part II, chapter “The K/T boundary”
    Click to expand...
    -...Part II, Chapter 5... (footnotes)
    Pierre said:
    [14] See chapter “Beneficial Viruses”
    Click to expand...
    - See Chapter 14... (footnotes)

    Chapter 12:

    Pierre said:
    Evan further back in time, the presence of viral material has been found in stromalites[6], a microorganism considered as one of the oldest lifeform discovered in 3.7 billion-year-old[7] sedimentary rocks in Greenland:
    Click to expand...
    - Even... lifeforms...
    Pierre said:
    Electron microscopy picture of the Yadavirus
    Click to expand...
    - The caption under the 2nd image should read Yaravirus.
    Pierre said:
    present in a multitude of organisms, including viruses; its oldest version is most of the time found in viruses:
    Click to expand...
    - The semi-colon should be a comma, I think.
    Pierre said:
    See chapter “DNA and proteins connect us to the Information Field”
    Click to expand...
    - See Chapter #(TBA)... (footnotes)

    Chapter 13:

    Pierre said:
    That's hundred billion more than the estimated number of stars in the Universe
    Click to expand...
    - That's a hundred...
    Pierre said:
    It means that there is, on average, between 50 million and 50 billion of viruses in one single drop[8] of ocean water.
    Click to expand...
    -...50 billion viruses...
    Pierre said:
    Viruses are also, and by far, the most diverse organisms, with an estimated 100 million different types of viruses on Earth[11]. For comparison, there are about 5,500 known mammalian species on our planet[12]
    Click to expand...
    -"...of viruses" can be omitted.
    (also)
    - Needs a period behind "planet".
    Pierre said:
    This figure jumps up to 2 million viruses a minutes when one exercises.
    Click to expand...
    -...minute...
    Pierre said:
    For comparison, there are about 10 e13 cells in a human body[17], it’s 100 times less than the number of bacteriophage viruses.
    Click to expand...
    -...body, which is 100 times less...
    (or)
    -...body. That's 100 times less... (Imo, I think "less" should be emphasized.)
    Pierre said:
    A study focused on viral population in the human blood plasma
    Click to expand...
    -...on the viral...
    (also)
    -...in the human... "the" could be removed.
    Pierre said:
    In addition viruses are also markedly present within our own DNA:
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a comma after "addition".
    Pierre said:
    How could hosts develop any effective defense system against such an ever-changing “enemy”?
    Click to expand...
    - In the pdf version, "In the context of Darwinian evolutionary," was added to (or subtracted from?) the beginning of the above quote. The word "evolutionary" should be "evolution".
    Pierre said:
    [9] The weight of one virus is roughly equal to 10-18g. See:
    Bahr GF et al. (1976) “Determination of the mass of viruses by quantitative electron microscopy”. Q Rev Biophys.;9(4):459-89
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a space behind the semi-colon.
    Pierre said:
    [31] This figure is reminiscent of the estimated 20 to 30 extinction events that our planet experienced. See chapter “Mass extinctions”
    Click to expand...
    -...Chapter 1...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1000891,"date":"2022-01-20T16:12:21+0100","text":"

    Chapter 17: The Plague of Justinian​


    Fatality and duration​


    The first epidemics of the plague of Justinian started in 541 AD and ended in 549 AD. It afflicted mostly the Mediterranean area, Europe, and the Near East. During these eight years, it killed between 15 million and 100 million people depending of the estimates[1] [2], which represented between 25% and 60% of Europe's population of the time[3].

    This was the death count only for the first outbreak. The plague of Justinian had 18 epidemics outbreaks[4] spread over more than two centuries. It finally abated in 767 AD.


    © Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, after Stathakopoulos
    The 18 waves of plague epidemics (541–767)    ​

    Origin​


    The years preceding and following the first outbreak of 541 AD were marked by major catastrophic events.

    According to dendochronologist Mike Baillie, European oak tree data[5] reveal that a major cooling event happened from 536 AD to 545 AD. Actually this drastic cooling was not only recorded in Europe oak tree rings. Baillie’s conclusions were confirmed by dendrochronological studies conducted on Fennoscandian pine trees[6], Eastern Alps Pines[7], Mongolian tree rings[8], Argentinian tree rings[9], North American bristle-cone[10] and North American foxtail pines[11]:



    © Larsen
    Seven of the dendrochronology records showing a marked cooling over the 536-545 AD period    ​



    As shown in the illustration above, the cooling episode was truly global. It was also exceptionally severe; the reduced rate of growth revealed by these tree rings corresponds to a global cooling[12] of up to 3 °C[13]. It makes this few years interval the coldest one of the past 2,000 years[14].

    This cooling event is confirmed by several chroniclers and seems to have been caused by an extraordinary dust veil as reported by chroniclers of the time among which Procopius[15]:

    […] during this year a most dread portent took place. For the Sun gave forth its light without brightness […] and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear[16]
    Click to expand...

    This report is confirmed by Michael the Syrian[17]. The latter described the event as follows:

    The Sun was dark and its darkness lasted for eighteen months; each day it shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow[18]
    Click to expand...

    Flavius Cassiodorus[19] wrote about conditions that he experienced 536 AD, which are quite similar what other chroniclers describe:

    The Sun seems to have lost its wonted light, and appears of a bluish colour. We marvel to see no shadows of our bodies at noon, to feel the mighty vigour of the Sun's heat wasted into feebleness, and the phenomena which accompany an eclipse prolonged through almost a whole year. We have had a summer without heat. The crops have been chilled by north winds, [and] the rain is denied[20]
    Click to expand...

    Besides severe cooling, ice cores reveal[21] a prominent sulfate spike ca. 536 AD. This sulfate spike is supposed to be due to a gigantic volcanic eruption[22]. But this hypothesis raises two problems. First, there’s no trace of a prominent eruption around these years, the two main candidates, Krakatao[23] and Ilopango[24] having been successively discarded. Second, a mega eruption should dramatically increase the atmospheric acidity and no ice core reveals such a spike:

    A super-volcano would be expected to produce significant acidity in the atmosphere. This acidity would be recorded in the polar ice caps. Numerous ice-core studies have been carried out in both Greenland and Antarctica (see, for example, Clausen et al. 1997, Hammer et al. 1997). None of these has found evidence for a significant acid layer around 536 of the sort that would be caused by the eruption of a super-volcano.[25]
    Click to expand...

    The other potential source for atmospheric sulfate is a cometary event[26]: direct impact(s) and/or overhead explosion(s). Actually, the sighting of a comet is mentioned explicitly by Procopius ca. 536 AD:

    At that time also the comet appeared, at first about as long as a tall man, but later much larger. And the end of it was toward the west and its beginning toward the east, and it followed behind the sun itself. For the sun was in Capricorn and it was in Sagittarius. And some called it "the swordfish" because it was of goodly length and very sharp at the point, and others called it "the bearded star"; it was seen for more than forty days.[27]
    Click to expand...

    Zacharia of Mitylene[28] make a similar observation:

    In the eleventh year of Justinian [538AD], […] in the month of December a great and terrible comet appeared in the sky at evening-time for one hundred days. And that year the peace between the kingdoms was broken.[29]
    Click to expand...

    Chinese chronicles from 540 AD[30] seems to confirm what was observed in the West:

    Dragons [comets] fought in the pond of the K'uh o. They went westward....In the places they passed, all the trees were broken
    Click to expand...


    The finding of nickel-rich particles and iron cosmic spherules tend to confirm this chroniclers’ observation:

    We found Ni-rich particles and I-type (Fe-oxide) cosmic spherules […] dated by us to between 533 and 540 A.D.[31]

    Notice that nickel is one the most reliable meteoritic signatures. While nickel is extremely rare in the Earth (0.0084%[32]), it’s abundant in meteorites which contain up to 30%[33] of nickel. Actually, high nickel content is such a sure indication that a material is meteoritic that it is used to discriminate non-meteoritic material from meteoritic material:

    If the metal contains <4% nickel, then the metal chunk or rock is not a meteorite.[34]
    Click to expand...

    The analysis of ice cores between 533 and 540 AD also revealed an unexpected high concentration of extraterrestrial dust:

    […] we instead found surprisingly large abundances and sizes of inferred extraterrestrial particles within a restricted stratigraphic interval. These results could mean that the time between A.D. 533 and 540 had an unusually high deposition rate of extraterrestrial particles.[35]
    Click to expand...

    In addition to the iron spherules, the GISP2[36] ice core for ca. 536 AD revealed the presence of silicate spherules[37], which are the byproducts of impact events[38]:


    © Sutlle
    Sectioned BEI images of silicate cosmic spherules    ​

    To recap, the absence of substantial volcanic eruption and accompanying acidity spike for the period 533-540 AD tends to discard the only-volcano hypothesis. The above doesn’t mean that volcanic eruptions were not one of the contributors[41] but it was probably not the main contributor and, as shown in our previous book[42], cometary activity can cause volcanic eruptions anyway.

    Meanwhile, the high concentration of nickel-rich particles, iron cosmic spherules, silicate spherules and extraterrestrial dust found in the ca. 536 AD geological records strongly suggest that a cometary encounter was the main cause of the dust veil and the ensuing global cooling ca. 536 AD.

    If one zooms in the five years from 536 to 540 AD, the multiplicity of comet sightings in the years 536-540 AD (in particular, Procopius in 536 AD, Zacharia of Mitylene in 538 AD, Chinese chronicles in 540 AD) plus the worsening in the drop temperature record by dendrochronology[39] (cooling in 536 AD that worsen 538 AD and that worsen even more in 540 AD) plus the detection of the cometary material in ice cores (notably in 536, 538 and 541 AD) suggests that there was not one but, at least three, closely interspersed major cometary bombardments and/or overhead explosions in this five years span[40]:


    © Doherty
    Cometary Sightings and Cometary Material in ice Core    ​


    The few years or months between the cometary events (536, 538, 540 AD) and the first known outbreak of the plague of Justinian (ca. 541 AD) is consistent with the delay of transport of comet-borne viruses from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface. Indeed, virus can take up to a few years to fall through the atmosphere before reaching the surface of our planet:

    The smaller sub-micron sized particles and any microbes and viral particles attached to them, do not burn up. Instead, they fall upon the upper atmosphere (the mesophere and stratosphere), and then slowly drift down and upon the air currents, sometimes staying aloft for years, crisscrossing the planet, gently falling downward, until finally making a soft landing on whatever is beneath them, be it ocean, river, animal, plant, or human.[43]
    Click to expand...

    When the virus finally reaches the ground, it has yet to find suitable human hosts. Once it’s done, these hosts have to be in contact with a large enough and susceptible enough population to spread and generate a noticeable-enough epidemics. Only then chroniclers, if located in the right region, can write down the “beginning” of the plague.

    All the above suggests that the plague of Justinian was probably caused by a comet-borne virus. These cometary events also triggered the global cooling that preceded the first epidemic outbreak.

    Maybe, that’s why, Venerable Bede, the most erudite individual of these chaotic times considered comets as the cause of the plague, including the Plague of Justinian, which he was contemporary to, described comets as:

    Stars with flames like hair. They are born suddenly, portending a change of royal power or plague or wars or winds or heat.[44]
    Click to expand...

    [1] Stathakopoulos, Dionysios (2018) "Plague, Justinianic (Early Medieval Pandemic)" in The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press
    [2] Arrizabalaga, Jon (2010) "plague and epidemics" in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Oxford University Press
    [3] Mordechai, Lee et al. (2019) "The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?" PNAS 116 (51): 25546
    [4] Mordechai, 2019
    [5] Baillie, M. (1994) “Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD 536 dust-veil event“ The Holocene, vol. 4, Pp. 212-217
    [6] Briffa, K. et al. (1990) “A 1,400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia” Nature 346, 434–439
    [7] Nicolussi, K. et al. (2005) “Holocene tree‐line variability in the Kauner Valley, central eastern Alps, indicated by dendrochronological analysis of living trees and subfossil logs”, Vegetation Hist. Archaeobot., 14, 221–234
    [8] D’arrigo, R. et al. (2001) “1738 years of Mongolian temperature variability inferred from a tree-ring width chronology of Siberian pine” Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 543-546
    [9] Baillie, M. (1999) “Exodus to Arthur: Catastrophic Encounters with Comets” B.T. Batsford
    [10] Lamarche, VC Jr. (1974) “Paleoclimatic Inferences from Long Tree-Ring Records: Intersite comparison shows climatic anomalies that may be linked to features of the general circulation” Science 183(4129):1043-8
    [11] Scuderi, L. (1990) “Tree-Ring Evidence for Climatically Effective Volcanic Eruptions” Quaternary Research, 34(1), 67-85.
    [12] Briffa, K., et al. (1990) “A 1,400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia” Nature 346, 434–439
    [13] 1.7F
    [14] Abbott, D. H. et al. (2008) "Magnetite and Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon" AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 41: 41B–1454
    [15] (ca. 500 – 565 AD) prominent Greek scholar
    [16] Dewing, B. H. (1916) “History of the Wars” Harvard University Press
    [17] (ca. 1126 – 1199 AD) author of the largest medieval Chronicle
    [18] Chabot, J B. (1901) ‘’Chronique de Michel le Syrien’’ Ernest Leroux
    [19] (ca. 485 – 585 AD) Roman statesman, renowned scholar of antiquity
    [20] Cassiodorus (2019) “The Variae” University of California Press
    [21] Larsen, L. B.et al. (2008) "New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the A.D. 536 dust veil" Geophys. Res. Lett., 35
    [22] We are going to see in chapter 19 that Vesuvius probably erupted ca. 536 AD but it doesn’t account for the whole sulfate spike
    [23] Keys, David (2000) “Catastrophe: an investigation into the origins of the modern world” Ballantine Pub
    [24] Victoria C. Smith et al. (2020) "The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador" PNAS
    [25] Rigby, Emma et al. (2004) “A comet impact in AD 536?” Astronomy & Geophysics. 45. 1.23 - 1.26. 10.1046
    [26] Lunar and Planetary Institute Editors (2021) “Impact Induced perturbations of Atmosheric Sulfur” Lunar and Planetary Institute
    [27] Procopius (2020) “History of the Wars” Independently Published
    [28] (ca. 465 – 536 AD) A bishop and ecclesiastical historian
    [29] Zachariah of Mitylene (1899) “The Syriac Chronicle” Methuen & Co
    [30] Greg Bryant (1999) “The Dark Ages: Were They Darker Than We Imagined?” Universe
    [31] Abbott, D. et al. (2014). “What Caused Terrestrial Dust Loading and Climate Downturns Between 533 and 540 A.D.?”. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America. 505. 421-427. 10.1130/2014.2505(23).
    [32] CRC Editors (2016). “Abundance Of Elements In The Earth’s Crust And In The Sea” CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th edition p. 14-17
    [33] Randy L. Korotev. (2021). “Some Meteorite Information: Metal, Iron, & Nickel”. Washington University in St. Louis
    [34] Korotev, 2021.
    [35] Abbott, D. et al. (2014). “What Caused Terrestrial Dust Loading and Climate Downturns Between 533 and 540 A.D.?” Special Paper of the Geological Society of America 505. 421-427. 10.1130/2014.2505(23)
    [36] Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2
    [37] Abbott, D.H. et al. (2008) “Magnetite and Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon” AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
    [38] Drabon N. (2014) “Spherules” In: Amils, R. et al. ‘’Encyclopedia of Astrobiology’’. Springer
    [39] See Larsen dendrochronology chart in the beginning in this chapter
    [40] Dallas Abbott Lamont - Doherty (2010) “Did a Conflagration of Comets Contribute Dust to the Earth and Cause Climate Downturns between 532 and 542 A.D.?” Earth Observatory of Columbia University
    [41] Larsen, L. et al. (2008) “New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the A.D. 536 dust veil” Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04708
    [42] Lescaudron, Pierre (2021) ‘’Cometary Encounters’’ Red Pill Press, Chapter “Correlation between Cometary Activity and Volcanic Activity”
    [43] J. Wickramasingh et al. (2010) “Comets and the Origin of Life”. World Scientific Publishing Co
    [44] Leneghan F. (2020) “Comets, omens and fear: understanding plague in the Middle Ages”. University of Oxford","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1000895,"date":"2022-01-20T16:21:22+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 17.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 17.pdf
    Chapter 17.pdf
    650.1 KB· Views: 141
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1000916,"date":"2022-01-20T17:30:00+0100","text":"Once again, a big thank you
    PDF Ch 1-17
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-17.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-17.pdf
    4.1 MB· Views: 96
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1000920,"date":"2022-01-20T17:46:01+0100","text":"MERCI PIERRE...

    MERCI CHANNA...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1001004,"date":"2022-01-20T23:37:34+0100","text":"A few more typo's.

    Chapter 14:

    Pierre said:
    An even stunning example virus-host synergy comes from parasitic wasps have domesticated viruses that cannot replicate outside the wasps.
    Click to expand...
    - An even more stunning of virus-host synergy... parasitic wasps that/who have... outside their bodies(?).
    Pierre said:
    For reference, untreated inhalation anthrax has a fatality rate of 80% or higher[11].
    Click to expand...
    -...inhalation of anthrax...
    Pierre said:
    Although the list of benefit provided by exogenous viruses to their hosts is substantial, it is nothing compared to ERVs.
    Click to expand...
    -...benefits...
    Pierre said:
    In addition, the common belief that ERVs are non-coding is generally true, but yet there are exceptions for example HERV-K[22] is known to code HDTV[23].
    Click to expand...
    -...HTDV. (Did you want to take a break at this point?\":lol:\")
    Pierre said:
    Maybe the fundamental role played by ERVs in morphogenesis as emphasized in the quote above explains why viruses played also a pivotal role in what can be consider as the greatest evolutionary leap
    Click to expand...
    -...considered...
    Pierre said:
    ERVs are involved in a multitude of fundamental functions amongst which, altering and promoting amylase gene, expressing host genes or to facilitating splicing events:
    Click to expand...
    _...amongst which include... genes...
    (also)
    - remove "to", (or) ... or to facilitate spicing events:
    Pierre said:
    [1] The exact number of potentially pathogenic virus in human in exactly 219 as of 2012. Notice also that, on average, 3 to 4 potentially pathogenic viruses in human are discovered every year. See:
    Click to expand...
    -...pathogenic viruses in humans is exactly 219 as of 2012. ...humans... (footnotes)
    Pierre said:
    [12] Roossinck, M.J. (2015) “Beneficial viruses for crops” Molecular Plant Pathology 16: 331-333.
    Click to expand...
    - I'm probably wrong but just to check, I found the [12] quote comes from the introduction section of an article that seems to be actually titled: "A new look at plant viruses and their potential beneficial roles in crops" (Link to article). The "Beneficial Viruses in Crops" is the title of the first section after the introduction.
    Pierre said:
    [16] See chapter ‘’The Enigma of Speciation’’
    Click to expand...
    -...Chapter 9...

    Chapter 15:

    Pierre said:
    How did reach we a paradigm so orthogonal to truth?
    Click to expand...
    -...we reach...
    Pierre said:
    Pasteur’s work was heavily promoted by the Flexner Report, funded John D. Rockefeller
    Click to expand...
    -...funded by John...
    Pierre said:
    while Carnegie accumulated his own by operating illegal steel monopoly[18].
    Click to expand...
    -...monopolies.
    Pierre said:
    The guidelines brought up by Flexner report were applied in the North America and led to death of “alternative medicines”
    Click to expand...
    -...by the Flexner... to the death...
    Pierre said:
    It propelled de facto allopathic medicine[24] as the only therapy and pharmaceutical companies as the sole supplier of medicine.
    Click to expand...
    -...suppliers...
    Pierre said:
    Actually, we would have never appeared since we're made of virus, or more accurately, viruses made us.
    Click to expand...
    -...viruses...
    Pierre said:
    Count of viruses in healthy carriers suggest that Béchamp was right,
    Click to expand...
    - The count... (or) The number...
    Pierre said:
    Given their pervasiveness[35] inside and outside our bodies, it would derisory to try to control
    Click to expand...
    -...would be derisory...
    Pierre said:
    Bechamp’s terrain theory was amalgamated with the no-virus theory, throwing the baby (terrain) with the bathwater (no-virus theory).
    Click to expand...
    -...throwing the baby (terrain) out with the bathwater (no-virus theory).
    (or)
    -...throwing the baby (terrain) with the bathwater (no-virus theory) out.
    Pierre said:
    In the same vein, Pasteur denied that it was agents smaller than bacteria (viruses) that cause rabies although the use of bacterial filter excluded the bacteria hypothesis[49].
    Click to expand...
    -...caused(?) ...of a bacterial filter... (or)...of bacterial filters...
    Pierre said:
    Viruses contribute to the removal of obsolete species during comet-induced mass extinctions and but they also contribute to the apparition
    Click to expand...
    -...and but... (which one?)

    Chapter 16:

    Pierre said:
    Since the dawn of history comets have been associated with plague and diseases. A series of books called the “Mawangdui Silk” was compiled in 300 BC but it list events as far back as 1,500 BC
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a comma behind "history".
    (also)
    -...lists...
    Pierre said:
    One of the most learned person of his epoch, Venerable Bede[4] described comets in these terms:
    Click to expand...
    -...persons...
    Pierre said:
    A few centuries later, Maimonides[6] established a similar association between plague and comets:
    Click to expand...
    -...plagues...
    Pierre said:
    We find the same association between comets and plagues six centuries later in the work of the Noah Webster
    Click to expand...
    - Delete "the".
    Pierre said:
    Knowing that cometary activity is major cause of volcanism
    Click to expand...
    -...is a/the major...
    Pierre said:
    In the following excerpt, Webster widens the scope of its association to include meteors with comets as causative agents and a series of infectious disease as consequences:
    Click to expand...
    -...diseases...
    Pierre said:
    Among the diseases monitored by Webster is the Influenza
    Click to expand...
    -...was(?)... (The virus still exists but Webster does not. Since the sentence is about Webster, it feels like it should be "was". But, idk.
    Pierre said:
    Despite the on-going revision of history to present an uniformitarian paradigm,
    Click to expand...
    -...a...
    Pierre said:
    [11] Webster, 1799 p.10
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a comma after 1799.


    This is great stuff! Chapter 15 made me giggle with the sliminess of it all. I had no idea about Terrain theory. My view of viruses has completely changed!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1001016,"date":"2022-01-21T01:10:39+0100","text":"Missed one.
    Pierre said:
    The guidelines brought up by Flexner report were applied in the North America and led to death of “alternative medicines"
    Click to expand...
    -...in North America... (Delete "the".)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6835,"user":"gottathink","id":1001140,"date":"2022-01-21T18:22:03+0100","text":"I was interested to see what is currently the main stream theory about the origins of the Justinian plague. It is referred to as a bubonic plague caused by bacterial infection spread by fleas. This theory is supported by DNA sequencing on archeological remains.

    @Pierre, do you cover this in future chapters? Is it the fleas that contracted the virus and then they developed a susceptibility to bacterial infections to pass it on to humans?

    How does this all fit together? Or have other scientists’ competing theories that do not consider a viral origin for the Justinian plague?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001147,"date":"2022-01-21T18:44:54+0100","text":"
    gottathink said:
    I was interested to see what is currently the main stream theory about the origins of the Justinian plague. It is referred to as a bubonic plague caused by bacterial infection spread by fleas. This theory is supported by DNA sequencing on archeological remains.

    @Pierre, do you cover this in future chapters? Is it the fleas that contracted the virus and then they developed a susceptibility to bacterial infections to pass it on to humans?
    Click to expand...
    It is a covered in the next installment, chapter 18: "The Black Death" to be released, hopefully, in a few days. Bubonic plague doesn't fit at all with the mortality, the geographic scope, the speed exhibited by the Black Death of the plague of Justinian.

    Indeed, teeth pulp extracted from the corpses dating from the plague of Justinian reveal DNA sequence of bubonic plague but it doesn't that all the victims died of bubonic plague.

    In addition, carriers of the bubonic plague bacterium didn't necessarily die of the bubonic plague like, today, dead with the SARS-CoV-19 doesn't necessarily mean dead from SARS-CoV-19.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":1001173,"date":"2022-01-21T19:37:34+0100","text":"Thanks for the chapter:

    Pierre said:
    Notice that nickel is one the most reliable meteoritic signatures. While nickel is extremely rare in the Earth (0.0084%[32]), it’s abundant in meteorites which contain up to 30%[33] of nickel. Actually, high nickel content is such a sure indication that a material is meteoritic that it is used to discriminate non-meteoritic material from meteoritic material:
    Click to expand...
    If the metal contains <4% nickel, then the metal chunk or rock is not a meteorite.[34]
    Click to expand...

    And speaking of Nickel, it was a hot session topic in 1999, and it comes in with other elements, such as cobalt (electrical and magnetic):

    Q: (L) You said that the primary composition of this comet is nickel?

    A: No, we said “nickel?”

    Q: (L) What does ‘nickel’ mean? (A) It’s a shiny metal. (L) A coin, a five-cent piece …

    A: What does molten nickel look like against the backdrop of space?

    Q: (A) It would look like silver … (L) Would it have a color? (A) I don’t think so.

    A: Does it conduct electricity? Is it magnetic?

    Q: (A) Yes, it can conduct, but it’s not magnetic. Why ‘molten?’

    A: What about the “tail” of such an object coming into contact with the ionosphere?

    Q: (L) Oh. I think I get it. The Nostradamus thing about a great comet’s tail or something … let me look it up:

    After great trouble for humanity, a greater one is prepared
    The Great Mover renews the ages:
    Rain, blood, milk, famine, steel and plague,
    In the heavens fire seen, a long spark running    .

    This one is supposed to refer to something that occurs at the turn of the Millennium … Is this what we are getting at here? Something that will look like a ‘long spark running’ which then comes in contact with the ionosphere which may exchange potentials with the earth by virtue of this conducting, molten nickel tail? Yes????? Is that good?

    A: Ask Arkadiusz.

    Q: (L) Well, honey … am I on to something here? (A) The point is that this comet is in space. Space is rather cold, so the question is: what would make nickel molten? (L) Well, it will be close to the sun! That will heat it up! (A) This particular comet is not going to come close enough to the sun to melt it! (L) Well then, how can the nickel be molten???

    A: What about flares?

    Q: (L) That’s it! A bodacious solar flare! And, combined with the bodacious solar flare is a change of trajectory because of its accumulation of matter … so that it is closer to the sun … (A) But it is not coming close enough to the sun to be caught in a solar flare!

    A: Is nickel magnetic?

    Q: (L) No. What does it mean to this subject that a nickel is not magnetic?

    A: Does nickel have a companion?

    Q: (A) Well, when we say a ‘companion,’ it means another metal in the same family in the Mendeleev Table. I believe that cobalt and nickel are in the same family, but I will have to check …

    A: And cobalt is invisible in the good old vacuum of space, but not nickel!

    Q: (L) Does that mean it will attract cobalt?

    A: No, cobalt will attract.

    Q: (L) The cobalt will attract flares … electromagnetic phenomena …

    A: Et al.

    Q: (L) I see.

    A: Now, you need to know the composition of this comet … And any other closely following same. We have alluded to the increased cometary activity before. Oort, and that which cyclically disturbs it.

    Q: (L) I just want to know one thing … are any of these comets gonna hit the earth?

    A: Someday, certainly. As have before.
    Click to expand...

    There is an older SOTT.net article titled the Nickel Pickle... Good read, too:

    Carrying on with your paper, Pierre:

    "This cooling event is confirmed by several chroniclers and seems to have been caused by an extraordinary dust veil as reported by chroniclers of the time among which Procopius[15]:

    […] during this year a most dread portent took place. For the Sun gave forth its light without brightness […] and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear[16]
    Click to expand...

    This report is confirmed by Michael the Syrian[17]. The latter described the event as follows:

    The Sun was dark and its darkness lasted for eighteen months; each day it shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow[18]
    Click to expand...
    {the "four hour" part was interesting, and wonder why and at what time of day, almost like how the sun might appear from the vantage point of the arctic or antarctic approaching the winter or spring seasons - sun rising in a lower or higher latitude for short periods}

    Flavius Cassiodorus[19] wrote about conditions that he experienced 536 AD, which are quite similar what other chroniclers describe:

    The Sun seems to have lost its wonted light, and appears of a bluish colour. We marvel to see no shadows of our bodies at noon, to feel the mighty vigour of the Sun's heat wasted into feebleness, and the phenomena which accompany an eclipse prolonged through almost a whole year. We have had a summer without heat. The crops have been chilled by north winds, [and] the rain is denied[20]
    Click to expand...

    {this blue sounds something like the Blue hour, yet Cassiodorus is talking about the sun's light. This then sounds like a martian blue:
    "On Mars, the reverse happens. The atmosphere doesn't scatter much light because there isn't much atmosphere to be had. What atmosphere there is has picked up a lot of dust, and that flying dust scatters light. Because it's a great deal larger than the particles of air, it scatters longer wavelengths of light, and so red is filtered out instead of blue."    }

    Besides severe cooling, ice cores reveal[21] a prominent sulfate spike ca. 536 AD. This sulfate spike is supposed to be due to a gigantic volcanic eruption[22]. But this hypothesis raises two problems. First, there’s no trace of a prominent eruption around these years, the two main candidates, Krakatao[23] and Ilopango[24] having been successively discarded. Second, a mega eruption should dramatically increase the atmospheric acidity and no ice core reveals such a spike:

    A super-volcano would be expected to produce significant acidity in the atmosphere. This acidity would be recorded in the polar ice caps. Numerous ice-core studies have been carried out in both Greenland and Antarctica (see, for example, Clausen et al. 1997, Hammer et al. 1997). None of these has found evidence for a significant acid layer around 536 of the sort that would be caused by the eruption of a super-volcano.[25]
    Click to expand...

    The other potential source for atmospheric sulfate is a cometary event[26]: direct impact(s) and/or overhead explosion(s). Actually, the sighting of a comet is mentioned explicitly by Procopius ca. 536 AD:

    At that time also the comet appeared, at first about as long as a tall man, but later much larger. And the end of it was toward the west and its beginning toward the east, and it followed behind the sun itself. For the sun was in Capricorn and it was in Sagittarius. And some called it "the swordfish" because it was of goodly length and very sharp at the point, and others called it "the bearded star"; it was seen for more than forty days.[27]
    Click to expand...

    Zacharia of Mitylene[28] make a similar observation:

    In the eleventh year of Justinian [538AD], […] in the month of December a great and terrible comet appeared in the sky at evening-time for one hundred days. And that year the peace between the kingdoms was broken.[29]
    Click to expand...

    {one might imagine - desperation, migration, lack of food etc.}

    Chinese chronicles from 540 AD[30] seems to confirm what was observed in the West:

    Dragons [comets] fought in the pond of the K'uh o. They went westward....In the places they passed, all the trees were broken
    Click to expand...

    {sure sounds like atmospheric explosions - Tunguska style}

    The finding of nickel-rich particles and iron cosmic spherules tend to confirm this chroniclers’ observation:

    We found Ni-rich particles and I-type (Fe-oxide) cosmic spherules […] dated by us to between 533 and 540 A.D.[31]

    {the nickel composition (with perhaps multiple cometary bodies at the time) would appear green if recalled - see sample photo of cosmic spherules}


    Again, thanks so much, enjoying each chapter.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001203,"date":"2022-01-21T22:18:32+0100","text":"Interesting comments Voyageur and I forgot that particular session that is relevant with the topic on hand. The Cs revealed one mechanism by which comets trigger and channel solar flares!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1001278,"date":"2022-01-22T09:46:32+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    like Pierre Louis Maupertius
    Click to expand...
    -> Maupertuis. See Wiki.

    Pierre said:
    Darwinism is built on two foundations: random mutations effecting small changes. Both these foundations are falsified by facts. About randomness, here are the probabilities that random mutations led to various life forms in 5 billion years of random evolution:

    Thus in 5.109 years the probability of random synthesis of the about 103 enzymes of the simplest cell was evaluated to ~ 10-40,000; and the probability of ~ 10-24,000,000 for the advent of man[14]
    Click to expand...
    in 5.109 years -> in 5.109 million years?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1001281,"date":"2022-01-22T10:35:26+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    [21] See previous Chapter “The Cambrian Life Explosion”
    Click to expand...
    The previous chapter is titled "Other Life Explosions".","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001508,"date":"2022-01-23T13:26:48+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    @Pierre From chapter 8:


    -> Britannica



    -> in terms of



    -> Mya.
    Click to expand...

    Done in the source file","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001511,"date":"2022-01-23T13:41:23+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    I know that some of the errors have been corrected already but I found some other minor ones. I hope I'm not going over-the-top with these. I'm working from the pdfs and then finding them in the posts:

    Introduction:


    - Where is the template...
    - ...it must be something...

    - ...it is a/the combination...
    - These are the main ideas...

    - But one thing is sure... (or) But one thing is for sure...

    - ...you have an...
    - ...content of this book...
    - ...without further ado... (or are you saying: with further content due?)

    Chapter 1:


    - In fact, it's a bit more complicated...

    - This error is not noticeable in the post version, but in the pdf "collapse" is on one line and the like number is on the next.

    - Colloquially called sea shells. (this is in the footnotes)

    Chapter 2:


    - Not noticeable in the post version, but the pdf might need a comma between the link numbers.

    - The first 'of' should be removed in the caption under the first image.

    - ...build up of polar caps and snowfalls.

    - It seem that the chain of events is as follows:

    - ...submarine landslides... documented effects...

    - Needs a comma behind "Permian-Triassic extinction".

    - ...seems...

    - The "and' might not need to be there.
    - ...take...

    - Does the second hyphen need to be there? (found in the footnotes)

    - Does the comma need to be there?

    Chapter 3


    - Not noticeable in the post but in the pdf the one is missing making it the year 982.

    - ...significant clue in 1986 when he...

    - ... so observers have yet to still find Nemesis.

    - ...major extinctions coincide with a 27 million year cycle.
    Click to expand...

    All done in the source file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001540,"date":"2022-01-23T15:26:28+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Some more.

    Chapter 4:


    - Logically one considers cometary events as solely agents... (or a cometary event)

    - Tree growth...

    - The rings after the event are markedly wider. (Caption under the tree ring image.)

    - Charles Darwin euphemistically coined the Venus flytrap as “one of the most wonderful [plants] in the world”.

    - The Carolina bays host a number a fauna and flora species found nowhere else on our planet.

    Chapter 6:


    -... my(?)...

    Chapter 7:


    - ...followed by life explosions marked by the emergence of new and more complex lifeforms.

    - ...the oldest land animal, a millipede species called Pneumodesmus [8] along with the first land plant, known as Eohostimella heathana.

    - ...an elaborate camouflage apparatus[36] and with more genes than found in humans[37].

    Chapter 8:


    - When one zooms out over past eons, one can see that each geologic period marks the apparition of new life forms...

    - The conception of evolution was still much alive for centuries,...

    - Would 'with' instead of 'by' be better?

    - This section is 'quoted' in the pdf but is not in the post version. I don't know if that matters.

    - ...million...

    - ...one extensive meta-study...

    - ... billion years of existence.
    - As shown in the quote above, not only do most species experience evolutionary leaps but that most species then experience long periods of total stagnation (stasis). This succession of sudden leaps and long periods of stagnation is totally contrary to the concept of (a) gradual change.

    - ...periods...

    - See Part II, Chapter 6 "The Cambrian Life Explosion" (found in the footnotes)

    Chapter 9:


    - Currently, the reorganizing of retroviruses in the genomes is leading to the birth of a new species:

    - Out of 19...

    - ...back in the...

    -...have a nucleus...

    -...that is found in humans is around...

    -...described in part II.

    -...Chapter 6(?)...


    This is a fascinating read Pierre. I'm enjoying reading this as much as your first two! \":thup:\" Thank you!
    Click to expand...

    All corrected in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001541,"date":"2022-01-23T15:29:59+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    -> Maupertuis. See Wiki.

    in 5.109 years -> in 5.109 million years?
    Click to expand...

    The master file has been corrected. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001583,"date":"2022-01-23T18:24:03+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    I guess I should say that some of these may not be errors but rather my own misinterpretation of the language/concept. Sorry if I got some of these wrong.

    Here's a few more:

    Chapter 10:


    -...other... (or) ...others closely related to those species...

    - These species-specific actions displayed by viruses have been...
    (or)
    - This species-specific action displayed by viruses has been...

    -...Could the bornavirus have been a novel virus introduced...
    (or)
    -...Could bornaviruses have been novel viruses introduced...
    (also)
    -...integrated into the...

    -...forms...

    - See Chapter 9...

    Chapter 11:


    -...actions...

    -...causes...

    - Comma does not need to be there.

    -...indeed a viral epidemic...
    (or)
    - ...indeed viral epidemics...

    -But along with its deadliness...

    - So, despite several (cases, examples) of circumstantial evidence...
    (or)
    - So, despite several circumstantial evidence (cases, examples)...

    - However, there are a number of documented and recent virus-induced extinctions.

    - The suspected involvement of viruses in past extinctions like Wrangler mammoths,...

    -...Part II, Chapter 5... (footnotes)

    - See Chapter 14... (footnotes)

    Chapter 12:


    - Even... lifeforms...

    - The caption under the 2nd image should read Yaravirus.

    - The semi-colon should be a comma, I think.

    - See Chapter #(TBA)... (footnotes)

    Chapter 13:


    - That's a hundred...

    -...50 billion viruses...

    -"...of viruses" can be omitted.
    (also)
    - Needs a period behind "planet".

    -...minute...

    -...body, which is 100 times less...
    (or)
    -...body. That's 100 times less... (Imo, I think "less" should be emphasized.)

    -...on the viral...
    (also)
    -...in the human... "the" could be removed.

    - Needs a comma after "addition".

    - In the pdf version, "In the context of Darwinian evolutionary," was added to (or subtracted from?) the beginning of the above quote. The word "evolutionary" should be "evolution".

    - Needs a space behind the semi-colon.

    -...Chapter 1...
    Click to expand...

    All corrections included in the master files. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13584,"user":"Hi_Henry","id":1001592,"date":"2022-01-23T18:51:05+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    In addition to the iron spherules, the GISP2[36] ice core for ca. 536 AD revealed the presence of silicate spherules[37], which are the byproducts of impact events[38]:

    View attachment 53842
    © Sutlle
    Sectioned BEI images of silicate cosmic spherules    ​

    To recap, the absence of substantial volcanic eruption and accompanying acidity spike for the period 533-540 AD tends to discard the only-volcano hypothesis. The above doesn’t mean that volcanic eruptions were not one of the contributors[41] but it was probably not the main contributor and, as shown in our previous book[42], cometary activity can cause volcanic eruptions anyway.
    Click to expand...
    Pierre, you might enjoy seeing this man's work. When seen in color these micrometeorites are just gorgeous.


    https://twitter.com/HotClubdNorvege
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001601,"date":"2022-01-23T19:28:01+0100","text":"
    Hi_Henry said:
    Pierre, you might enjoy seeing this man's work. When seen in color these micrometeorites are just gorgeous.
    Click to expand...
    I didn't know micrometeorites were so beautiful! Thank you for the link.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1001659,"date":"2022-01-24T01:04:57+0100","text":"Chapter 17:

    Pierre said:
    During these eight years, it killed between 15 million and 100 million people depending of the estimates[1] [2], which represented between 25% and 60% of Europe's population of the time[3].
    Click to expand...
    -...depending on the... population at the...
    Pierre said:
    This was the death count only for the first outbreak. The plague of Justinian had 18 epidemics outbreaks[4] spread over more than two centuries.
    Click to expand...
    -...epidemic...
    Pierre said:
    This cooling event is confirmed by several chroniclers and seems to have been caused by an extraordinary dust veil as reported by chroniclers of the time among which Procopius:
    Click to expand...
    -...which Procopius says/writes:
    Pierre said:
    Flavius Cassiodorus[19] wrote about conditions that he experienced 536 AD, which are quite similar what other chroniclers describe:
    Click to expand...
    -...experienced in 536 AD... similar to what...
    Pierre said:
    Zacharia of Mitylene[28] make a similar observation: In the eleventh year of Justinian [538AD],
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a space.
    Pierre said:
    The above doesn’t mean that volcanic eruptions were not one of the contributors[41] but it was probably not the main contributor and, as shown in our previous book
    Click to expand...
    -...in our(?) previous... (Just checking.)
    Pierre said:
    If one zooms in the five years from 536 to 540 AD, the multiplicity of comet sightings in the years 536-540 AD (in particular, Procopius in 536 AD, Zacharia of Mitylene in 538 AD, Chinese chronicles in 540 AD) plus the worsening in the drop temperature record by dendrochronology[39] (cooling in 536 AD that worsen 538 AD and that worsen even more in 540 AD) plus the detection of the cometary material in ice cores (notably in 536, 538 and 541 AD) suggests that there was not one but, at least three, closely interspersed major cometary bombardments and/or overhead explosions in this five years span[40]:
    Click to expand...
    -...in on the...
    (also)
    -...plus the temperature drops shown by dendrochronological [39] records (cooling in 536 AD that worsened in 538 AD and then worsened even more in 540 AD)... (I found this portion of the sentence to be difficult so rewrote a possible alternative.)
    (also)
    -...but, at least, three closely... (I think the comma needs to be behind "least" instead of "three".)
    (also)
    -...five year span...
    Pierre said:
    When the virus finally reaches the ground, it has yet to find suitable human hosts. Once it’s done, these hosts have to be in contact with a large enough and susceptible enough population to spread and generate a noticeable-enough epidemics.
    Click to expand...
    - Once it has...
    (or)
    - Once it's done so...
    Pierre said:
    Maybe, that’s why, Venerable Bede, the most erudite individual of these chaotic times considered comets as the cause of the plague, including the Plague of Justinian, which he was contemporary to, described comets as:
    Click to expand...
    -...describing...
    Pierre said:
    [43] J. Wickramasingh et al. (2010) “Comets and the Origin of Life”. World Scientific Publishing Co
    Click to expand...
    - Period behind "Co".","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1001661,"date":"2022-01-24T01:08:02+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    According to dendochronologist Mike Baillie, European oak tree data
    Click to expand...
    -...dendrochronologist...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13584,"user":"Hi_Henry","id":1001731,"date":"2022-01-24T15:13:12+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    I didn't know micrometeorites were so beautiful! Thank you for the link.
    Click to expand...
    Thank You for the great work you are sharing here !!!!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1001890,"date":"2022-01-25T12:29:10+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Chapter 17:


    -...depending on the... population at the...

    -...epidemic...

    -...which Procopius says/writes:

    -...experienced in 536 AD... similar to what...

    - Needs a space.

    -...in our(?) previous... (Just checking.)

    -...in on the...
    (also)
    -...plus the temperature drops shown by dendrochronological [39] records (cooling in 536 AD that worsened in 538 AD and then worsened even more in 540 AD)... (I found this portion of the sentence to be difficult so rewrote a possible alternative.)
    (also)
    -...but, at least, three closely... (I think the comma needs to be behind "least" instead of "three".)
    (also)
    -...five year span...

    - Once it has...
    (or)
    - Once it's done so...

    -...describing...

    - Period behind "Co".
    Click to expand...

    Corrections brought to the master file. Thanks.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1003027,"date":"2022-01-30T14:16:36+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    -...dendrochronologist...
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the master files. Thank you!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1003504,"date":"2022-01-31T18:25:22+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Currently, the reorganizing of retroviruses in the genomes of is leading to the birth of a new species:
    Click to expand...

    -> in the genomes of them or in their genomes

    Pierre said:
    The first if the Central European blackcap
    Click to expand...
    -> is?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1004250,"date":"2022-02-03T14:20:33+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    -> in the genomes of them or in their genomes

    -> is?
    Click to expand...

    Corrected in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1004936,"date":"2022-02-06T11:56:10+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Evan further back in time
    Click to expand...
    -> Even","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1004957,"date":"2022-02-06T13:43:24+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Chapter 12:

    - Even... lifeforms...
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    Evan further back in time
    Click to expand...
    -> Even

    Already corrected.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":1004990,"date":"2022-02-06T16:30:00+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Pasteurism is to epidemiology what Darwinism is to evolution. Both are regressive, reductionist and materialist ideologies. They both contributed to erasing the fundamental role played by viruses in “evolution” and in life, including of course human life.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you again Pierre for making such a huge subject easy to follow and understand.
    The above paragraph, containing three sentences really hit the mark for me and in a nut-shell points to where it all went wrong. It's just awesome.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1004993,"date":"2022-02-06T16:45:13+0100","text":"Sorry for the delay relative the publication of chapter 18: "The Black Death". It needed quite a bit of work. Now, it's not perfect but it's presentable, OSIT

    Amongst other things, I've included a summary of the exchange with @gottathink:

    @Pierre, do you cover this in future chapters? Is it the fleas that contracted the virus and then they developed a susceptibility to bacterial infections to pass it on to humans?
    Click to expand...

    And @Vulcan59 great find published in the missing 460 years thread:

    FWIW, the discussion below at the Cosmic Tusk may have some clues... Fascinating exchange on the cause and timing of the 530's AD climate chaos
    Click to expand...

    In one hour or so, the chapter shall be published. Finally!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1004996,"date":"2022-02-06T17:07:02+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for Chapter 18.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 18.pdf
    Chapter 18.pdf
    683.2 KB· Views: 141
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1005003,"date":"2022-02-06T17:39:14+0100","text":"

    Chapter 18: The Black Death​


    Fatality and duration​


    Like the Plague of Justinian, the Bleak Death lasted several centuries from its first recorded apparition in 1347 until 1850[1] and it, likewise, exhibits numerous outbreaks – evaluated officially[2] to 16[3] in total:

    ​

    © Schmid BV et al.
    Plague incidences in Europe, 1347-1850. Graph produced on the basis of data from Biraben[4]    ​


    The Black Death was the most deadly pandemics in recorded history, it is said to have killed possibly two thirds of the entire population of Europe, not to mention hundreds of millions all over the planet. According to various estimates, the first outbreak alone that lasted from 1347 to 1353 caused between 75 and 200 million deaths.[5]

    Recent research into European death tolls also suggest a figure of about 50%[6] of the total European population dying during a four-year period, though the figure fluctuated from place to place. In Mediterranean Europe and Italy, the South of France and Spain, it was probably closer to 70% to 75%[7] of the total population.



    Peter Bruegel
    The Triumph of Death – (oil panel - c. 1562)    ​


    Pathogenic agent​



    There is compelling evidence that the Black Death was not an outbreak of bubonic plague, whose pathogenic agent is Yersinia pestis, a bacterium. This case is synthesized by historian Samuel K. Cohn[8] who discovered several irreconcilable inconsistencies in the Bubonic plague hypothesis:

    - Very different transmission speeds: the Black Death spread 385 km in 91 days, compared to 12-15 km a year for the modern Bubonic Plague, which has the assistance of trains and cars

    - Difficulties with the attempt to explain the rapid spread of the Black Death by arguing that it was spread by the rare pneumonic form of the disease - in fact this form killed less than 0.3% of the infected population in its worst outbreak in Manchuria in 1911

    - Different seasonality: the modern plague can only be sustained at temperatures between 50 and 78 °F (10 and 26 °C) and requires high humidity, while the Black Death occurred even in Norway in the middle of the winter and in the Mediterranean in the middle of hot dry summers

    - Very different death rates: in several places over 75% of the population appears to have died; in contrast the highest mortality for the modern Bubonic Plague was 3% in Mumbai in 1903

    The last nail in the coffin of the bubonic plague theory came from Gunnar Karlsson[9] who, in 2000, pointed out that the Black Death killed between half and two-thirds of the population of Iceland, although there were no rats in Iceland at this time.

    Researchers Duncan and Scott[10] carefully put all the available clues together, tracking the plague from its first appearance out of nowhere and chronicling its unprecedented catastrophic effects on European civilization - death on a scale that is unimaginable, but could very well happen again, at any time.

    They were able to not only surmise the amount of time from the appearance of symptoms to death, but also to establish the incubation period, latent period, period between symptoms and death, infectious period before the first symptoms.

    The two authors were astonished when they were able to work out the duration of these statistics in more than 50 different plague outbreaks in England and to verify the length of the latent and infectious periods many times. The correspondence with the universal 40-day ‘quarantine’ period established as successful prophylaxis during the time of the plague supported their conclusions. From the data available in other countries, they argue convincingly that these statistics applied to the Black Death in all of Europe.

    Duncan and Scott also analyzed and compiled the accounts relative to the plague symptoms:

    - A victim usually displayed the symptoms for about five days before dying. But according to contemporary accounts, this period could have been between two to twelve days.

    - The main diagnostic feature was the appearance of hemorrhagic spots, often red, but ranging in color from blue to purple and from orange to black. They often appeared on the chest, but were also seen on the throat, arms and legs and were caused by bleeding under the skin from damaged capillaries.

    - Various swellings were also characteristic of the disease: carbuncles, blains (burning ulcers) and the buboes, which were swollen lymph glands in the neck, armpits and groin. If the buboes failed to rise and burst, there was little chance of survival, but if they broke the fever apparently declined.

    - Fever, continual vomiting, diarrhea, and prolonged bleeding from the nose were additional characteristics. Also, blood-tinged urine, a burning thirst, and in some, madness and delirium.

    - Autopsies revealed generalized necrosis of the internal organs. It was surely a gruesome way to die. The victim was killed by the literal death and liquefaction of the organs.



    Detail of the illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411)​


    No known virus existing today is responsible for the Black Death, although the symptoms resemble those of Ebola, Marburg and other viral hemorrhagic fevers - diseases caused by filoviruses. They have a high mortality rate and tend to occur in explosive epidemics driven by person-to-person transmission. Outbreaks occur unpredictably and, as of yet, no animal reservoir is known.

    And after centuries of periodic activity, the Black Death suddenly vanished. Where did the disease go? Did the virus mutate, causing other fearsome diseases?

    What we do know is that a more virulent form[11] of smallpox came to the fore in the 1630s and, just as the Black Death started disappearing from the stage of history, smallpox took its place as the most feared of human diseases, during the 20th century only, smallpox is estimated to have killed 500 million people[12]:



    © Schmid et al.
    The 16 official plague outbreaks    ​


    Notice in the graph above, the dashed line represents the plague incidence over the years 1680-1830, but this incidence is magnified six times. It’s as if we have one graph for two different diseases: the Black Death from 1348 and 1680 (high incidence) which would have lasted about two centuries like the plague of Justinian and another disease, smallpox or bubonic plaque from 1680 to 1830.

    There is one difference between the two viruses, unlike the Black Death virus, the smallpox virus is very resistant to cold temperatures, making it a more viable virus. Apart from temperature resistance hemorrhagic smallpox is virtually identical to the Black Death:[13]

    Nevertheless, by using a population genetic framework that takes into account the temporal pattern & age-dependent nature of specific diseases, biochemists find that smallpox (Variola major virus) is more consistent with this historical role. And we should point out that the cumulative number of deaths during the last 700 years from smallpox was greater than that from plague [14]
    Click to expand...

    Notice that the main stream theory about the origins of the Black Death and of the Justinian plague, is a bubonic plague caused by bacterial infection: Yersinia Pestis. This is based on not much evidence. A circumstantial one is the finding of Yersinia Pestis’ DNA on archeological remains.

    Indeed, teeth pulp extracted from the corpses dating from the plague of Justinian reveal DNA sequence of bubonic plague but it doesn't that the victims died of bubonic plague[15], just that were carriers. In the same today, dead with the SARS-CoV-19 doesn't necessarily mean dead from SARS-CoV-19[16], far from it!

    Also, as we previously said, Bubonic plague doesn't fit at all with the mortality, the geographic scope, the diffusion speed exhibited by the Black Death of the plague of Justinian, hemorrhagic viruses do.

    Origin​


    Now, let’s focus our attention on the origin of the Black Death. As we shall soon discover[17], viruses can be carried on by comets and this factor can come into play even without impact scenarios being involved. Coincidentally, Comet Negra was observed in 1347, around the time when the epidemics started. Several chroniclers reported this event:

    In France … was seen the terrible Comet called Negra.[18]​
    Click to expand...

    Leading dendrochronologist Mike Baillie presents a substantial body of evidence[19] showing that cometary events were the initiators of the Black Death as well as many other cataclysms. Thus the high mortality rates mentioned were not solely due to the Black Death pandemic. This period of history was marked by various interrelated catastrophes.

    Philip Ziegler collected many of these disasters from medieval chronicles:

    Droughts, floods, earthquakes, locusts, subterranean thunder, unheard of tempests, lightning, sheets of fire, hail stones of marvelous size, fire from heaven, stinking smoke, corrupted atmosphere, a vast rain of fire, masses of smoke. [20]
    Click to expand...

    Amongst all those catastrophes, earthquakes were particularly prominent. In the 1340s there was a veritable rash of earthquakes, the most prominent the great earthquake on 25 January 1348:

    In the thirty-first year of Emperor Lewis, around the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul there was an earthquake throughout Carinthia and Carniola which was so severe that everyone feared for their lives. There were repeated shocks, and on one night the earth shook 20 times. Sixteen cities were destroyed and their inhabitants killed.... Thirty-six mountain fortresses and their in habitants were destroyed and it was calculated that more than 40,000 men were swallowed up or overwhelmed[21].
    Click to expand...




    © Ambraseys – adaptation Sott.net
    Effect distribution of the 1348 earthquake. The quake was felt in most of the European countries
    ​
    Baillie discovered that there was a 14th century writer who wrote that the plague was a ‘corruption of the atmosphere’ that came from this earthquake or from the agent having caused this earthquake. A German treatise states the same:

    Insofar as the mortality arose from natural causes its immediate cause was a corrupt and poisonous earthy exhalation, which infected the air in various parts of the world... I say it was the vapour and corrupted air which has been vented - or so to speak purged - in the earthquake that occurred on St. Paul's day [1348], along with the corrupted air vented in other earthquakes and eruptions, which has infected the air above the earth and killed people in various parts of the world.[22]
    Click to expand...

    But notice that according to Hecker’s account the pestiferous, deadly wind did not follow but precede the great earthquake:

    On the island of Cyprus, the plague from the East had already broken out; when an earthquake shook the foundations of the island, and was accompanied by so frightful a hurricane, that the inhabitants who had slain their Mahometan slaves, in order that they might not themselves be subjugated by them, fled in dismay, in all directions. The sea overflowed--the ships were dashed to pieces on the rocks, and few outlived the terrific event, whereby this fertile and blooming island was converted into a desert. Before the earthquake, a pestiferous wind spread so poisonous an odour, that many, being overpowered by it, fell down suddenly and expired in dreadful agonies.[23]
    Click to expand...

    So what caused the “pestiferous wind” that preceded the great earthquakes, and possibly the earthquake itself? Earthquakes and cometary events can be closely related as Baillie points out:

    earthquakes could be caused by cometary explosions in the atmosphere or even impacts on the surface of the earth[24]
    Click to expand...

    This link is confirmed by own research[25]: cometary events can be the cause of earthquakes.

    Then, Baillie shows that the exact same signature is present at the time of the Black Death in both the tree rings and in the ice cores, and at other times[26] of so-called ‘plague and pandemic’. In particular, tree rings and ice-core revealed a spike in ammonium ca. 1347 AD.

    There are only four occasions in the last 1500 years: 539, 626, 1014, and 1908 which display a prominent ammonium spikes. Coincidently or not, each of these four dates is clearly associated with a cometary event:

    539 AD: as detailed in the previous chapter[27].

    626 AD: ammonium spike concomitant with meteor swarm observations:

    Michael Purser ,after a lecture in Dublin noticed that ” in frescoes relating to the Siege of Constantinople in 626 […] there were ‘stars falling from the sky ‘ associated with a turbulent sea. Corroborating this fireball imagery is an entry in the West Syrian Chronicles dated to the same year: AD 626 Shooting stars to the north.”[28]
    Click to expand...

    1014 AD: Baillie has suggested that 1014 may be an impact year because there was a report of a close comet, as well as a sea flood, and the ammonium signal[29]. Abbott[30] confirmed Baillie’s analysis citing evidence of an impact coinciding with evidence for an Atlantic tsunami.

    The close passing 1014 comet identified by the retro-calculations of Sekanina and Yeomans[31] may not be coincidental. In addition there is interesting entry in the Annales Magdaburgenses for the year 1014:

    Stella apparuit [a star appeared][32]
    Click to expand...

    1908 AD: the exact year of the Tunguska event overhead cometary explosion that flattened 1200 km2 of forest[33].

    Tunguska is particularly interesting because it had very particular signature: the above mentioned ammonium spike in conjunction with a cobalt/REE[34] spikes:

    Of interest too is an analysis of the element composition in one northern peat bog column from the 1908 Tunguska explosion epicenter published by Xie et al that showed concentrations of Pd , Ni , Co ,Ti , Y and REE in the event and lower layers are higher than the background values for the upper layers […] eight times for Ni , ten times for Co […] and fifteen times for REE respectively ” […] The Cobalt and REE abundances are coeval at a depth corresponding to 1908 when a comet chunk detonated over Siberia[35]
    Click to expand...

    In addition, the Tunguska bolide induced a shock wave equivalent to an earthquake measuring 5.0 on the Richter magnitude scale[36].

    The beginning the Black Death exhibits all the features of the Tunguska event. Namely the above mentioned Great earthquake and ammonium spike, plus a distinct Cobalt/REE spikes:

    The cobalt and rare earth element indices escalating from AD 1300 – 1350 visible in the REE -index and Cobalt[…]that points to another cometary debris bombardment episode in the 14th century. The REE /cobalt index looks fairly robust over the last 2 – 3 millennia at least[37]
    Click to expand...

    And, of course, we have numerous corroborating observations of cometary events reported by reliable eyewitness in France, in Germany and in the Arabic World:

    Read the eyewitness reports of the Paris Medical Faculty and Hecker’s description […] before the Cyprus earthquake …An Arabic source even links the plague to a “high explosion”[38]
    Click to expand...

    Here is the report written Justus Hecker[39]:

    […] a fiery meteor, which descended on the earth far in the East, [and] destroyed everything within a circumference of more than a hundred leagues, infecting the air far and wide.[40]
    Click to expand...

    All the markers at the beginning the Black Death are also present during the Tunguska event, albeit on a larger scale:

    The cobalt and REE series[…].Both series show an uptick around 1300 – 1350 with the REE spike [or interpretive ‘artifact ‘] dominating the REE multi centennial LIA sequence at a time of comet sightings fireballs, “quakes ” floods, global tree ring growth downturns famine and mass deaths.[41]
    Click to expand...

    In short, there seems to be a connection between of (overhead) cometary bombardments, earthquakes, ammonium and Cobalt/REE spikes, as clearly shown for example during the Tunguska event.

    Worth of notice and strengthening the comet hypothesis further is Jon Arrizabalaga[42] analysis of the meaning of “Black Death”. For this purpose, he compiled a selection of writings in an attempt to understand what educated people were saying about the Black Death while it was happening. Regarding the terms used by doctors and other medical people in 1348 to describe the plague, he writes:

    Jaume d'Agramunt[43], discussed it in terms of an "epidemic or pestilence and mortalities of people" which threatened Lerida from "some parts and regions neighbouring to us" ... Agramont said nothing concerning the term epidemia, but he extensively developed what he meant by pestilencia. He gave this latter term a very peculiar etymology [...], which came to be widely accepted throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. He split the term pestilencia up into three syllables, each having a particular meaning: pes = tempesta: 'storm, tempest'; te = 'temps, time', lencia = clardat: 'brightness, light'; hence, he concluded, the pestilencia was 'the time of tempest caused by light from the stars.' [44]
    Click to expand...

    In the end It’s not clear whether the Black Death Virus was carried by comet Negra and/or by the comet that caused the great earthquake and/or by the numerous meteoric that fell upon the Earth between these two events.

    Another data suggesting that the Black Death was an airborne pathogen is the geographic spread pattern, where the epidemics doesn’t flow usual humans and/or rats pathways but dominant winds:

    The Black Death […] has all the hallmarks of a space incident component or trigger. […] the progression of the disease did not follow contours associated with travel routes, displaying a patchiness of incidence including zones of total avoidance.[45]




    © Andy85719
    Regions untouched by the Black Death    ​

    The map above shows that cities like Milan, Bruges or Warsaw were virtually untouched by the Black Death. How could these very busy cities escape the pandemics if the contagion vectors were rats? But if the Black Death was a space borne virus a certain drop down patchiness should be expected, as well as a geographic diffusion pattern following dominant winds:

    Moreover, the pattern of infection appears to travel the course of prevailing winds […] This does not accord with straightforward infection via a rodent/flea carrier as is conventional to assume.[46]

    Indeed, the yearly spread map of the Black Death reveals concentric circle centered on the Mediterranean Sea and spreading evenly in all direction. It suggests that the pathogen initially descended from the atmosphere somewhere in the Mediterranean Sea and was subsequently spread by the winds:





    © Baillie
    Contours of the spread of the Black Death    ​

    Notice Italy might even have been the first country affected in the world since the alleged migration from Crimea to Italy doesn’t stand factual scrutiny[47]. If Crimea was not the source of the epidemics that contaminated Sicily and then Europe, the already sketchy official chronology becomes impossible:





    © Schmid et al.
    Official geographic progression of the Black Death    ​

    In conclusion, the epidemics that ravaged Europe were not bubonic plague but very probably a hemorrhagic virus, related to smallpox. The pathogen was not carried by rats but airborne disseminated from high atmosphere after a cometary explosion. The Black Death pandemic was one aspect of a series of cometary-induced cataclysms, including earthquakes that brought its knees the medieval European civilization.


    [1] Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008) “Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M” ABC-CLIO. p. 519
    [2] We will go back to this point in the next subchapter: “Pathogenic agent”
    [3] Boris V. Schmid et al. (2015) “Climate-driven introductions of plague into Europe” PNAS 112 (10) 3020-3025
    [4] Biraben JJN (1976) ‘’Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens’’ Mouton, Paris-La Haye
    [5] Edwards, K. (2012) “And America Quaked: A Chilling Series of Visions of a Future American” Wheatmark, p.100
    [6] Daileader, Philip (2007) “The Late Middle Ages” The Teaching Company
    [7] Daileader, op. cit.
    [8] Samuel K. Cohn Jr. (2002) “The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe” Oxford University Press
    [9] Karlsson, G. (2001) “The History of Iceland” University of Minnesota
    [10] Susan Scott & Christopher Duncan (2004) “Return of the Black Death” Wiley
    [11] Smallpox was first identified in 10,000 BC, albeit a less virulent form. See part III, chapter “Viruses Contribute to Mass Extinctions”
    [12] David A. Koplow (2003) “Smallpox—The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge.” University of California Press.
    [13] Segura, G. (2011) “New Light on the Black Death: The Viral and Cosmic Connection” The Dot Connector Magazine, issue 13, volume 1
    [14] Galvani, Alison et al. (2004) “Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele” PNAS 100. 15276-9
    [15] Drancourt M. et al. (2004) “Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and plague pandemics” Emerg Infect Dis. 10(9):1585-92
    [16] See Part VI : ‘’6th Extinction and coronavirus’’
    [17] See chapter 20: “Meteorites carrying microorganisms”
    [18] Short, T. (1749) “A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, Etc” London
    [19] Baillie M. (2006) “New Light on the Black Death: The Cosmic Connection” The History Press
    [20] Ziegler, P. (2009) “The Black Death” Harper Perennial Modern Classics
    [21] Horrox, R. (1994) “The Black Death” Manchester University Press
    [22] Medieval German treatise quoted in Horrox R., op. cit.
    [23] Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker (2019) “The Black Death” Books on Demand
    [24] Baillie, M., op. cit.
    [25] Lescaudron, 2021 chapter “Correlation between Cometary Activity, volcanism and earthquakes”
    [26] The 539 AD signal that closely precedes the outbreak of the plague of Justinian in 541 AD
    [27] See previous chapter about the plague of Justinian
    [28] Deep Tusk Contributors (2022) “Fascinating exchange on the cause and timing of the 530's AD climate chaos’ Deep Tusk
    [29] Baillie M. (2007) “The case for significant numbers of extraterrestrial impacts through the late Holocene” Journal Of Quaternary Science 22(2) 101–109
    [30] Abbott, D. et al. (2014) “What Caused Terrestrial Dust Loading and Climate Downturns Between 533 and 540 A.D.?” Special Paper of the Geological Society of America 505. 421-427. 10.1130/2014.2505(23)
    [31] Yeomans, Donald et al. (2004) “Cometary orbit determination and nongravitational forces” Comets II
    [32] Annales Magdaburgenses MGH SS ,xvi 165
    [33] Zurab K. Silagadze (2003) “Tunguska genetic anomaly and electrophonic meteors” Acta Phys.Polon. B 36 935
    [34] Rare Earth Material
    [35] Deep Tusk Contributors (2022) “Fascinating exchange on the cause and timing of the 530's AD climate chaos’ Deep Tusk
    [36] Traynor, Chris (1997) "The Tunguska Event" Journal of the British Astronomical Association 107 (3)
    [37] Deep Tusk Contributors, 2022
    [38] Deep Tusk Contributors, 2022
    [39] (1795-1850) German physician and medical writer, whose works appear in medical encyclopedias and journals of the time. He particularly studied disease in relation to human history, including plagues.
    [40] World Archaeology Editors (2007) “Review: New Light on the Black Death: the cosmic connection” World Archaeology
    [41] Deep Tusk Contributors, 2022
    [42] Research Professor in the History of Medicine and Science, and deputy director of the IMF in the Spanish National Research Council
    [43] Catalan doctor and writer, who died in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain in 1350. In the face of the incredible toll taken across Europe by the Black Plague, on April 23, 1348 he provided the Mayor of Lleida with his Directions for Protection from the Plague
    [44] Amanda Laoupi (2016) “Fires from Heaven. Comets and diseases in circum-Mediterranean Disaster Myths” Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards & Proactive Planning – NTUA
    [45] Rhawn J. et al. (2010) “Comets and Contagion: Evolution and Diseases From Space” Journal of Cosmology, Vol 7, 1750-1770
    [46] Ibid
    [47] Hannah Barker (2021). “Laying the Corpses to Rest: Grain, Embargoes, and Yersinia pestis in the Black Sea, 1346–48” Speculum 96","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1005009,"date":"2022-02-06T18:25:08+0100","text":"In the thirty-first year of Emperor Lewis,
    Lewis, in French ????
    thank you, Pierre","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1005015,"date":"2022-02-06T18:46:49+0100","text":"
    Channa said:
    In the thirty-first year of Emperor Lewis,
    Lewis, in French ????
    Click to expand...
    I think it's Lewis IV (German: Ludwig) 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347, called the Bavarian. To be checked though.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1005016,"date":"2022-02-06T18:49:01+0100","text":"Thank you
    I will put this in the French pdf that I am transcribing","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1005023,"date":"2022-02-06T19:00:18+0100","text":"Great chapter Pierre. Thank you!
    In the last sentence:
    Pierre said:
    including earthquakes that brought its knees the medieval European civilization.
    Click to expand...
    -> brought to its knees","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1005032,"date":"2022-02-06T19:27:01+0100","text":"Pierre, I put "Emperor Ludwig IV, the Bavarian".
    Here is the PDF in French
    Thank you Pierre and good reading to all
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-18.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-18.pdf
    4.5 MB· Views: 105
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1005118,"date":"2022-02-07T01:34:48+0100","text":"Another good chapter, Pierre!

    Pierre said:
    The Black Death was the most deadly pandemics in recorded history
    Click to expand...
    - ...pandemic...
    Pierre said:
    period between symptoms and death, infectious period before the first symptoms.
    Click to expand...
    -...death, and infectious...
    Pierre said:
    Indeed, teeth pulp extracted from the corpses dating from the plague of Justinian reveal DNA sequence of bubonic plague but it doesn't that the victims died of bubonic plague
    Click to expand...
    -...reveal DNA sequences of bubonic plague but it doesn't mean/seem/show/prove that the victims died of the bubonic plague...
    Pierre said:
    Also, as we previously said, Bubonic plague doesn't fit at all with the mortality, the geographic scope, the diffusion speed exhibited by the Black Death of the plague of Justinian, hemorrhagic viruses do.
    Click to expand...
    -...the diffusion speed exhibited by the Black Death or the plague of Justinian like hemorrhagic viruses do.
    Pierre said:
    In the 1340s there was a veritable rash of earthquakes, the most prominent the great earthquake on 25 January 1348:
    Click to expand...
    -...prominent being the...
    Pierre said:
    This link is confirmed by own research
    Click to expand...
    -...by my own...
    Pierre said:
    In particular, tree rings and ice-core revealed a spike in ammonium ca. 1347 AD.
    Click to expand...
    -...ice-cores...
    Pierre said:
    There are only four occasions in the last 1500 years: 539, 626, 1014, and 1908 which display a prominent ammonium spikes.
    Click to expand...
    -...which display (delete 'a') prominent ammonium spikes.
    or
    ...which each display a prominent ammonium spike.
    Pierre said:
    In addition there is interesting entry in the Annales Magdaburgenses for the year 1014:
    Click to expand...
    -...is an interesting...
    Pierre said:
    Tunguska is particularly interesting because it had very particular signature: the above mentioned ammonium spike in conjunction with a cobalt/REE[34] spikes:
    Click to expand...
    -...spike.
    Pierre said:
    The beginning the Black Death exhibits all the features of the Tunguska event. Namely the above mentioned Great earthquake and ammonium spike, plus a distinct Cobalt/REE spikes:
    Click to expand...
    - In/At the beginning...
    also
    -...spike.
    Pierre said:
    Here is the report written Justus Hecker
    Click to expand...
    -...written by Justin...

    floods, global tree ring growth downturns famine and mass deaths.[41]
    Click to expand...
    -...growth, downturns, famine... (This is a quote. Needs commas.)
    Pierre said:
    In short, there seems to be a connection between of (overhead) cometary bombardments, earthquakes, ammonium and Cobalt/REE spikes, as clearly shown for example during the Tunguska event.
    Click to expand...
    -...between the (overhead)... (or)... delete 'of'
    also
    -...shown, for example, during... (Needs commas)
    Pierre said:
    Worth of notice and strengthening the comet hypothesis further is Jon Arrizabalaga[42] analysis of the meaning of “Black Death”.
    Click to expand...
    -...Worthy of note, and strengthening the comet hypothesis, is Jon Arrizabalaga's analysis...

    Jaume d'Agramunt[43], discussed it in terms of an "epidemic or pestilence and mortalities of people" which threatened Lerida from "some parts and regions neighbouring to us" ... Agramont said nothing concerning the term epidemia
    Click to expand...
    - Agramunt or Agramont? (This is a quote.)
    Pierre said:
    In the end It’s not clear whether the Black Death Virus was carried by comet Negra and/or by the comet that caused the great earthquake and/or by the numerous meteoric that fell upon the Earth between these two events.
    Click to expand...
    -...end, it's...
    Pierre said:
    Another data suggesting that the Black Death was an airborne pathogen is the geographic spread pattern, where the epidemics doesn’t flow usual humans and/or rats pathways but dominant winds:
    Click to expand...
    - Other data suggesting... (or) - Another data point suggesting...
    also
    -...where the epidemics don't follow the usual human and/or rat pathways but are instead spread by dominant winds:...
    (or)
    -...where the epidemics don't flow through the usual human and/or rat pathways but are instead spread by dominant winds:...
    Pierre said:
    Indeed, the yearly spread map of the Black Death reveals concentric circle centered on the Mediterranean Sea and spreading evenly in all direction.
    Click to expand...
    -...circles... directions.
    Pierre said:
    Notice Italy might even have been the first country affected
    Click to expand...
    - Notice that Italy... (Might not need to be added.)
    Pierre said:
    The pathogen was not carried by rats but airborne disseminated from high atmosphere after a cometary explosion. The Black Death pandemic was one aspect of a series of cometary-induced cataclysms, including earthquakes that brought its knees the medieval European civilization.
    Click to expand...
    -...by rats but was instead airborne, disseminating from the high atmosphere... (or)... being disseminated...
    also
    -...brought the medieval European civilization to its knees.
    Pierre said:
    [11] Smallpox was first identified in 10,000 BC, albeit a less virulent form. See part III, chapter “Viruses Contribute to Mass Extinctions”
    Click to expand...
    -...See Part III, Chapter 11,","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1005422,"date":"2022-02-08T14:03:29+0100","text":"
    thorbiorn said:
    Great chapter Pierre. Thank you!
    In the last sentence:

    -> brought to its knees
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1005424,"date":"2022-02-08T14:20:42+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Another good chapter, Pierre!


    - ...pandemic...

    -...death, and infectious...

    -...reveal DNA sequences of bubonic plague but it doesn't mean/seem/show/prove that the victims died of the bubonic plague...

    -...the diffusion speed exhibited by the Black Death or the plague of Justinian like hemorrhagic viruses do.

    -...prominent being the...

    -...by my own...

    -...ice-cores...

    -...which display (delete 'a') prominent ammonium spikes.
    or
    ...which each display a prominent ammonium spike.

    -...is an interesting...

    -...spike.

    - In/At the beginning...
    also
    -...spike.

    -...written by Justin...


    -...growth, downturns, famine... (This is a quote. Needs commas.)

    -...between the (overhead)... (or)... delete 'of'
    also
    -...shown, for example, during... (Needs commas)

    -...Worthy of note, and strengthening the comet hypothesis, is Jon Arrizabalaga's analysis...


    - Agramunt or Agramont? (This is a quote.)

    -...end, it's...

    - Other data suggesting... (or) - Another data point suggesting...
    also
    -...where the epidemics don't follow the usual human and/or rat pathways but are instead spread by dominant winds:...
    (or)
    -...where the epidemics don't flow through the usual human and/or rat pathways but are instead spread by dominant winds:...

    -...circles... directions.

    - Notice that Italy... (Might not need to be added.)

    -...by rats but was instead airborne, disseminating from the high atmosphere... (or)... being disseminated...
    also
    -...brought the medieval European civilization to its knees.

    -...See Part III, Chapter 11,
    Click to expand...

    Corrected in the master file. Thanks. I made many mistakes in this chapter!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1005454,"date":"2022-02-08T17:25:53+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Corrected in the master file. Thanks. I made many mistakes in this chapter!
    Click to expand...

    \":-D\" Well, I think your mind is very busy. Writing these fantastic chapters can't be easy. Keep your energy focused on this monumental task. If you make a few mistakes, the members on this forum will sniff them out! \"👍\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1006572,"date":"2022-02-13T06:38:20+0100","text":"From chapter 14:

    Georgi Eliava established phage therapy in Tsiblisi at the Eliava Institute in 1936,
    Click to expand...

    -> Tbilisi. See wiki.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1006579,"date":"2022-02-13T07:49:35+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Actually their integration of ERVs in the host’s genome provides benefits:
    Click to expand...
    -> Actually their integration in the... or Actually integration of ERVs","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1006601,"date":"2022-02-13T10:19:26+0100","text":"Un grand MERCI Pierre pour ce chapitre passionnant...
    Merci Channa pour le PDF en Français...

    A big THANK YOU Pierre for this fascinating chapter...
    Thank you Channa for the PDF in French...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2292,"user":"Aeneas","id":1006887,"date":"2022-02-14T09:55:16+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    I think it's Lewis IV (German: Ludwig) 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347, called the Bavarian. To be checked though.
    Click to expand...
    The above fits. He was called the Bavarian.

    I think Louis IV would be better both in English and in French. At least one will easily find it in google search with that name, where as Lewis IV does not bring much.
    In English:
    \"en.wikipedia.org\"

    Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia

    \"en.wikipedia.org\"en.wikipedia.org

    And in French:
    \"fr.wikipedia.org\"

    Louis IV (empereur du Saint-Empire) — Wikipédia

    \"fr.wikipedia.org\"fr.wikipedia.org
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4470,"user":"Mari","id":1006901,"date":"2022-02-14T11:54:07+0100","text":"Another evolutionary leap?

    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14181,"user":"Wandering Star","id":1006935,"date":"2022-02-14T13:39:05+0100","text":"I am not a person to "store" data. I always try to understand and what I store is the concept.

    So you are a perfect writer for me.

    The concepts are perfectly understood and the reading is easy and fluid.

    Thank you for the gift that is your book.\":hug2:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1007545,"date":"2022-02-16T18:16:57+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    three centuries before Pasteur’s work - Girolamo Frastoro
    Click to expand...
    -> Fracastoro. See Wiki.

    Pierre said:
    between comet and viruses?
    Click to expand...
    -> comets","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007771,"date":"2022-02-17T14:59:04+0100","text":"
    Aeneas said:
    The above fits. He was called the Bavarian.

    I think Louis IV would be better both in English and in French. At least one will easily find it in google search with that name, where as Lewis IV does not bring much.
    In English:
    \"en.wikipedia.org\"

    Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia

    \"en.wikipedia.org\"en.wikipedia.org

    And in French:
    \"fr.wikipedia.org\"

    Louis IV (empereur du Saint-Empire) — Wikipédia

    \"fr.wikipedia.org\"fr.wikipedia.org
    Click to expand...

    Fixed in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007772,"date":"2022-02-17T15:03:33+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    From chapter 14:

    -> Tbilisi. See wiki.
    Click to expand...

    Master file corrected. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007773,"date":"2022-02-17T15:04:35+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    -> Actually their integration in the... or Actually integration of ERVs
    Click to expand...
    Done. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007774,"date":"2022-02-17T15:06:14+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    -> Fracastoro. See Wiki.


    -> comets
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the master file. Thanks.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007775,"date":"2022-02-17T15:19:37+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 19.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 19.pdf
    Chapter 19.pdf
    750.4 KB· Views: 132
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007776,"date":"2022-02-17T15:29:25+0100","text":"

    Chapter 19: Were 460 years added to the official chronology?​


    Before, continuing with the analysis of the Plague of Justinian, let’s have a look at the official chronology, because it has, serious repercussions on the timeline, in particular on the birth of Christianity.

    One of the famous eruptions in history was the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius, which buried Pompeii and Herculaneum overnight.


    © John Martin 1822
    The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum    ​

    The most well-known eyewitness account of the eruption was not written by Pliny the Younger, as is generally believed, but much later in 1498, by Giovanni Giocondo[1], who claimed to have found Pliny’s original letters in Paris. Unfortunately, the original letters no longer exist.[2] Were what Giocondo found, and what he claimed to have found, different in any way? Notice also that some other works by Giocondo are marked by controversy.[3] [4] [5]

    Spewing ash, Vesuvius spewed a deadly cloud of ash and gases at 1.5 million tons per second, and to a height of 33 km.[6] Pulverized pumice and lava fragments piled up to 20 meters[7] deep,[8] leaving the city of Pompeii buried beneath four million tons of volcanic material and debris[9].

    The eruption released 100,000 times the thermal energy of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima[10]. The estimated VEI[11] was 5 on a scale of 6, making it one of the largest known eruptions in the past 2,000 years.

    The only problem is, in spite of this magnitude, it didn’t leave any signature whatsoever in Greenland ice cores:
    ​
    Major and trace element composition of the particles indicates that the tephra does not derive from Vesuvius but most likely originates from an unidentified eruption in the Aleutian arc. Using ash dispersal modelling, we find that only an eruption large enough to include stratospheric injection is likely to account for the sizeable (24–85 μm) ash particles observed in the Greenland ice at this time. Despite its likely explosivity, this event does not appear to have triggered significant climate perturbations, unlike some other large extra-tropical eruptions. In light of a recent re-evaluation of the Greenland ice-core chronologies, our findings further challenge the previous dating of this volcanic event to 79 CE.[12]​
    Click to expand...

    In Antarctica, it’s the same story; no noticeable deposits. “The event” didn’t trigger a noticeable temperature drop either:

    ​

    © Michael Sigl et al.
    Ice-core records of sulfur from two ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica​


    ​

    © Smithsonian Institution.
    List of Vesuvius eruption between 536 AD and 79 AD     ​

    In the other hand, the eruption of 536 AD is reported by Procopius (way more ancient and reliable than Giocondo):
    ​
    But on the summit of Vesuvius and at about the centre of it appears a cavern of such depth that one would judge that it extends all the way to the bottom of the mountain. And it is possible to see fire there, if one should dare to peer over the edge, and although the flames as a rule merely twist and turn upon one another, occasioning no trouble to the inhabitants of that region, yet, when the mountain gives forth a rumbling sound which resembles bellowing, it generally sends up not long afterward a great quantity of ashes. And if anyone travelling on the road is caught by this terrible shower, he cannot possibly survive, and if it falls upon houses, they too fall under the weight of the great quantity of ashes. But whenever it so happens that a strong wind comes on, the ashes rise to a great height, so that they are no longer visible to the eye, and are borne wherever the wind which drives them goes, falling on lands exceedingly far away.[13]
    ​
    Click to expand...
    Notice however how Procopius doesn’t mention an eruption of Vesuvius per se, but a rumbling. What the point of reporting of more “rumbling”. Does Procopius protest too much? It seems so because the same Procopius, in The Gothic Wars mentions explicitly an explosive eruption of Vesuvius in 536 AD:
    ​
    Explosive eruption [of Vesuvius], darkening in Mesopotamia lasted all the winter of this year.[14]
    ​
    Click to expand...

    The eruption of 536 AD is not only backed up by historical observations, but left very distinct marks in both Antarctica and Greenland ice-cores and in temperature reconstructions (as shown in the graph by Sigl et al.) . For some reason, it is the only eruption with no associated VEI.

    Notice also, all the other alleged eruptions – in 172 AD, 203 AD, 222 AD, 379 AD, 472 AD and 512 AD – despite reaching, for several them, a VEI of 4 and 5 – didn’t leave any trace in Greenland and Antarctica ice cores and temperature reconstructions.

    Could it be that just one eruption of Vesuvius (that of 536 AD, with its historical observations and confirmed ice cores) actually happened, while the other eruption (of 79 AD) didn’t happen?

    That’s substantially what Mike Baillie proposes in his paper “Volcanoes, ice cores and tree rings; one story or two?”[15] In it he suggests that if no volcanic ash is to be found in ice cores corresponding to 79 AD (as shown by Plunkett et al.) then the real eruption – conventionally attributed to 79 AD – actually occurred in 536 AD.

    If one factors in the re-dating of the European ice core chronology by seven years prior to the 7th century AD[16] we end up with 464 added years.

    If one eruption of Vesuvius became two, 464 years apart, could those 464 years have been added to the official timeline?
    ​

    [1] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Giovanni Giocondo” Wikipedia
    [2] Tom Higgins (2011) “Pliny Correspondence With Trajan John Bartrom” Scribd
    [3] Kaiser, R. (2017) “Caesar's Rhine Bridge and Its Feasibility in Giovanni Giocondo's Expositio pontis (1513)”. In Knowledge, Text and Practice in Ancient Technical Writing (pp. 68-92) Cambridge University Press
    [4] Stenhouse, William (2003) “Georg Fabricius and Inscriptions as a Source of Law” Renaissance Studies 17, no. 1 96–107
    [5] De Raedt N. (2016) “Architecture” In Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, Springer
    [6] Time editors (1956) “Man of Pompeii" Time
    [7] 70 ft
    [8] Sigurðsson, Haraldur et al. (1982) "The Eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence" American Journal of Archaeology 86 (1)
    [9] Noreen G. (2021) “A World Buried in the Eruption” Eruption Vesuvius
    [10] Ibid
    [11] Volcanic Explosivity Index
    [12] Plunkett, G. et al. (2021) “No evidence for tephra in Greenland from the historic eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE: Implications for geochronology and paleoclimatology” Climate of the Past
    [13] Procopius. “History of the Wars”, Book V and VI. Series: Procopius. Vol. 3
    [14] Procopius (1919) “The Gothic Wars” Loeb Classical Library, book II (chap IV), book IV (cap XXXV)
    [15] Baillie, M. (2010) “Volcanoes, ice-cores and tree-rings: One story or two?” Antiquity, 84(323), 202-215
    [16] Baillie, M. (2008) “Proposed re-dating of the European ice core chronology by seven years prior to the 7th century AD” Geophysical Research Letters 35. 10.1029","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1007794,"date":"2022-02-17T17:22:29+0100","text":"Un Grand MERCI à nouveau PIERRE pour ce nouveau chapitre...

    A big THANK YOU again PIERRE for this new chapter...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1007800,"date":"2022-02-17T17:43:30+0100","text":"Here is the PDF in French, Ch 1-19
    Thank you and good reading to all
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-19.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-19.pdf
    4.6 MB· Views: 109
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1007810,"date":"2022-02-17T18:32:45+0100","text":"MERCI beaucoup CHANA...

    THANK YOU very much CHANA...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4706,"user":"stellar","id":1007962,"date":"2022-02-18T12:30:11+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Could it be that just one eruption of Vesuvius (that of 536 AD, with its historical observations and confirmed ice cores) actually happened, while the other eruption (of 79 AD) didn’t happen?
    Click to expand...
    What if there was no ice in Greenland at the time and much less in the Antarctic? Could the rapid build up of snow have happened only a decade or so before the 536 AD event and subsequently been further buried by the aftermath of such an eruption?

    Today we have dozens of volcanoes erupting everywhere and snow and ice in the deserts and yet to those not paying attention it seems insignificant relative to the big picture of where we are headed even in the next ten years. Just thinking out loud, because the 800's look like they contain a lot more sulphur evidence which I imagine suggests a very long aftermath which may have included other cosmic events, plagues, serious depopulation, wars for survival, etc.

    It may be possible to have inserted many years during that period and later, when few survived to claim otherwise. FWIW

    Love this thread.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1007973,"date":"2022-02-18T14:25:27+0100","text":"
    stellar said:
    What if there was no ice in Greenland at the time and much less in the Antarctic?
    Click to expand...
    But there was ice at the time Greenland and Antarctica.

    Could the rapid build up of snow have happened only a decade or so before the 536 AD event and subsequently been further buried by the aftermath of such an eruption?
    Click to expand...
    There are no trace of 79 AD eruption in ice-cores (sulfate), there are no traces in temperature reconstruction, there is no trace of thepra, there is no trace in dendrochronology records. Conversely, all these markers are present at 540 AD.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4706,"user":"stellar","id":1008094,"date":"2022-02-19T00:57:46+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Notice also, all the other alleged eruptions – in 172 AD, 203 AD, 222 AD, 379 AD, 472 AD and 512 AD – despite reaching, for several them, a VEI of 4 and 5 – didn’t leave any trace in Greenland and Antarctica ice cores and temperature reconstructions.
    Click to expand...
    That is another strange thing to me that so many events have no trace so I'm asking, if you know, where/when do the original claims/recordings come from ?

    Pierre said:
    But there was ice at the time Greenland and Antarctica.
    Click to expand...
    That too, seems odd because it was supposed to be the Roman warm period.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1008107,"date":"2022-02-19T02:34:03+0100","text":"Ahh! 460 years. Now I see. Thanks Pierre!

    Pierre said:
    let’s have a look at the official chronology, because it has, serious repercussions
    Click to expand...
    -...chronology because it has serious... (No commas needed.)
    Pierre said:
    Spewing ash, Vesuvius spewed a deadly cloud of ash and gases
    Click to expand...
    - Delete.
    Pierre said:
    The eruption released 100,000 times the thermal energy of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima.
    Click to expand...
    - The eruption released 100,000 times more thermal energy then the Hiroshima bomb. (Possible alternative)
    Pierre said:
    What the point of reporting of more “rumbling”.
    Click to expand...
    - What's the point of reporting "rumbling"?
    Pierre said:
    That’s substantially what Mike Baillie proposes in his paper “Volcanoes, ice cores and tree rings; one story or two?”
    Click to expand...
    - That's fundamentally what... (Did you mean this word? If not, then disregard.)
    (and)
    -...rings: One... (Changed to as it is written in the reference list (#15))

    In the pdf, references 8 & 9 are listed at the bottom the following page. Is there a way to put them on the same page? I understand that formatting might not allow for this.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1008200,"date":"2022-02-19T15:37:48+0100","text":"
    stellar said:
    That is another strange thing to me that so many events have no trace so I'm asking, if you know, where/when do the original claims/recordings come from ?
    Click to expand...
    Chroniclers who wrote about the alleged events centuries afterwards (from 8th Century and later). There is no original manuscript contemporary with these events.

    That too, seems odd because it was supposed to be the Roman warm period.
    Click to expand...
    The Roman warm period was only 0.1 C warmer than the average:
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16915,"user":"Jebra","id":1008205,"date":"2022-02-19T15:58:33+0100","text":"
    The estimated VEI[11] was 5 on a scale of 6
    Click to expand...

    That should read 5 on a scale of 8 (according to wikipedia).","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13584,"user":"Hi_Henry","id":1008215,"date":"2022-02-19T16:26:13+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:

    Chapter 18: The Black Death​


    View attachment 54549
    Peter Bruegel
    The Triumph of Death – (oil panel - c. 1562)    ​
    Click to expand...

    Very interesting. The speed of spreading is down right amazing. When the hypothesis of a comet was brought up I though to myself ,

    "Perhaps the Earth was passing a particular space in the Universe filled with matter containing viruses from a different world. The passage of the Earth would sweep unnoticed what was out there through the atmosphere in the form of meteorites or micrometeorites. This would be sort of like dust entering a room from a dust storm, spread everywhere by the winds."

    \"www.sciencedaily.com\"

    Viruses -- lots of them -- are falling from the sky

    An astonishing number of viruses are circulating around the Earth's atmosphere -- and falling from it -- according to new research. The study marks the first time scientists have quantified the viruses being swept up from the Earth's surface into the free troposphere, beyond Earth's weather...
    www.sciencedaily.com

    Comment related to a discussion of if viruses could come to Earth from Outer Space.
    Molecular biology is really complex and a never-ending source of surprises. No-one would have expected infectious proteins until they were discovered for example (Prions), or infectious cancers (Clonally transmissible cancer). I think the opposite is true here. The fact that they have evolved together is the reason there are so many different organisms that co-exist on Earth.
    – uhoh
    Jan 21, 2018 at 19:33
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1008229,"date":"2022-02-19T17:19:59+0100","text":"
    Hi_Henry said:
    Very interesting. The speed of spreading is down right amazing. When the hypothesis of a comet was brought up I though to myself ,

    "Perhaps the Earth was passing a particular space in the Universe filled with matter containing viruses from a different world. The passage of the Earth would sweep unnoticed what was out there through the atmosphere in the form of meteorites or micrometeorites. This would be sort of like dust entering a room from a dust storm, spread everywhere by the winds."

    \"www.sciencedaily.com\"

    Viruses -- lots of them -- are falling from the sky

    An astonishing number of viruses are circulating around the Earth's atmosphere -- and falling from it -- according to new research. The study marks the first time scientists have quantified the viruses being swept up from the Earth's surface into the free troposphere, beyond Earth's weather...
    www.sciencedaily.com
    Click to expand...

    Thanks for the resources. This topic is dealt with in Chapter 22: Meteorites carrying micro-organisms","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1008537,"date":"2022-02-20T16:03:54+0100","text":"
    Jebra said:
    That should read 5 on a scale of 8 (according to wikipedia).
    Click to expand...
    Already corrected in the master file. Not in the pdf and the online version.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4163,"user":"Eboard10","id":1008873,"date":"2022-02-21T22:17:37+0100","text":"Great article @Pierre! The letter of Pliny the Younger represents the only contemporary account of the supposed Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD but the manuscript containing that specific letter was only discovered many centuries later in Verona with some evidence that the event described wasn't even referring to Vesuvius. I will try to make a post about it in the coming days as I'm still doing some reading on it.

    Regarding the re-dating of the ice core chronology, I think that the 536 AD event already takes into account the 7-years difference compared to the previously erroneous GICC05 timescale that was dating the event in 529 AD. As explained by Jonny McAneney in Deep Tusk Talk:

    It also means that the cause of the the AD 536 and 540 tree ring events are now known to be due to large volcanic eruptions. In the erroneously dated GICC05 timescale there were eruptions in 529 and 533, which when moved forward 7 years (to correct for the offset) as proposed by Baillie (2007, 2010), Baillie and McAneney (2015) and confirmed by Sigl et al. (2015), resulted in these two volcanic horizons moving to 536 and 540.
    Click to expand...

    In that case, the difference between the purported 79 AD eruption and the real one in 536 AD would be of 457 years.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1008884,"date":"2022-02-21T22:38:45+0100","text":"
    Eboard10 said:
    Great article @Pierre! The letter of Pliny the Younger represents the only contemporary account of the supposed Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD but the manuscript containing that specific letter was only discovered many centuries later in Verona with some evidence that the event described wasn't even referring to Vesuvius. I will try to make a post about it in the coming days as I'm still doing some reading on it.
    Click to expand...
    Good find! I ignored the alleged letter of Pliny didn't refer to a Vesuvius eruption. Do you have a source for the information?

    Regarding the re-dating of the ice core chronology, I think that the 536 AD event already takes into account the 7-years difference compared to the previously erroneous GICC05 timescale that was dating the event in 529 AD. As explained by Jonny McAneney in Deep Tusk Talk:


    It also means that the cause of the the AD 536 and 540 tree ring events are now known to be due to large volcanic eruptions. In the erroneously dated GICC05 timescale there were eruptions in 529 and 533, which when moved forward 7 years (to correct for the offset) as proposed by Baillie (2007, 2010), Baillie and McAneney (2015) and confirmed by Sigl et al. (2015), resulted in these two volcanic horizons moving to 536 and 540.


    In that case, the difference between the purported 79 AD eruption and the real one in 536 AD would be of 457 years.
    Click to expand...

    Thank you. I was aware of the 7 years offset. For a simplicity sake, I didn't dwell into it. Maybe I will clarify this point in the next chapter.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1008900,"date":"2022-02-21T23:20:04+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    For a simplicity sake, I didn't dwell into it.
    Click to expand...

    - For simplicity sake, I didn't delve into it. (Stop it, Benjamin! Stop it! Switch off! \"🤣\")","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4163,"user":"Eboard10","id":1009326,"date":"2022-02-23T21:33:52+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Good find! I ignored the alleged letter of Pliny didn't refer to a Vesuvius eruption. Do you have a source for the information?
    Click to expand...
    The post is quite lengthy but I have included all the information I looked at so far and tried to make some sense out of it. It needs a lot of editing, cleaning up and re-thinking but there is hopefully some information that could be useful.

    History of Pliny's Letters​

    The letters of Pliny the Younger are supposedly composed of a total of 10 books and have been handed down to us in 3 main groups:
    During the Middle Ages, the 10-book collection was the only one in circulation but, by then, the entire collection had been lost and only the first 100 letters from books 1-5 were available.

    It wasn’t until 1419 that many of the remaining letters were discovered when Italian humanist Guarino Veronese, who had recently moved to Verona, was shown Pliny’s works in the Capitular Library of Verona which contained books 1-7 and 9 (8-book collection), and went on to share the letters with other literates of the time in Italy. The letters describing the Vesuvius eruption are found in Book VI.16 and VI.20, hence they were not available to the public before the Veronese manuscript was discovered.

    In his letter to Gualdo, where Guarino announces the discovery of the manuscript, he clearly mentions that the letters need revisioning. According to Elmer Truesdell Merrill, it’s likely that Guarino didn’t share the original version of the manuscript but distributed the revised one which was then copied by the other scholars before disappearing:

    Of the Veronese tradition of the Letters I have treated in an earlier article in this journal,' and I have indicated there and elsewhere that there is no other source for the extant eight-book tradition of the Letters than this one MS, which had been lying in the chapter library at Verona since at least the tenth century. But Guarino found that it needed much critical revision, and to this he set himself with great zeal. He put off his eager friends, who wanted a glimpse of the new wonder that had brought to light more than twice as many letters of Pliny as had heretofore been known, and when he finally did lend his MS around, I think there is good reason to judge from his own correspondence, and from the condition of the now extant MSS of the eight-book class, that it was his corrected copy and not the original that was supplied. The eight-book text that was spread abroad during the rest of the fifteenth century had generally as its basis the Guarinian recension of the Verona archetype and not that archetype itself.
    Click to expand...
    It's note clear which parts of the letters were edited by Guarino, but the story doesn't end with him.

    What we do know from the records is that during the previous century, two authors had already access to Pliny’s letters in the Capitular Library of Verona. The first one was the author of the Flores moralium auctoritatum, composed around 1329 and attributed to Guglielmo de Pastrengo, a jurist, politician and writer who also befriended the famous Italian poet Petrarca. In it, he quotes extensively sentences of the letters, including some from books 6 and 7. The second author was Giovanni de Matociis, known as the Mansionarius, a notary and writer who composed several works, among which a compilation of the history of Roman emperors called Hitsoria Imperialis that he wrote during the 1310s, and a biographical note own the two Pliny’s called Breuis adnotatio de duobus Plinii. This latter work is particularly relevant as it’s the first time an author distinguishes between Pliny the Younger and Pliny the Elder. Prior to that, it was assumed that only one Pliny existed.

    In her paper entitled On the Eight-Book Tradition of Pliny's Letters in Verona, Merrill examines in detail the letters and the works written by the two 13th century authors and also makes these very interesting remarks about the differences between Mansionarius’ Historia Imperialis and the Adnotatio:

    In the Historia Pliny is said to have been governor of Syria at the time of the persecution; in the Adnotatio he is termed praeses Hispaniarum. The author does not feel called upon to comment on the disagreement between his own utterances, and, indeed, might be supposed to be serenely unconscious that any disagreement exists. Again, in the same paragraph of the Adnotatio he quotes "Suetonius Tranquillus" as authority for the statement that the elder Pliny was smothered under the ashes of Etna, and yet calmly refers to Plin. Ep. vi. 16, which he must have known gives quite a different story. The Mansionarius certainly was aware that Campania is not Sicily, and Vesuvius is not Etna. But, as was the case with Vincent in the instance cited, the different sections of his doubtless somewhat overloaded memory were not always geared together. He could at any given moment set down what happened to stand in his immediate source, without thinking of correcting it by his other knowledge. That is certainly what he did more than once in the Adnotatio; it is probably what he did in the given passage of the Historia.
    Click to expand...
    So the author who had access to Pliny’s letters, in one of his works states that Pliny was governor of Syria but in the other he goes on to say that he was President of Spain. He then also remarks that Pliny the Elder died under the ashes of Etna, not Vesuvius! What’s going on here? Was he really that forgetful to confuse one volcano with the other and one governorship over the other? What’s more, Giovanni de Matociis makes another unusual remark in the Adnotatio. As pointed out by Merrill:

    It is worth while to notice yet another point. Vincent of Beauvais had not earlier been acquainted with Pliny's Letters, and speaks of his new knowledge with the natural pleasure of a discoverer (eiusdem [Plinit] epistulas ad diuersos circiter centum reperi). The Mansionarius, on the other hand, mentions the eight books of the Letters quite unconcernedly, as he naturally would a work that had been represented by a MS in his Chapter Library for an indefinite time, and was by no means a new thing to him, nor, as he supposed, would be, in other copies, to other students. It was apparently not a source that he thought unique. He was of course aware that Vincent of Beauvais, and plenty of other mediaeval writers, copying from one another, had confused the two Plinies, and he thought it worth while to write a brief biographical note to guard against that error for the future. But he professed to have no newly discovered material. Any diligens lector, he says, reading Pliny's Letters and "the other writers mentioned above" - Jerome, Beda, Vincent, Hugo, Eusebius, and other historians - could readily inform himself on the topic concerned. It is to me quite inconceivable that he should write in this way, if, after long years of study and practice as a historian, in the course of which he had repeated vague statements about Pliny without first-hand knowledge, he had suddenly come upon a MS of the Letters.
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    So the same author who wrote a note warning the other writers about the fact that there were actually two Pliny’s rather than one, as believed at the time, writes about the eight-book manuscript as if any other scholar would know about its existence and its contents when in fact, the writers of the time only had access to the 100 letters from the first 5 books and were only made privy of the more extensive 8-book version in 1419 with the announcement made by Guarino Veronese quote above.

    Also, why did it take almost another century before the 8-book version was re-discovered and made available to scholars across Europe? It's interesting to note that Guarino didn't find Pliny's works in the library by himself but was pointed out to him by someone.

    "The day before yesterday, some manuscripts of the wondrous custom were pointed out to me, almost everything sacred. I have obtained one among him, in which you will delight in hearing, just as I myself in watching. The letters of Pliny are of special veneration; his face was very beautiful in letters, and was splendidly flourishing among the wrinkles of years, and, as Virgil said, "Old age is raw and green."
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    The Eruption of 79 AD​

    Now reading the letters written by Pliny the Younger addressed to Tacitus describing the now famous day of the eruption, there are some aspects of the story that stand out as being out of place, not accounting for he fact that the towns of Pompei and Herculaneum aren't even mentioned.

    One such example is the following text describing the moment Pliny the Elder first notices the plume coming from the volcano from his place in Miseno:

    He had just taken a turn in the sun and, after bathing himself in cold water, and making a light luncheon, gone back to his books: he immediately arose and went out upon a rising ground from whence he might get a better sight of this very uncommon appearance. A cloud, from which mountain was uncertain, at this distance (but it was found afterwards to come from Mount Vesuvius), was ascending, the appearance of which I cannot give you a more exact description of than by likening it to that of a pine tree
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    As noted by blogger Andreas:

    One can assume that the explanation (afterwards it was known to have been Vesuvius) is a later interpolation. Why? If you are in Miseno you can not be confusing Vesuvius with any other mountain. Vesuvius from there is in full view and Pliny’s uncle did not have to climb to a higher place to see it. All the more so, because at such a distance one hundred meters difference in height of the observation point above sea level do not play any significant role in improving the view.

    http://www.mmdtkw.org/ALRIVes0810Miseno.jpg
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    Here, Andreas suggests that the town described by Pliny may not be Miseno but instead Messina in Sicily, due to the similarity of the names and the fact that it’s harder to distinguish Mount Etna from Messina compared to Mount Vesuvius from Miseno. While that is certainly possible, I would be more inclined to suggest that the actual city being referred to is Milazzo (Mylea in latin), a town on the northern coast of Sicily that, unlike Messina, used to be a Roman naval base, an important aspect given that Pliny the Elder was supposedly a naval commander:

    In 260 BC the waters of Mylae once again became the scene of battles, with the outbreak of the First Punic War, in which Caio Duilio's naval triumph over Annibale Barca's army of Carthaginians took place. This allowed the affirmation of the Roman hegemony on the sea. In 36 BC a further decisive battle took place between the Emperor Octavian and Sextus Pompey. The city became an important naval base, so much so that the Roman Emperor granted civic recognition with the eagle and with the motto "Aquila mari imposita - Sexto Pompeo surpassed". Under the dominion of the Byzantines, Milazzo was one of the first bishops in Sicily.
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    In fact, when looking from Milazzo, it is not that easy to distinguish Mount Etna from other mountains as shown in the picture below:



    Another point substantiating the idea that the scene of the eruption was more likely in Sicily than in Campania is provided by Pliny:

    There had been noticed for many days before a trembling of the earth, which did not alarm us much, as this is quite an ordinary occurrence in Campania;
    Click to expand...

    While the region of Campania is indeed a seismic zone, it is not to the point where tremblings can be perceived as an “ordinary occurrence”. A report published by the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology shows the seismic risk hazard curves for the country, by probability of surplus quakes over a period of 50 years:



    As you can see, the area surrounding Milazzo and Mount Etna has a much higher seismic risk compared to the Neapolitan coast.

    In his second letter, Pliny the Younger describes a cloud that covers the island of Capri along with the promontory of Miseno, two places that are located in different directions compared to Vesuvius.

    The sea seemed to roll back upon itself, and to he driven from its banks by the convulsive motion of the earth; it is certain at least the shore was considerably enlarged, and several sea animals were left upon it. On the other side, a black and dreadful cloud, broken with rapid, zigzag flashes, revealed behind it variously shaped masses of flame: these last were like sheet-lightning, but much larger. Upon this our Spanish friend [remember Mansionarius saying that Pliny the Elder had been president of Hispania?], whom I mentioned above, addressing himself to my mother and me with great energy and urgency: " If your brother," he said, "if your uncle be safe, he certainly wishes you may be so too; but if he perished, it was his desire, no doubt, that you might both survive him: why therefore do you delay your escape a moment?" We could never think of our own safety, we said, while we were uncertain of his. Upon this our friend left us, and withdrew from the danger with the utmost precipitation. Soon afterwards, the cloud began to descend, and cover the sea. It had already surrounded and concealed the island of Capri and the promontory of Misenum.
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    When looking at the scene from Miseno on the Neapolitan coast, one would be looking at the sea in the same direction as Mount Vesuvius from where one can safely assume the "black and dreadful cloud broken with rapid zigzag flashes" was originating, so saying that the cloud was on the other side of the sea would hardly reflect the scene as seen from Miseno. Nor would saying that the cloud starts surrounding the island of Capri and the promontory of Miseno which are in different directions.

    If one were instead to picture the scene from the promontory of Milazzo in Sicily, the description suddenly makes more sense with the sea facing opposite Mount Etna when viewed from the coastal town, and with the island of Lipari in sight further north.

    Mount Etna Historical Eruptions​

    Historical accounts of eruptions of Mount Etna during Ancient Rome have been recorded by several writers of the time. The main ones observed span the time between 140 BC and 40 AD according to the accepted chronology, spanning a period of circa 180 years. If we include the eruption of 79 AD, we are looking at a period of circa 220 years. We'll come back to this in a moment.



    A paper published in 2007 examines the written documents pertaining to the historical eruptions of Mount Etna and compares them via magnetic dating of lava flows and cinder cones and other radio-chronology measures to verify the accuracy of the dating of historical eruptions.

    The findings of the paper may surprise readers well versed in Ancient Rome:

    we found that 80% of the “historically dated” flows and cones prior to the 1700s are usually several hundreds of years older than recorded, the discrepancies sometimes exceeding a millennium. This is proper the case for volcanics presumed of the “1651 east” (actually ∼1020), “1595” (actually two distinct flows, respectively, ∼1200 and ∼1060), “1566” (∼1180), “1536” (two branches dated ∼1250 and ∼950), “1444” (a branch dated ∼1270), “1408” (lower branches dated ∼450 and ∼350), “1381” (∼1160), “1329” (∼1030), “1284” (∼1450 and ∼700), “1169 or 812” (∼1000) eruptions. Conversely, well-preserved cones and flows that are undated on the maps were produced by recent eruptions that went unnoticed in historical accounts, especially during the Middle Ages. For the few eruptions that are recorded between A.D. 252 and 750 B.C., none of their presumed lava flows shows a DGF in agreement with that existing at their respective dates of occurrence, most of these flows being in fact prehistoric. The cinder cones of Monpeloso (presumed “A.D. 252”) and Mt. Gorna (“394 B. C.”), although roughly consistent magnetically and radio- chronologically with their respective epochs, remain of unspecified age because of a lack of precision of the DGF reference curve at the time. It is concluded that at the time scale of the last millennia, Mount Etna does not provide evidence of a steady-state behavior. Periods of voluminous eruptions lasting 50 to 150 years (e.g., A.D. 300–450, 950– 1060, 1607–1669) are followed by centuries of less productive activity, although at any time a violent outburst may occur.
    Click to expand...
    Adding to this, the authors analysed the magnetic directions and possible ages of historically undated lavas flows and pyroclastic cones. Of these, two samples were dated to circa 550 AD with a high degree of confidence. This suggests that an eruption also occurred around 550 AD, give or take a few decades.



    We know from both ice core records and dendrochronology that a series of large eruptions took place in 536 AD and 540 AD. @Pierre shows how Procopius, in The Gothic War, notes an explosive eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 536 AD.

    Given the above information, we can infer with a certain degree of confidence that Mount Etna may have also been one of the volcanoes to erupt in that period. If we now take the historical period spanning 140 BC to 79 AD mentioned before and shift the timeline so that the end matches the 536 AD event, we have a start for the period of increased volcanic activity of Mount Etna of 317 AD. This matches quite nicely with the period of voluminous eruptions outlined in the paper of 300-450 AD and would support the lack of evidence of any substantial and continual eruptions at the turn of the first millennium.

    Going back to Pliny’s letter, can be infer anything from all this?

    Was the story made up by a medieval writer claiming the letter to belong to Pliny, added to a compilation of real letters and then discovered as a new manuscript and subsequently modified by the copyists. Or was the text describing a real event about an eruption that may have taken place in Sicily or Campania (or both) around 536 AD and which was later modified to reflect the belief of the writers in later times regarding the time and place of the event?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1010746,"date":"2022-02-27T09:26:27+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Krakatao
    Click to expand...
    -> Krakatoa. See wiki.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1010870,"date":"2022-02-27T17:36:39+0100","text":"

    Apologies for the delay. The added 460 years hypothesis being rather new, I had to write this chapter virtually from scratch. It's not perfect, but here it is. It is presented in two posts because it is too long.​

    ​

    Chapter 20: Society before and after the plague of Justinian​

    Conditions before the Plague of Justinian​


    The years before the advent of the Plague of Justinian were marked by the worst tyranny imaginable. I extensively described the situation in a previous book[1]. A few words from Belisarius[2] might suffice to sum up the nature of Justinian and his regime:

    That Justinian was not a man, but a demon, as I have said, in human form, one might prove by considering the enormity of the evils he brought upon mankind.[3]
    Click to expand...

    The Nikka riots ca. 532 AD might illustrate the deleterious socio-political context under Justinian’s reign. These were the most violent riots in the history of Constantinople, with half of city being destroyed and thirty thousand rioters killed[4].


    Painting depicting the Nika Riots    ​

    Only four years later, cometary events started ca. 540 AD and their consequences, including the Plague of Justinian almost obliterated Europe.

    Extensive studies of the available evidence show that, during the 6th century A.D., any kind of human activity beyond basic survival vanished. Furthermore, between the 7th and the 9th centuries, human activity in virtually all the Roman Empire was virtually inexistent:

    Houses: Building regressed from numerous elaborate stone houses to scattered wooden shacks.[5]

    Metal: This flourishing industry during the Roman Empire ceased to exist. It was only during the 16th Century – a full 1,000 years later – that the level of industrial activity prior to the fall of Rome would be once more attained.[6]

    Pottery: Widespread and elaborate products became very rare and progress stagnated so much that it’s impossible to distinguish 7th-century ceramics from those produced two centuries later.[7]

    Ecclesiastical buildings: The very few churches built during this period were more than ten times smaller than the 4th-century St. Peter’s Basilica of Rome.[8] Only the cathedrals of the 11th century would attain similar sizes.

    Farming and warfare: profound stagnation in both these fields for three centuries.[9]

    Coinage: Sharp drop in the quality and quantity of coins in most regions of the Empire.[10]

    Written documents: almost totally absent for three centuries.[11]




    © Ward-Perkins
    Settlements North of Rome, c. 100 AD (Left) and 5th to 8th century (Right)​


    Conditions after the Plague of Justinian​


    One of reasons to add 460 years is because this gave plenty of ‘time’ to establish a whole genealogy of Popes and Saints. This provided almost 5 centuries of in-interrupted historical legitimacy, until dozens of Saints[12] and Popes[13] were proven to be entirely mythical.

    If 460 years were added to the official chronology, then Paul was right he said to the Corinthians – which is dated from 43-46 AD[14]:

    I mean, brothers and sisters, the appointed time has grown short; from now on, let even those who have wives be as though they had none, and those who mourn as though they were not mourning, and those who rejoice as though they were not rejoicing, and those who buy as though they had no possessions, and those who deal with the world as though they had no dealings with it. For the present form of this world is passing away[15]
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    It would put St Paul’s end of the world statement a mere 30 years before the 540 AD cometary events. It would also put Julius Caesar’s death only 120 years (only five generations) before the 540 AD catastrophes:


    (c) Sott.net
    Revised timeline from Caesar to Charlemagne    ​


    The similarities between Julius Caesar and Saint Paul moral values are striking. For decades Saint Paul preached love as immortalized by this famous quote:

    Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres.[16]
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    Likewise Julius Caesar’s life was imbued with mercy, clemency and forgiveness:

    It’s commonly supposed that Julius Caesar's celebrated clemency toward his fellow citizens was perceived by his contemporaries not as a virtue, but rather as a manifestation of his tyrannical power. Far from welcoming his clemency as a sign of generosity or benevolence, the senatorial aristocracy in fact resented it deeply. [17]
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    Actually, Julius Caesar’s mercy might have led to its own downfall:

    Caesar’s solution was bold and unprecedented and, although fatally flawed, rich in lessons for today’s leaders: he went easy on his former opponents, and in so doing created a power dynamic in his administration that eventually led to his downfall.[18]
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    This similarity between Julius Caesar and Paul is even more puzzling that it took place in a world virtually foreign to these virtues[19]. Until then the Roman Empire was a place of widespread “religious” human sacrifices[20], of decimated[21] legions[22] and of gladiators, wild animals and condemned criminals killing each other for entertainment of the audience[23]. The only monotheistic religion was venerating a self-proclaimed jealous and vengeful god[24].

    That might be why some authors [25] suggested that Paul’s inspiration was Julius Caesar.

    We know that Julius Caesar adored by its troops. Actually during his life, he was already divinized. The Senate had put up a statue of Julius Caesar, with an inscription declaring him a demi-god[26]. Statues were set up to Caesar himself, as “Sol Invictus” (unconquered god)[27]. Caesar was accorded a house at public expense which was built like a temple; his image was paraded with those of the gods[28]. The month Quinctilis was renamed July, in his honor (as June was named for Juno[29]). A special priest, a flamen, was ordained for him. To be served by a flamen would rank Caesar not only as divine, but as an equal of Quirinus, Jupiter, and Mars.[30] In Cicero's account, the living Caesar's honors in Rome were already and unambiguously those of a full-blown god[31]. Caesar's name as a living divinity was Divus Julius[32].

    He was killed on the Ides of March (15th March), resurrected as god on the Liberalia (17th March), and was interred on 19 March[33]. After his betrayal and his assassination, Julius Caesar’s divinization grew even more.

    The sighting of what may be the brightest comet[34] in recorded history during the Games held in his honor four months after his the assassination was interpreted by Romans as one more confirmation Julius Caesar’s divine nature.

    In Rome, a temple in homage of Divus Julius was built. There were crosses, specifically on the door and the comet representation. A Latin cross can be seen in the brass boss pattern on the central door (top right corner of the image below) and the comet is formed from two crosses (+ and X)[35]:



    © Leone M. Jennarelli
    Reconstruction of the Temple of Divus Julius
    Top left: magnification of the door and its cross    ​

    Notice the uncanny similarity between the representation of Caesar’s comet on the frontispiece of Divus Julius temple and the Rho-Chi cross and the symbol of the resurrection of Jesus Christ[36]:


    © Sott.net
    Comparison between the representation of Caesar’s Comet and the Rho Chi cross    ​

    The temple dedicated to Divus Julius in Rome was not an exception. Numerous temples – called Caesarea – dedicated to Divus Julius were founded in Caesarian colonies[37].

    Coincidently or not, there is almost a perfect match between the battle and the conquest made by Julius Caesar (and soldiers left around the places, for example in settlements or in colonies) and the spread of Paleochristianity:

    © Sott.netLeft: Roman Empire extant and major battles under Julius Caesar
    Right: dark purple, extant of early Christianity (b.325 AD)    ​


    Paleochristian populations​


    Irish People

    Early adoption of Paleochristianity in Ireland is attested by typical cemetery orientation and crosses:

    Among the key indicators of Christianisation are cemeteries containing long cists, which are generally east–west in orientation, like Christian graves.[16] These cemeteries are suspected, or known to be Christian, because of their proximity to a church, or because they have Christian inscriptions.[17] They are found from between the end of the Roman era from the fifth century
    As mentioned in the quote above and as indicated by the graph below there were already “churches” in Ireland as early the 5th century:


    © Baillie
    Irish Church foundation starting in 450 AD

    ​
    In we subtract 460 years to 450 AD, it leads to 10 BC, 34 years after the Deaths of Julius Caesar and years before the mythical figure of Jesus Christ and the creation of Roman Christianity. In light of the above, shall we call these buildings churches or rather Caesarea?

    A number of monastic establishments build:

    The introduction of Christianity to Ireland dates to sometime before the 5th century, presumably in interactions with Roman Britain […]Monastic establishments arose in the sixth century, such as Clonard, founded by St. Finian, Clonfert by St. Brendan, Bangor by St. Comgall, Clonmacnoise by St. Kieran, Killeaney by St. Enda
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    We find in Irish Paleochristianity, like in most Paleochristian traditions, a controversy about Easter:

    The early Christian church in Ireland incorporated pre-christian spirituality and festivals into the 'new religion', it is conceivable that the Spring Equinox festival became christianised and rebranded as Saint Patrick's day[38]
    ​
    Click to expand...
    The Picts: (Scotland)

    The Picts are believed to have survived the 540 AD cataclysm and to have saved a form of Paleochristianity. Interestingly, they were Christianized by Roman soldiers as early as the 5th century:

    Christianity was probably introduced to what is now Lowland Scotland by Roman soldiers stationed in the north of the province of Britannia. After the collapse of Roman authority in 410 CE/AD, Christianity is presumed to have survived among the British enclaves in the south of what is now Scotland.[39]​
    Click to expand...

    If 460 years were added to the official chronology, 410 AD corresponds to 50 BC, decades before Jesus Christs and Roman Christianity but right during Julius Caesar’s reign and his conquest of Britannia.

    There were major differences between Picts’ Paleochristianity and Roman Christianity, one of which (and we are going to develop this point later) was the method of calculating Easter[40].

    Saxons:

    Similar early adoption of Paleochristianity by Saxon:

    Previously, the favourite suggestion was a king of the East Saxons, Saebert, son of Sledd. But he died about 616 and scientific dating now suggests the burial was in the late-6th century, about 580.[…]That means it could be Saebert's younger brother Seaxa although, since the body has dissolved and only tiny fragments of his tooth enamel remain, it is impossible to know for certain. Gold foil crosses were found in the grave which indicate he was a Christian, a fact which has also surprised historians. Sue Hirst, Mola's Anglo-Saxon burial expert, said that date was remarkably early for the adoption of Christianity in England, coming before Augustine's mission to convert the country from paganism.[41]
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    Recently, the discovery of an exceptional hoard of Saxon precious items revealed unexpected traditions. In particular was found a very old headdress:


    © Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
    Seventh century bishop's headdress, the oldest ever found    ​

    In addition to its age, the headdress revealed has other peculiarities:

    [It] resembles headdresses worn by pagan Roman priests […] it is decorated with typical pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon semi-abstract animal designs as well as seven Christian crosses[…] the Latin word for a bishop's hufe was flammeolum or flammeum. Intriguingly, the pagan Roman priests, whose headgear may potentially have been the original inspiration for the type of bishop's headdress in the Staffordshire Hoard, were known as the Flamines - and that suggests a potential and tantalizing link.[42]
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    And is what is tantalizing link that journalist carefully omits to disclose? Remember that Julius Caesar was the first to have to a dedicated flamen (plural flamenies) priest.

    Slavs:

    The Slavs were Christianized as early as 7th century, but the process of replacing old Slavic religious practices began as early as the 6th century.[43]

    Vikings:

    Excavations in Ribe, the Viking city, in Denmark, revealed evidence of Paleochristianity ca. 700 AD:
    She plucked a perfect tiny amulet from the muddy soup, marked with a Christian cross - a "huge adrenaline rush" - suggesting Christian currents were present here long before King Harald Bluetooth's declaration on the Jelling runestone circa AD965 that he had brought the religion to the Danes[44]
    Click to expand...

    The discovery is contrary to the claim initiated by the Franks:

    Some written sources have presented the Vikings as barbarians in order to make themselves look good. So we cannot completely trust people writing at the time: are they describing what they saw or imposing their own understanding on it?[45]
    Click to expand...

    Celts:

    It was a substantial part of the Celt world who practicing Paleo Christianity. Celtic Christianity is a form of Christianity that was common, across the Celtic-speaking world from the 5th Century[46].

    Celtic Christianity differed substantially from Roman Christianity:

    Some writers have described a distinct Celtic Church uniting the Celtic peoples and distinguishing them from adherents of the Roman Church
    Click to expand...

    Paleochristianity displayed a more relaxed hierarchy compared to Roman Christianity:

    In addition scholars have identified significant characteristics of the organisation of Irish and Scottish Christianity as relaxed ideas of clerical celibacy, intense secularisation of ecclesiastical institutions, and the lack of a diocesan structure.[47]​
    Click to expand...

    In Celtic Christianity we find, again, the controversy about Easter:

    Scholars have identified a distinctive form of Celtic Christianity, […] there were significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity, particularly the form of tonsure and the method of calculating Easter.[48]
    Click to expand...
    We are going to cover this topic in a dedicated subchapter[49].

    [1] Lescaudron, 2014. Chapter 34: “Historic evidence of a cosmic-human connection”
    [2] Military commander of the Byzantine Empire under the emperor Justinian
    [3] Procopius (1927) “The Secret History”, New York Covici Friede chapter XVIII
    [4] Procopius (1914) “History of the Wars” Volume I: Books 1-2. Harvard University Press
    [5] Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2005) “The fall of Rome”. Oxford University Press p.95 & p.111
    [6] Ibid, pp. 96
    [7] Niemitz, Hans-Ulrich (2000), Did the early middle age really exist p.5
    [8] Ward-Perkins, op. cit., pp. 148-149
    [9] Lynn White Jr. (1968) “Die mittelalterliche Technik und der Wandel der Gesellschaft” München
    [10] Ward-Perkins, op. cit., pp. 110-117
    [11] Hardouin, Jean, (2017) “The Prolegomena”, independently published p. 64
    [12] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “List of Christian martyrs” Wikipedia
    [13] Bauer, S. (2021). “Who Wrote the Lives of the Popes? Permutations of a Renaissance Myth’’ The Catholic Historical Review 107(1), 28-49
    [14] Laura Knight-Jadczyk (2021) “From Paul To Mark” Red Pill Press
    [15] Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021) "Letters of Paul to the Corinthians" Encyclopedia Britannica
    [16] 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 New International Version (NIV)
    [17] Konstan, D. (2005) “Clemency as a Virtue”. Classical Philology 100(4), 337–346.
    [18] Barry Strauss (2022) “Caesar And The Dangers Of Forgiveness” Octavian Report
    [19] Mert Toker “What historic/ancient civilization or society had the lowest preference for mercy?” Quora
    [20] C. Schultz (2010) “The Romans and Ritual Murder” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78(2), 516–541
    [21] Decimation was a military sanction in which every tenth man in a group was executed by members of his own cohort.
    [22] Peter Preskar (2020) “Decimation: the Cruelest Punishment in the Roman Army” History Of Yesterday
    [23] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Gladiator” Wikipedia
    [24] Nahum 1:2 New International Version (NIV)
    [25] Laura Knight-Jadczyk, 2021
    [26] Lilly Ross Taylor (1931) “The Divinity of the Roman Emperor” American Philological Association p. 65
    [27] Ibid
    [28] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Roman imperial cult” Wikipedia
    [29] Ancient Roman goddess, the protector and special counsellor of the state
    [30] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Roman imperial cult” Wikipedia
    [31] David Cannadine, Simon Price (1992) “Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies” Cambridge University Press
    [32] Stefan Weinstock (1971) “Divus Julius” Clarendon Press
    [33] Editors of Divus Julius (2022) “The death of Christ on Holy Wednesday” Divus Julius
    [34] At its peak brightness Caesar’s Comet reached a magnitude of -4.0 making as bright as Venus
    See: J.T.Ramsey et al. (1997) “The comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's funeral games” American classical studies
    [35] Ed-M (2015) “EVIDENCE Showing Crosses Were Sacred to the Romans. Before Christianity” Cruci Blog
    [36] Harries (2004) “Sarcophagus with Scenes of the Passion” Museo Pio Christiano, Vatican p. 8
    [37] Duncan Fishwick (1991) “The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire” Brill Publishers
    [38] Editors of New Grange (2022) “Saint Patrick and the Spring Equinox” New Grange
    [39] Alcock L. (2003) “Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850” Society of Antiquaries of Scotland p. 63
    [40] Alan MacQuarrie (2004) “Medieval Scotland Kingship and Nation” History Press p.52
    [41] Mark Brown (2019) “Britain's equivalent to Tutankhamun found in Southend-on-Sea” The Guardian
    [42] David Keys (2019) “Hoard of golden treasure stumbled upon by metal detectorist revealed to be most important Anglo-Saxon find in history” Independent
    [43] Białous, Mirosław (2016) "Religion of the Proto-Slavs" Elpis
    [44] Viking city: excavation reveals urban pioneers not violent raiders
    [45] Brown, 2018
    [46] Koch, John T. (2006) “Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO p. 431
    [47] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Christianization of Scotland” Wikipedia
    [48] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Christianization of Scotland” Wikipedia
    [49] Subchapter: Controversies about spring equinox and Christmas","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1010876,"date":"2022-02-27T17:51:52+0100","text":"Encore une nouvelle fois un grand merci pour le partage de votre connaissance... Tant appréciée...

    Once again a big thank you for sharing your knowledge... So much appreciated...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1010877,"date":"2022-02-27T17:52:08+0100","text":"

    Chapter 20 (2nd part)​

    ​

    Charlemagne​


    As we have seen the people far enough from conflagration survived (for example Scandinavia, Great Britain, Eastern Europe, Near East, Spain) and, in some cases, prospered and spread Paleochristianity.

    Meanwhile, Western Europe was a pile of rubbles. After more than two centuries of survival and stagnation, after the last plague outbreak, Western Europe re-emerged around 750 AD. But Paleochristianity as preserved by surviving populations was way different from official Christianity or Roman Christianity as spread, centuries later, by Charlemagne. This period of is called the Carolingian Renaissance:

    During this period, there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.[1]
    Click to expand...

    Notice the two last items: liturgical reforms and scriptural studies, does it suggest some kind of heresy? Most specifically, the most salient effect of the Carolingian Renaissance was a moral regeneration:

    [The Carolingian Renaissance] had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society.[2]
    Click to expand...

    Regeneration implies degeneration. What is the part of the society did the Carolingians consider as degenerate?

    Remember that about 460 years added the official chronology? Coincidently or not, this time difference occurs elsewhere: the reign of Charlemagne[3] began in 768 AD, and the reign of Constantine began in 306 AD[4]. The difference between those two dates is 462 years, pretty close to the hypothesized added years.

    Actually, the alluded moral regeneration that marked the Carolingian Renaissance was centered on Roman Christianity in general and on Constantine in particular:

    This revival used Constantine's Christian empire as its model, which flourished between 306 and 337. Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and left behind an impressive legacy of military strength and artistic patronage[5]
    Charlemagne saw himself as the new Constantine and instigated this revival by writing his Admonitio generalis (789) and Epistola de litteris colendis (c.794-797). In the Admonitio generalis, Charlemagne legislates church reform, which he believes will make his subjects more moral and in the Epistola de litteris colendis, a letter to Abbot Baugulf of Fulda, he outlines his intentions for cultural reform.[6]​
    Click to expand...

    “Church reform”, “make his subjects more moral”, again we wonder about what kind of heresy was Charlemagne trying to eradicate?

    A number of authors, among them Heribert Illig and Gerhard Anwander[7], doubt the historicity of Charlemagne and argue that he was a mythical figure modeled after historical Constantine.



    Constantine and Charlemagne on Cologne Cathédral​

    This makes sense since more or less 300 years were blank. But as demonstrated by Ward Perkins[8], blank doesn’t mean added.

    Might it in fact be other way around: was a mythical Constantine modeled after the historical figure of Charlemagne? Another piece of evidence supporting this hypothesis is the forgery of the Constantine donation:

    Valla showed that the document could not possibly have been written in the historical era of Constantine (4th Century) because its vernacular style dated conclusively to a later era (8th Century). One of Valla's reasons was that Mantis Gräfelfing.[9]
    Click to expand...

    In other words, Constantine’s legacy was to grant supreme temporal and spiritual power to the Church, and its main proof was a forgery (probably conducted at the behest of Pepin Le Bref[10], the father of Charlemagne).

    If it was not enough, according to the official narrative, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 AD on Christmas Day[11]. 800 years, day for day, after the alleged birth of Jesus Christ. The legacy of Jesus Christ to Charlemagne and his collusion with the papacy could not be clearer.


    © Friedrich Kaulbach, 1861
    Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne, on December 25th, 800 AD    ​

    Charlemagne’s reign (768-814) was one of almost continuous warfare[12]. Coincidently or not, virtually all wars directed by Charlemagne were waged against people embracing Paleochristianity:

    Was Charlemagne wagging theological wars against what he considered as heathen’s beliefs? Was he imposing the law (ancient testament) where love (message of St Paul) and Mercy (Message of Julius Caesar) prevailed until then?

    This is what is strongly suggested by to following passage. One thing is sure, Charlemagne acted as inquisitor maximus before the times, waged the first Crusades imposing Roman Christianity upon dissenters:

    Charlemagne wanted to act like a true king of Israel. The Amalekites had dared raise their hand to betray God’s people, and it was therefore right that every last one of them should be exterminated. Jericho was taken and all those inside had to be put to the sword, including men, women, old people, and children, even the oxen, sheep, and donkeys, so that no trace would be left of them. After defeating the Moabites, David, with whom Charles liked to compare himself, had the prisoners stretch out on the ground, and two out of three were killed. This, too, was part of the Old Testament from which the king drew inspiration, and it is difficult not to discern a practical and cruelly coherent application of that model in the massacre of Verden.[13]
    Click to expand...

    Indeed, the atrocities committed by Charlemagne were waged in the name of “the laws and man” and it comes from the very own words of Charlemagne’s friend and biographer Einhard:

    No war ever undertaken by the Frankish people was more prolonged, more full of atrocities or more demanding of effort. The Saxons, like almost all the peoples living in Germany, are ferocious by nature. They are much given to devil worship and they are hostile to our religion. They think it no dishonor to violate and transgress the laws of God and man.[14]
    Click to expand...

    Here an extensive list[15] of the Charlemagne’s wars, there are a lot, and coincidently or not, virtually all his wars were directed at people embracing Paleochristianity:

    Aquitaine war (778)

    The first war waged by Charlemagne but not the last. Aquitaine was stronghold of Catharism. The Cathars are attested in written form as far back as 8th century AD[16]:


    © Military Wiki
    Spread of the “heretics” movements    ​


    The capitulary[17] includes several chapters that speak to a land ravaged by war. “[T]hose churches of God which have been abandoned are to be restored” […] “bishops, abbots and abbesses are to live under a holy rule”… The region must have been ruined. To begin to rebuild, Charles [Charlemagne] reiterated the rule of law, a theme he would return to again and again during his rule.[18]
    Click to expand...

    Lombardy wars Conquest of Lombardy (773-774), Lombardy Rebellion (776), Lombard War (780) Beneventian War (787), Second Beneventian War (792-?)

    Lombardy was a stronghold of the Bogomile /Cathars. Their doctrines have numerous resemblances to those of the the Paulicians, who influenced them, as well as the earlier Marcionites, who were found in the same areas as the Paulicians.[19]
    Click to expand...

    The Paulicians are attested as far back as 660 AD[20]. It predates Charlemagne by at least one century.

    Saxon Wars (771-804)

    The longest and bloodiest war waged by Charlemagne. It’s during the Saxon Wars that Charlemagne perpetrated the massacre of Verden. As mentioned earlier, the Saxons held some form of Paleochristianity as early as the late-6th century.

    Notice that, although being Christianized way before the Franks, the biographer of Charlemagne didn’t hesitate to demonize them:

    The Saxons, like almost all the peoples living in Germany, are ferocious by nature. They are much given to devil worship and they are hostile to our religion. They think it no dishonor to violate and transgress the laws of God and man.[21]
    Click to expand...

    Spanish wars (777-778), (779-812)

    Was it only the Moors who were the targets of Charlemagne’s ire? One of main battles was located in Pyrenees, at the Roncevaux Pass, It opposed the Basques (Vascones) army - not the Muslims - to the Frankish army[22].

    Interestingly, the Basques were first Christianized by Saxons and not by the Franks:

    The Basques […] were Christianized at a par with the Germanic peoples hostile to Carolingian expansion (8th-9th century), such as the Saxons[23]
    Click to expand...

    Notice also that the Vascones’ territory extended from the Atlantic Ocean, the Garonne River, one of the hotbeds of Catharism up until the 14th Century.

    Breton War (786)

    Britany was Christianized as early the 5th centuries by monks from Ireland[24] and we know that Ireland was one of the locations of Paleochristianity.

    Bavarian War (787-788)

    Bavaria was Christianized at latest during 7th Century[25] which predates Charlemagne by at least 100 years. Bavaria was one of the locations of “heresies” as indicated by the map above.

    Vikings War (late 700’s)

    The monastery was plundered and burned, while monks were either killed or enslaved. The Vikings began attacks along the North coast of France. Charlemagne, king of the Franks, set up a series of defenses along the coast to ward off these Viking raids.[26]
    Click to expand...
    The Barbarian narrative doesn’t hold scrutiny[27]. If the Vikings were not barbarians but civilized Paleochristian people, what was the reason behind for the raids of monasteries?

    Many of the earliest recording Viking raids targeted British monasteries. Some historians argue that it was revenge against the invasion of Christianity into Scandinavia that motivated these attacks[28]
    Click to expand...

    Various reasons are ascribed by to Vikings for targeting monasteries. The odd thing is that all the invoked reasons ignore an obvious fact, the monasteries, especially at the time, were first and foremost, the only places where manuscripts were being written, revised and copied.

    So were that Vikings raid targeting monasteries motivated by looting riches and gold as generally claimed and/or were these raids motivated by more theological reasons, indicating a struggle between Paleochristianity as held by the Vikings and Roman Christianity as proselytized by Charlemagne?

    Avar War (791-796)

    The Avars[29] were introduced to Orthodox Christianity as far back as the 5th century[30]. The Avars lived in what is today Hungary, where was founded Bogomilism[31].

    Slavic War (798)

    As seen above the Slavs were Christianized as early as the 6th century.

    Croatian War (799-803)

    The naval battle of opposing Julius Caesar to Pompeii took place around Taurus Island, Croatia[32]. As indicated in the map above Croatia was one major location of Bogomilism, which survived in Croatia, at least, until the 14th century as attested by this tombstone:


    © Croatian School
    Bogomil tombstone in Croatia, 14th-15th century    ​

    Frankish-Byzantine War (801-810)

    Byzantium was the capital of orthodox Christianity, whose major bone of contention with Roman Christianity was the calculation of the spring equinox (more on this topic soon).

    Danish War (808-810)

    The Danes and the Saxons were allies. Charlemagne waged war with the Danes, who had given aid and asylum to the Saxon leader Widukind in the Saxon Wars.[33]

    Bohemian War (805-806) [34]

    A noted for the Slavs region, the Christianization started, at the latest, during the 7th century:

    At first, the Christian rite in Bohemia was the Slavic one of the Eastern Orthodox Church, but it was soon replaced by the Roman Catholic rite, introduced due to Western influences[35]
    Click to expand...


    Controversies about spring equinox and Christmas​


    In a small Spanish village called Bercianos de Aliste survives a most peculiar tradition:

    It is well-known that the Semana Santa always reaches its climax on Good Friday, and that most traditional Christians view the processions on Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday (Resurrectio) as merely an appendix. This would be a strange attitude, since the Resurrection—which Easter is all about—is said to occur on Sunday, not on Friday. So there seem to be two chronologies at work here, the one by the book ending on Sunday, and the underlying, but apparently traditional and more ancient chronology with Christ’s death on Wednesday, his subsequent enshrinement, and the climax on Good Friday. This alternate liturgical current obviously ignores the events in the Passion narrative of the Gospel, where Christ is commonly believed to die on the Cross.[36]
    Click to expand...

    Easter predates Roman Christianity[37], could it date back to the celebration of the Ides of March - Julius Caesar’s death and resurrection three days later?

    This two-day offset would makes sense if one considers the original underlying chronology which is based directly on the Caesarian tradition: Caesar’s death was on a Wednesday, funeral with presentation of the effigy/crucifix on Friday.

    Still today orthodox Christians have a different method of calculating the spring equinox[38] based in the Julian calendar, the calendar invented by Julius Caesar. In orthodox tradition, Holy Unction (Caesar’s death) is a Wednesday[39] and Good Friday is a Friday[40] (Caesar’s resurrection).

    A similar controversy exists for the celebration of Christmas. Notice that like Easter, Christmas is a tradition that predates Roman Christianity. Already, the Romans celebrated the December 25th because it was the date of the festival of Sol Invictus[41].

    Sol invictus was the official God of the late Roman Empire and the patron of Roman Soldiers[42]. Statues were set up to Julius Caesar himself, as Sol Invictus[43].

    There no mention of the Jesus Christ’s date of birth in any of the Gospels. The earliest dating of Christmas was done in 192 AD:

    Writing shortly after the assassination of Commodus on December 31, AD 192, Clement of Alexandria provides the earliest documented dates for the Nativity. One hundred ninety-four years, one month, and thirteen days, he says, had elapsed since then, which corresponds to a birth date of November 18 or, if the forty-nine intercalary days missing from the Alexandrian calendar are added, January 6. Moreover, "There are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day" (Stromata, I.21), including dates in April and May, as well as another day in January.[44]
    Click to expand...

    Julius Caesar was born on the 12th July[45]. Coincidently or not still nowadays, a small village in Italy celebrates Christmas on the 12th July:

    Christmas in Ossola is celebrated in July. For four centuries Vagna, a very small hamlet of Domodossola (Vco), has celebrated the Feast of the Child, a rite spread in the fifteenth century by the Franciscan San Bernardino da Siena who also found roots here[…]The appointment this year is for July 12. The climax of the feast, which lasts three days, is the solemn Sunday Mass with Christmas carols and the procession dül Bambin which sees the carrying statue of the Child Jesus, a work made in 1730 by the local sculptor Bartolomeo Zanini Piroia.[46]
    Click to expand...

    Are the controversies and remaining traditions about spring equinox and winter solstice an indication that Roman Christianity replaced Julius Caesar by Jesus Christ? Was the latter being modeled after the former?




    © Baillie
    Irish Church foundations indicating a huge pulse in 540 AD    ​

    Notice the surge in “church” foundation ca. 540 AD in Ireland. The signs were here, comets and plagues. Extra devotion was being displayed by survivors. But was this huge spike in churches building the sole result of harsh times? In a time of bare survival for many, some people build churches in troves. Did the plague of Justinian virus play a role too?

    Why, during the time of Saint Paul, did Paleochristianity not really catch on? In almost 30 years (29 AD – 55 AD) of preaching, Paul gathered at most one thousand followers[47]. Julius Caesar’s cult was initially circumscribed to some of its soldiers and yet, just a few decades later, Paleochristianity had taken the periphery of Western Europe by storm.

    In addition, as noted above, the central values at the core of Paleochristianity – mercy, forgiveness and love – were so foreign at the time[48]. Another major innovation was the introduction of monotheism in a world dominated for millennia by polytheism.

    Might it be that the collective trauma of cometary bombardment and/or a newly introduced virus triggered this civilizational leap?

    [1] Wikipedia contributors (2021) ‘’Carolingian Renaissance’’ Wikipedia
    [2] Contreni, John G. (1984) "The Carolingian Renaissance" Cambridge University Press
    [3] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Charlemagne” Wikipedia
    [4] Mark, J. J. (2019) “Donation of Constantine” World History Encyclopedia
    [5] Nancy Ross (2021) “Carolingian art, an introduction” Khan Academy
    [6] Ibid
    [7] Heribert Illig et al. (2002) “Bayern in der Phantomzeit. Archäologie widerlegt Urkunden des frühen Mittelalters” Mantis Gräfelfing
    [8] See previous subchapter “Conditions before the Plague of Justinian”
    [9] Jeremy Norman (2021) “Lorenzo Valla Proves that the Donation of Constantine is a Forgery” History Of Information
    [10] Ross, 2021
    [11] Barraclough, G. (2022) “Holy Roman Empire” Encyclopedia Britannica
    [12] Editors of medievalists (2022) “Was Charlemagne a Mass Murderer?” Medievalists
    [13] Ibid
    [14] Ibid
    [15] Editors of History Guy (2022) “Charlemagne, King of the Franks” History Guy
    [16] Philip Schaff et al. (1994) “Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers” Hendrickson Publishers
    [17] A royal command
    [18] Bentonian (2016) “769: Charlemagne’s first battle” The Eighth Century and All That
    [19] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Catharism” Wikipedia
    [20] Editors of the Encyclopedia (1911) “Paulicians" Catholic Encyclopedia
    [21] Editors of medievalists (2022) “Was Charlemagne a Mass Murderer?” Medievalists
    [22] Editors of the Encyclopedia (2022) ‘’Battle of Roncevaux Pass’’ DBpedia
    [23] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “History of the Basques” Wikipedia
    [24] Editors de Landenweb (2022) “Brittany – Religion” Landenweb
    [25] Editors of the Encyclopedia (2022) “Bavarians" Encyclopedia of World Cultures
    [26] Giotto (2022) “Viking Invasions of Europe” University of Penfield
    [27] Rachael Bletchly (2014) “The truth about Vikings: Not the smelly barbarians of legend but silk-clad, blinged-up culture vultures” Mirror
    [28] Editors of Scandinavia Facts (2022) “Why Did the Vikings Attack Monasteries? Get the Facts” Scandinavia Facts
    [29] People living in what is known today as Caucasus
    [30] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Avars (Caucasus)” Wikipedia
    [31] Wikipedia contributors. (2022) “Bogomilism” Wikipedia
    [32] Shahan Garo (2019) “The Remnants of Caesar’s Civil War: Naval Battle off Tauris Island” Tldr History
    [33] Editors of History Guy (2022) “Charlemagne, King of the Franks” History Guy
    [34] Ibid
    [35] Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason (2006) “Encyclopedia of European Peoples” Infobase Publishing. p. 200
    [36] Editors of Divus Julius (2022) “The death of Christ on Holy Wednesday” Divus Julius
    [37] Alyson Horton
    [38] ThoughtCo (2021) "How Is the Date of Easter Determined?" Learn Religions
    [39] Editors of Greek Boston (2022) “Greek Orthodox Holy Wednesday (Holy Unction) Religious Service Overview” Greek Boston
    [40] Editors of Wilstar (2022) “Orthodox Good Friday” Wilstar
    [41] E. Tylor (1889) “Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom” Vol. 2 John Murray p.270
    [42] Editors of Digital Maps of the Ancient World (2022) “Sol Invictus” Digital Maps of the Ancient World
    [43] Lilly Ross Taylor (1931) “The Divinity of the Roman Emperor” American Philological Association p. 65
    [44] James Eason (2022) “Sol Invictus and Christmas” University of Chicago
    [45] Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (2022) "Julius Caesar" Encyclopedia Britannica
    [46] Redactors ANSA (2020) ‘’Ossola festeggia a luglio il Natale’’ ANSA ViaggiArt
    [47] L. Knight-Jadczyk, 2021
    [48] Mert Toker (2019) “What historic/ancient civilization or society had the lowest preference for mercy?” Quora","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1010886,"date":"2022-02-27T18:06:29+0100","text":"MERCI PIERRE de nous faire profiter de votre connaissance qui nous ouvrent les yeux et l'esprit...

    THANK YOU PIERRE for sharing your knowledge that opens our eyes and minds...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1010887,"date":"2022-02-27T18:09:40+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 20","attachments":["
  • Chapter 20.pdf
    Chapter 20.pdf
    1.9 MB· Views: 128
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1011019,"date":"2022-02-28T00:16:01+0100","text":"Thank you Pierre
    Here is the French pdf ch 20
    Good reading to all. It is fascinating","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-20.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-20.pdf
    5.2 MB· Views: 113
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1011022,"date":"2022-02-28T00:29:20+0100","text":"Pierre,
    While reading chapter 20, I thought of an article I copied a few years ago on this "good Charlemagne" as he was taught in schools....
    This article is still on the net:
    Charlemagne, un couronnement romain qui détourne l’Eglise de l’Orient

    "As proof, the future Charlemagne did not come to Rome in the year 800 to be crowned.
    He had already been since July 27, 754, at Saint-Denis, where Pope Stephen II, making the first trip of a pontiff north of the Alps, had come to crown at the same time his father, Pepin the Short - himself already crowned in 751 in Soissons by the bishop - and his brother."","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1011108,"date":"2022-02-28T09:09:22+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Like the Plague of Justinian, the Bleak Death
    Click to expand...
    -> Black","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1011109,"date":"2022-02-28T09:13:22+0100","text":"Great chapter! Really interesting and made me rethink a bit about my family's history in Mecklenburg c. 1600. Thanks Peirre!

    Chapter 20:

    Pierre said:
    Furthermore, between the 7th and the 9th centuries, human activity in virtually all the Roman Empire was virtually inexistent:
    Click to expand...
    - I might change the first 'virtually' to a different word like 'almost'.
    (also)
    -...virtually nonexistent.
    Pierre said:
    This provided almost 5 centuries of in-interrupted historical legitimacy,
    Click to expand...
    -...uninterrupted...
    Pierre said:
    Actually, Julius Caesar’s mercy might have led to its own downfall:
    Click to expand...
    -...his...
    Pierre said:
    This similarity between Julius Caesar and Paul is even more puzzling that it took place in a world virtually foreign to these virtues[19]. Until then the Roman Empire...
    Click to expand...
    -...since... Until then, the...
    Pierre said:
    We know that Julius Caesar adored by its troops. Actually during his life, he was already divinized. The Senate had put up a statue of Julius Caesar, with an inscription declaring him a demi-god[26]. Statues were set up to Caesar himself, as “Sol Invictus” (unconquered god)
    Click to expand...
    - We know that Julius Caesar was adored by his troops. But he was actually divinized while he was still living.
    (or)
    - Julius Caesar was actually divinized while he was still living. He was adored by his legions of troops, and the Senate decorated him with a statue on which an inscription declared him to be a demi-god. Other statues were erected to Caesar himself as "Sol Invictus" (unconquered god).

    (The first sentence (as originally written) jumped out at me and felt out of place because the rest of the paragraph has nothing to do with troops or shows how adoration from the troops supports JC's divinity. I tried to come up with some alternatives. In the first alternative, I tried to keep the original sentences but my attempt was poor so in the second alternative, I rewrote the beginning of the paragraph. But, to be clear, I'm not trying to be a monk writting in the margins.

    Pierre said:
    The sighting of what may be the brightest comet[34] in recorded history during the Games held in his honor four months after his the assassination was interpreted by Romans as one more confirmation Julius Caesar’s divine nature.
    Click to expand...
    - The sighting of what might have been the brightest comet in recorded history, was four months after his assassination during the Games that were held in his honor. It was interpreted by the Romans as yet another confirmation of Julius Caesar's divine nature.

    (possible alternative)

    Pierre said:
    In Rome, a temple in homage of Divus Julius was built. There were crosses, specifically on the door and the comet representation. A Latin cross can be seen in the brass boss pattern on the central door (top right corner of the image below) and the comet is formed from two crosses (+ and X)
    Click to expand...
    - In Rome, a temple in homage to Divus Julius was built. There were two merged crosses shown specifically on the door and on the pediment (tympanum) that represented Julius Caesar and the comet. A Latin cross (+), which can be seen in the embossed brass pattern on the central door, ... and the comet (X) which together form an eight-pointed star:

    (Originally written, this was a really difficult paragraph for me to figure out. I've written a possible alternative but I don't know if it's even right. Please review.)

    Pierre said:
    Notice the uncanny similarity between the representation of Caesar’s comet on the frontispiece of Divus Julius temple and the Rho-Chi cross and the symbol of the resurrection of Jesus Christ
    Click to expand...
    Pierre said:
    Comparison between the representation of Caesar’s Comet and the Rho Chi cross​
    Click to expand...
    - In both cases (one of which is the caption below an image) it needs to be written as 'the Chi-Rho cross' because Rho-Chi is an international honor society for pharmacological sciences.

    Pierre said:
    Coincidently or not, there is almost a perfect match between the battle and the conquest made by Julius Caesar (and soldiers left around the places, for example in settlements or in colonies) and the spread of Paleochristianity:
    Click to expand...
    -... the battles and conquests made by Julius Caesar (and the soldiers who stayed in those areas...) ...
    Pierre said:
    Early adoption of Paleochristianity in Ireland is attested by typical cemetery orientation and crosses:
    Click to expand...
    -...attested to by the (typical?) orientation of their cemeteries and their crosses: (I don't know about this one. It might be fine as originally written.)
    Pierre said:
    In we subtract 460 years to 450 AD, it leads to 10 BC, 34 years after the Deaths of Julius Caesar and years before the mythical figure of Jesus Christ and the creation of Roman Christianity.
    Click to expand...
    - If we subtract... from... death... and (10?) years before the debut of the mythical figure...
    Pierre said:
    If 460 years were added to the official chronology, 410 AD corresponds to 50 BC, decades before Jesus Christs and Roman Christianity
    Click to expand...
    -...Christ...
    Pierre said:
    Similar early adoption of Paleochristianity by Saxon:
    Click to expand...
    -...Paleochristianity was by the Saxons:
    Pierre said:
    And is what is tantalizing link that journalist carefully omits to disclose? Remember that Julius Caesar with the first to have to have a dedicated flamen (plural flamenies) priest.
    Click to expand...
    -...is the tantalizing ... Caesar was the...
    Pierre said:
    It was a substantial part of the Celt world who practicing Paleo Christianity. Celtic Christianity is a form of Christianity that was common, across the Celtic-speaking world from the 5th Century[46].
    Click to expand...
    - It was a substantial part of the Celt world who was practicing Paleochristianity.
    (or)
    - A substantial part of the Celt world practiced Paleochristianity.
    (also)
    -...common across... (remove comma)
    Pierre said:
    Meanwhile, Western Europe was a pile of rubbles. ... This period of is called the Carolingian Renaissance:
    Click to expand...
    -...rubble... period is called...
    Pierre said:
    Notice the two last items: liturgical reforms and scriptural studies, does it suggest some kind of heresy?
    Click to expand...
    -...studies. Does...
    Pierre said:
    Regeneration implies degeneration. What is the part of the society did the Carolingians consider as degenerate?
    Click to expand...
    - What part of society did the Carolingians consider to be degenerate?
    Pierre said:
    Remember that about 460 years added the official chronology?
    Click to expand...
    -...years was added to...
    Pierre said:
    This makes sense since more or less 300 years were blank.
    Click to expand...
    -...since, more or less, 300... (commas)
    Valla showed that the document could not possibly have been written in the historical era of Constantine (4th Century) because its vernacular style dated conclusively to a later era (8th Century). One of Valla's reasons was that Mantis Gräfelfing.[9]
    Click to expand...
    - ...was that Mantis Gräfelfing... what? Did he do something? \"🤔\"
    Pierre said:
    Was Charlemagne wagging theological wars against what he considered as heathen’s beliefs? Was he imposing the law (ancient testament) where love (message of St Paul) and Mercy (Message of Julius Caesar) prevailed until then?
    Click to expand...
    - This paragraph is not in a 'quote box' in either the pdf or post version.
    Pierre said:
    This is what is strongly suggested by to following passage. One thing is sure, Charlemagne acted as inquisitor maximus before the times, waged the first Crusades imposing Roman Christianity upon dissenters:
    Click to expand...
    -...before (those?) times and waged the... (As written, I'm not completely sure which 'times' you are referring to)
    Pierre said:
    Here an extensive list[15] of the Charlemagne’s wars, there are a lot, and coincidently or not, virtually all his wars were directed at people embracing Paleochristianity:
    Click to expand...
    - Here is an extensive list of Charlemagne's wars (there are a lot) and coincidentally...
    Pierre said:
    The first war waged by Charlemagne but not the last. Aquitaine was stronghold of Catharism.
    Click to expand...
    -...was a/the stronghold...
    Lombardy was a stronghold of the Bogomile /Cathars.
    Click to expand...
    - remove space (this is a quote)
    Pierre said:
    One of main battles was located in Pyrenees, at the Roncevaux Pass, It opposed the Basques (Vascones) army - not the Muslims - to the Frankish army.
    Click to expand...
    - One of the main battles was located in the Pyrenees, at the Roncevaux Pass. He confronted the Basque (Vascone) army - not the Muslims - with the Frankish army.
    Pierre said:
    Notice also that the Vascones’ territory extended from the Atlantic Ocean, the Garonne River, one of the hotbeds
    Click to expand...
    -...Atlantic Ocean to the Garonne River, and was one...
    Pierre said:
    Bavaria was Christianized at latest during 7th Century
    Click to expand...
    -...Christianized, at the latest, during the 7th...
    Pierre said:
    Vikings War (late 700’s)
    Click to expand...
    - Viking...
    Pierre said:
    If the Vikings were not barbarians but civilized Paleochristian people, what was the reason behind for the raids of monasteries?
    Click to expand...
    -...reason behind the raids of the monasteries?
    (or)
    -...reason for the raids of the monasteries?
    Pierre said:
    Various reasons are ascribed by to Vikings for targeting monasteries. The odd thing is that all the invoked reasons ignore an obvious fact, the monasteries, especially at the time, were first and foremost, the only places
    Click to expand...
    -...ascribed to the Vikings... obvious fact that the... foremost the only...
    Pierre said:
    So were that Vikings raid targeting
    Click to expand...
    - So were these Viking raids targeting...
    Pierre said:
    The Avars lived in what is today Hungary, where was founded Bogomilism.
    Click to expand...
    -...where Bogomilism was founded.

    Pierre said:
    As seen above the Slavs were Christianized as early as the 6th century.
    Click to expand...
    -...above, the...
    Pierre said:
    The naval battle of opposing Julius Caesar to Pompeii took place around Taurus Island, Croatia[32]. As indicated in the map above Croatia was one major location of Bogomilism,
    Click to expand...
    - The naval battle of opposing Julius Caesar by Pompeii...
    (or)
    - The naval battle confronting Julius Caesar with Pompeii...
    (also)
    -...above, Croatia was one of the major locations...
    Pierre said:
    The Danes and the Saxons were allies. Charlemagne waged war with the Danes, who had given aid and asylum to the Saxon leader Widukind in the Saxon Wars.
    Click to expand...
    - But(?) Charlemagne waged war with the Danes after(?) he had given aid...
    Pierre said:
    A noted for the Slavs region, the Christianization started,
    Click to expand...
    - A note for the Slavic region that Christianization started...
    Pierre said:
    Easter predates Roman Christianity[37], could it date back to the celebration of the Ides of March
    Click to expand...
    - That Easter predates Roman Christianity, could it date back to the celebration of the Ides of March...
    Pierre said:
    A similar controversy exists for the celebration of Christmas. Notice that like Easter,
    Click to expand...
    - Notice that Easter...
    Pierre said:
    There no mention of the Jesus Christ’s date of birth
    Click to expand...
    - There is no mention of Jesus Christ's...
    Pierre said:
    Julius Caesar was born on the 12th July[45]. Coincidently or not still nowadays, a small village in Italy celebrates Christmas on the 12th July:
    Click to expand...
    -...12th of July. Coincidentally or not, to this day a small village in Italy still celebrates... 12th of July.
    Pierre said:
    Notice the surge in “church” foundation ca. 540 AD in Ireland. The signs were here, comets and plagues. Extra devotion was being displayed by survivors. But was this huge spike in churches building the sole result of harsh times? In a time of bare survival for many, some people build churches in troves. Did the plague of Justinian virus play a role too?
    Click to expand...
    -...foundations... were there - comets and plagues - and extra devotion... spike in churches being built the...time of the basest survival... in droves.
    Pierre said:
    [34] At its peak brightness Caesar’s Comet reached a magnitude of -4.0 making as bright as Venus
    Click to expand...
    - At its peak brightness, Caesar's Comet reached a magnitude of -4.0 making it as bright as Venus. (found in references)
    Pierre said:
    [29] People living in what is known today as Caucasus
    Click to expand...
    -...as the Caucasus (found in references)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1011116,"date":"2022-02-28T10:13:24+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Thanks Peirre!
    Click to expand...
    Thanks Pierre! \":lol:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1011121,"date":"2022-02-28T10:35:20+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    smallpox or bubonic plaque from 1680 to 1830.
    Click to expand...
    -> plague","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1011205,"date":"2022-02-28T17:53:17+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Thanks Pierre! \":lol:\"
    Click to expand...
    \":-[\" Unbelievable. Out of all the other words...\":lol:\" Sorry 'bout that.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11459,"user":"ToxicCoward","id":1011211,"date":"2022-02-28T18:27:58+0100","text":"That typo reminds me about this research:

    People

    \"www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk\"www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk
    Name "Peirre" also exists (Peirre - Meaning of Peirre, What does Peirre mean?), so brain may have trouble deciding how to read.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1011224,"date":"2022-02-28T19:11:37+0100","text":"
    ToxicCoward said:
    That typo reminds me about this research:

    Name "Peirre" also exists (Peirre - Meaning of Peirre, What does Peirre mean?), so brain may have trouble deciding how to read.
    Click to expand...
    Interesting. I did not know that. Still, in this case, the irony is pretty thick.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1012803,"date":"2022-03-04T16:26:22+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Ahh! 460 years. Now I see. Thanks Pierre!


    -...chronology because it has serious... (No commas needed.)

    - Delete.

    - The eruption released 100,000 times more thermal energy then the Hiroshima bomb. (Possible alternative)

    - What's the point of reporting "rumbling"?

    - That's fundamentally what... (Did you mean this word? If not, then disregard.)
    (and)
    -...rings: One... (Changed to as it is written in the reference list (#15))

    In the pdf, references 8 & 9 are listed at the bottom the following page. Is there a way to put them on the same page? I understand that formatting might not allow for this.
    Click to expand...

    Corrected in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1012804,"date":"2022-03-04T16:29:50+0100","text":"
    Eboard10 said:
    The post is quite lengthy but I have included all the information I looked at so far and tried to make some sense out of it. It needs a lot of editing, cleaning up and re-thinking but there is hopefully some information that could be useful.

    History of Pliny's Letters​

    The letters of Pliny the Younger are supposedly composed of a total of 10 books and have been handed down to us in 3 main groups:
    • 10-book collection / 100 letters
    • 9-book collection
    • 8-book collection
    During the Middle Ages, the 10-book collection was the only one in circulation but, by then, the entire collection had been lost and only the first 100 letters from books 1-5 were available.

    It wasn’t until 1419 that many of the remaining letters were discovered when Italian humanist Guarino Veronese, who had recently moved to Verona, was shown Pliny’s works in the Capitular Library of Verona which contained books 1-7 and 9 (8-book collection), and went on to share the letters with other literates of the time in Italy. The letters describing the Vesuvius eruption are found in Book VI.16 and VI.20, hence they were not available to the public before the Veronese manuscript was discovered.

    In his letter to Gualdo, where Guarino announces the discovery of the manuscript, he clearly mentions that the letters need revisioning. According to Elmer Truesdell Merrill, it’s likely that Guarino didn’t share the original version of the manuscript but distributed the revised one which was then copied by the other scholars before disappearing:


    It's note clear which parts of the letters were edited by Guarino, but the story doesn't end with him.

    What we do know from the records is that during the previous century, two authors had already access to Pliny’s letters in the Capitular Library of Verona. The first one was the author of the Flores moralium auctoritatum, composed around 1329 and attributed to Guglielmo de Pastrengo, a jurist, politician and writer who also befriended the famous Italian poet Petrarca. In it, he quotes extensively sentences of the letters, including some from books 6 and 7. The second author was Giovanni de Matociis, known as the Mansionarius, a notary and writer who composed several works, among which a compilation of the history of Roman emperors called Hitsoria Imperialis that he wrote during the 1310s, and a biographical note own the two Pliny’s called Breuis adnotatio de duobus Plinii. This latter work is particularly relevant as it’s the first time an author distinguishes between Pliny the Younger and Pliny the Elder. Prior to that, it was assumed that only one Pliny existed.

    In her paper entitled On the Eight-Book Tradition of Pliny's Letters in Verona, Merrill examines in detail the letters and the works written by the two 13th century authors and also makes these very interesting remarks about the differences between Mansionarius’ Historia Imperialis and the Adnotatio:


    So the author who had access to Pliny’s letters, in one of his works states that Pliny was governor of Syria but in the other he goes on to say that he was President of Spain. He then also remarks that Pliny the Elder died under the ashes of Etna, not Vesuvius! What’s going on here? Was he really that forgetful to confuse one volcano with the other and one governorship over the other? What’s more, Giovanni de Matociis makes another unusual remark in the Adnotatio. As pointed out by Merrill:


    So the same author who wrote a note warning the other writers about the fact that there were actually two Pliny’s rather than one, as believed at the time, writes about the eight-book manuscript as if any other scholar would know about its existence and its contents when in fact, the writers of the time only had access to the 100 letters from the first 5 books and were only made privy of the more extensive 8-book version in 1419 with the announcement made by Guarino Veronese quote above.

    Also, why did it take almost another century before the 8-book version was re-discovered and made available to scholars across Europe? It's interesting to note that Guarino didn't find Pliny's works in the library by himself but was pointed out to him by someone.



    The Eruption of 79 AD​

    Now reading the letters written by Pliny the Younger addressed to Tacitus describing the now famous day of the eruption, there are some aspects of the story that stand out as being out of place, not accounting for he fact that the towns of Pompei and Herculaneum aren't even mentioned.

    One such example is the following text describing the moment Pliny the Elder first notices the plume coming from the volcano from his place in Miseno:


    As noted by blogger Andreas:



    Here, Andreas suggests that the town described by Pliny may not be Miseno but instead Messina in Sicily, due to the similarity of the names and the fact that it’s harder to distinguish Mount Etna from Messina compared to Mount Vesuvius from Miseno. While that is certainly possible, I would be more inclined to suggest that the actual city being referred to is Milazzo (Mylea in latin), a town on the northern coast of Sicily that, unlike Messina, used to be a Roman naval base, an important aspect given that Pliny the Elder was supposedly a naval commander:


    In fact, when looking from Milazzo, it is not that easy to distinguish Mount Etna from other mountains as shown in the picture below:



    Another point substantiating the idea that the scene of the eruption was more likely in Sicily than in Campania is provided by Pliny:



    While the region of Campania is indeed a seismic zone, it is not to the point where tremblings can be perceived as an “ordinary occurrence”. A report published by the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology shows the seismic risk hazard curves for the country, by probability of surplus quakes over a period of 50 years:

    View attachment 55329

    As you can see, the area surrounding Milazzo and Mount Etna has a much higher seismic risk compared to the Neapolitan coast.

    In his second letter, Pliny the Younger describes a cloud that covers the island of Capri along with the promontory of Miseno, two places that are located in different directions compared to Vesuvius.


    When looking at the scene from Miseno on the Neapolitan coast, one would be looking at the sea in the same direction as Mount Vesuvius from where one can safely assume the "black and dreadful cloud broken with rapid zigzag flashes" was originating, so saying that the cloud was on the other side of the sea would hardly reflect the scene as seen from Miseno. Nor would saying that the cloud starts surrounding the island of Capri and the promontory of Miseno which are in different directions.

    If one were instead to picture the scene from the promontory of Milazzo in Sicily, the description suddenly makes more sense with the sea facing opposite Mount Etna when viewed from the coastal town, and with the island of Lipari in sight further north.

    Mount Etna Historical Eruptions​

    Historical accounts of eruptions of Mount Etna during Ancient Rome have been recorded by several writers of the time. The main ones observed span the time between 140 BC and 40 AD according to the accepted chronology, spanning a period of circa 180 years. If we include the eruption of 79 AD, we are looking at a period of circa 220 years. We'll come back to this in a moment.

    View attachment 55330

    A paper published in 2007 examines the written documents pertaining to the historical eruptions of Mount Etna and compares them via magnetic dating of lava flows and cinder cones and other radio-chronology measures to verify the accuracy of the dating of historical eruptions.

    The findings of the paper may surprise readers well versed in Ancient Rome:


    Adding to this, the authors analysed the magnetic directions and possible ages of historically undated lavas flows and pyroclastic cones. Of these, two samples were dated to circa 550 AD with a high degree of confidence. This suggests that an eruption also occurred around 550 AD, give or take a few decades.

    View attachment 55332

    We know from both ice core records and dendrochronology that a series of large eruptions took place in 536 AD and 540 AD. @Pierre shows how Procopius, in The Gothic War, notes an explosive eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 536 AD.

    Given the above information, we can infer with a certain degree of confidence that Mount Etna may have also been one of the volcanoes to erupt in that period. If we now take the historical period spanning 140 BC to 79 AD mentioned before and shift the timeline so that the end matches the 536 AD event, we have a start for the period of increased volcanic activity of Mount Etna of 317 AD. This matches quite nicely with the period of voluminous eruptions outlined in the paper of 300-450 AD and would support the lack of evidence of any substantial and continual eruptions at the turn of the first millennium.

    Going back to Pliny’s letter, can be infer anything from all this?

    Was the story made up by a medieval writer claiming the letter to belong to Pliny, added to a compilation of real letters and then discovered as a new manuscript and subsequently modified by the copyists. Or was the text describing a real event about an eruption that may have taken place in Sicily or Campania (or both) around 536 AD and which was later modified to reflect the belief of the writers in later times regarding the time and place of the event?
    Click to expand...

    You did a very thorough work trying to elucidate the mystery surrounding the hypothetical 79 AD Vesuvius eruption!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1012808,"date":"2022-03-04T16:31:38+0100","text":"
    Jebra said:
    That should read 5 on a scale of 8 (according to wikipedia).
    Click to expand...
    It's already been corrected in the master file, but not in the published version.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1012809,"date":"2022-03-04T16:34:24+0100","text":"
    Channa said:
    Pierre,
    While reading chapter 20, I thought of an article I copied a few years ago on this "good Charlemagne" as he was taught in schools....
    This article is still on the net:
    Charlemagne, un couronnement romain qui détourne l’Eglise de l’Orient

    "As proof, the future Charlemagne did not come to Rome in the year 800 to be crowned.
    He had already been since July 27, 754, at Saint-Denis, where Pope Stephen II, making the first trip of a pontiff north of the Alps, had come to crown at the same time his father, Pepin the Short - himself already crowned in 751 in Soissons by the bishop - and his brother."
    Click to expand...
    Do you think Charlemagne was crowned twice (as king of the Franks, and later as emperor) or do you think the second crowning is bogus?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1012812,"date":"2022-03-04T16:39:27+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Great chapter! Really interesting and made me rethink a bit about my family's history in Mecklenburg c. 1600. Thanks Peirre!

    Chapter 20:


    - I might change the first 'virtually' to a different word like 'almost'.
    (also)
    -...virtually nonexistent.

    -...uninterrupted...

    -...his...

    -...since... Until then, the...

    - We know that Julius Caesar was adored by his troops. But he was actually divinized while he was still living.
    (or)
    - Julius Caesar was actually divinized while he was still living. He was adored by his legions of troops, and the Senate decorated him with a statue on which an inscription declared him to be a demi-god. Other statues were erected to Caesar himself as "Sol Invictus" (unconquered god).

    (The first sentence (as originally written) jumped out at me and felt out of place because the rest of the paragraph has nothing to do with troops or shows how adoration from the troops supports JC's divinity. I tried to come up with some alternatives. In the first alternative, I tried to keep the original sentences but my attempt was poor so in the second alternative, I rewrote the beginning of the paragraph. But, to be clear, I'm not trying to be a monk writting in the margins.


    - The sighting of what might have been the brightest comet in recorded history, was four months after his assassination during the Games that were held in his honor. It was interpreted by the Romans as yet another confirmation of Julius Caesar's divine nature.

    (possible alternative)


    - In Rome, a temple in homage to Divus Julius was built. There were two merged crosses shown specifically on the door and on the pediment (tympanum) that represented Julius Caesar and the comet. A Latin cross (+), which can be seen in the embossed brass pattern on the central door, ... and the comet (X) which together form an eight-pointed star:

    (Originally written, this was a really difficult paragraph for me to figure out. I've written a possible alternative but I don't know if it's even right. Please review.)



    - In both cases (one of which is the caption below an image) it needs to be written as 'the Chi-Rho cross' because Rho-Chi is an international honor society for pharmacological sciences.


    -... the battles and conquests made by Julius Caesar (and the soldiers who stayed in those areas...) ...

    -...attested to by the (typical?) orientation of their cemeteries and their crosses: (I don't know about this one. It might be fine as originally written.)

    - If we subtract... from... death... and (10?) years before the debut of the mythical figure...

    -...Christ...

    -...Paleochristianity was by the Saxons:

    -...is the tantalizing ... Caesar was the...

    - It was a substantial part of the Celt world who was practicing Paleochristianity.
    (or)
    - A substantial part of the Celt world practiced Paleochristianity.
    (also)
    -...common across... (remove comma)

    -...rubble... period is called...

    -...studies. Does...

    - What part of society did the Carolingians consider to be degenerate?

    -...years was added to...

    -...since, more or less, 300... (commas)

    - ...was that Mantis Gräfelfing... what? Did he do something? \"🤔\"

    - This paragraph is not in a 'quote box' in either the pdf or post version.

    -...before (those?) times and waged the... (As written, I'm not completely sure which 'times' you are referring to)

    - Here is an extensive list of Charlemagne's wars (there are a lot) and coincidentally...

    -...was a/the stronghold...

    - remove space (this is a quote)

    - One of the main battles was located in the Pyrenees, at the Roncevaux Pass. He confronted the Basque (Vascone) army - not the Muslims - with the Frankish army.

    -...Atlantic Ocean to the Garonne River, and was one...

    -...Christianized, at the latest, during the 7th...

    - Viking...

    -...reason behind the raids of the monasteries?
    (or)
    -...reason for the raids of the monasteries?

    -...ascribed to the Vikings... obvious fact that the... foremost the only...

    - So were these Viking raids targeting...

    -...where Bogomilism was founded.


    -...above, the...

    - The naval battle of opposing Julius Caesar by Pompeii...
    (or)
    - The naval battle confronting Julius Caesar with Pompeii...
    (also)
    -...above, Croatia was one of the major locations...

    - But(?) Charlemagne waged war with the Danes after(?) he had given aid...

    - A note for the Slavic region that Christianization started...

    - That Easter predates Roman Christianity, could it date back to the celebration of the Ides of March...

    - Notice that Easter...

    - There is no mention of Jesus Christ's...

    -...12th of July. Coincidentally or not, to this day a small village in Italy still celebrates... 12th of July.

    -...foundations... were there - comets and plagues - and extra devotion... spike in churches being built the...time of the basest survival... in droves.

    - At its peak brightness, Caesar's Comet reached a magnitude of -4.0 making it as bright as Venus. (found in references)

    -...as the Caucasus (found in references)
    Click to expand...

    Oh boy, it was a long list of mistakes. It's corrected now in the master file. Thank you!

    I re-uploaded an updated pdf file as well.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1012843,"date":"2022-03-04T18:18:54+0100","text":"Here is the updated pdf file for chapter 20","attachments":["
  • Chapter 20.pdf
    Chapter 20.pdf
    2 MB· Views: 136
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1013027,"date":"2022-03-05T06:05:55+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Oh boy, it was a long list of mistakes.
    Click to expand...

    It was a long list of words! \":-D\" Don't worry about how many there are. The subject matter is complex enough.

    Pierre said:
    Here is the updated pdf file for chapter 20
    Click to expand...

    After seeing the changes, I felt almost embarrassed and perhaps honoured that they were made. Certain parts were almost, in a way, surreal to read. Some of those changes also confirm that I'm understanding, at least, some of the material enough to make some suggestions/alternatives. And that comes from how well you have written these easy-to-understand chapters. Thanks Pierre!


    I did happen to find a few in the updated pdf that I think were just missed:

    This provided almost 5 centuries of ininterrupted historical legitimacy
    Click to expand...
    -...uninterrupted...

    Julius Caesar was actually divinized while he was still living. He was adored by his legions of troops, and the Senate decorated him with a statue on which an inscription that declared him to be a demi-god.
    Click to expand...
    - Delete 'that'.

    A cross, more specifically a tropaeum34, which can be seen in the embossed brass pattern on the central door (top right corner of the image below) and the comet which forms an eight-pointed star:)35:
    Click to expand...
    - Delete ':)' ... unless it's intentional. :)


    - There is a completely blank page before 'Paleochristian populations' in the updated pdf.


    Pierre said:
    And is what is tantalizing link that journalist carefully omits to disclose? Remember that Julius Caesar with the first to have to have a dedicated flamen (plural flamenies) priest.
    Click to expand...
    - And what is the tantalizing link that the journalist carefully omits to disclose? Remember that Julius Caesar was the first to have a dedicated flamen (plural flamenies) priest.

    Pierre said:
    What is the part of the society did the Carolingians consider as degenerate?
    Click to expand...
    - What part of society did the Carolingians consider to be degenerate?

    Pierre said:
    Was it only the Moors who were the targets of Charlemagne’s ire? One of main battles was located in the Pyrenees,
    Click to expand...
    - One of the main battles...

    Pierre said:
    Bavaria was Christianized at latest during the 7th Century which predates Charlemagne
    Click to expand...
    - Bavaria was Christianized during the 7th Century at the latest, which predates Charlemagne...

    Pierre said:
    If the Vikings were not barbarians but civilized Paleochristian people, what was the reason behind for the raids of monasteries?
    Click to expand...
    - If the Vikings were not barbarians but civilized Paleochristian people, what was the reason behind the raids of monasteries?

    Pierre said:
    Various reasons are ascribed by to Vikings for targeting monasteries.
    Click to expand...
    - Various reasons are ascribed to the Vikings for targeting monasteries.

    So were that Vikings raids targeting monasteries motivated by looting...
    Click to expand...
    - So were the Viking raids that targeted monasteries motivated by looting...

    The naval battle of confronting Julius Caesar to Pompeii took place around Taurus Island, Croatia81. As indicated in the map above Croatia was one of the major locations of Bogomilism, which survived in Croatia, at least, until the 14th century as attested by this tombstone:
    Click to expand...
    -...Julius Caesar against(?) Pompeii...

    (also)

    -...above, Croatia... (add comma)


    - The "Controversies about (the) spring equinox and Christmas" section does not appear at the end of the updated pdf. You may have decided to put it elsewhere.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1013184,"date":"2022-03-05T18:37:34+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    It was a long list of words! \":-D\" Don't worry about how many there are. The subject matter is complex enough.



    After seeing the changes, I felt almost embarrassed and perhaps honoured that they were made. Certain parts were almost, in a way, surreal to read. Some of those changes also confirm that I'm understanding, at least, some of the material enough to make some suggestions/alternatives. And that comes from how well you have written these easy-to-understand chapters. Thanks Pierre!


    I did happen to find a few in the updated pdf that I think were just missed:


    -...uninterrupted...


    - Delete 'that'.


    - Delete ':)' ... unless it's intentional. :)


    - There is a completely blank page before 'Paleochristian populations' in the updated pdf.



    - And what is the tantalizing link that the journalist carefully omits to disclose? Remember that Julius Caesar was the first to have a dedicated flamen (plural flamenies) priest.


    - What part of society did the Carolingians consider to be degenerate?


    - One of the main battles...


    - Bavaria was Christianized during the 7th Century at the latest, which predates Charlemagne...


    - If the Vikings were not barbarians but civilized Paleochristian people, what was the reason behind the raids of monasteries?


    - Various reasons are ascribed to the Vikings for targeting monasteries.


    - So were the Viking raids that targeted monasteries motivated by looting...


    -...Julius Caesar against(?) Pompeii...

    (also)

    -...above, Croatia... (add comma)


    - The "Controversies about (the) spring equinox and Christmas" section does not appear at the end of the updated pdf. You may have decided to put it elsewhere.
    Click to expand...

    Correction made in the master file and in pdf. I replaced the pdf for chapter 20. Indeed the subchapter about "Controversies about spring equinox and Christmas" was missing. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1013193,"date":"2022-03-05T19:15:44+0100","text":"
    Altair said:
    -> Black
    Click to expand...
    Corrected in the master file. Thank you. I liked the Bleak Death though!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1013272,"date":"2022-03-05T23:30:17+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Indeed the subchapter about "Controversies about spring equinox and Christmas" was missing. Thanks!
    Click to expand...


    With the 'Controversies' added again, there are just 6 small corrections needed:


    Controversies about spring equinox and Christmas
    Click to expand...
    -...about the spring...

    Pierre said:
    Easter predates Roman Christianity[37], could it date back to the celebration of the Ides of March
    Click to expand...
    - Since Easter predates...
    (or)
    - Easter predates Roman Christianity. Could it date back...

    Notice that like Easter, Christmas is a tradition
    Click to expand...
    - Notice that, like Easter, Christmas...

    There no mention of Jesus Christ’s date of birth in any of the Gospels.
    Click to expand...
    - There is no mention...

    ...a small village in Italy celebrates Christmas on the 12th of July:
    Click to expand...
    - This was corrected, however, in the pdf, the 'th' is 'small' and 'of' is also 'small'.

    In times of the basest survival for many, some people build churches in droves.
    Click to expand...
    -...built...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1013427,"date":"2022-03-06T13:36:50+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    With the 'Controversies' added again, there are just 6 small corrections needed:



    -...about the spring...


    - Since Easter predates...
    (or)
    - Easter predates Roman Christianity. Could it date back...


    - Notice that, like Easter, Christmas...


    - There is no mention...


    - This was corrected, however, in the pdf, the 'th' is 'small' and 'of' is also 'small'.


    -...built...
    Click to expand...

    All correction added to the master file (not in the online version, not in the pdf file). Thank you!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3560,"user":"dennis","id":1014956,"date":"2022-03-12T19:29:25+0100","text":"I'm somewhat behind on following this thread. Pierre are you familiar with this? Interesting considering all that is going on.

    The Rosetta mission studied the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at close range for two years. The trove of information from Rosetta provides a highly detailed basis for designing a sample return mission to this comet. And the detection of tholins on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko make it an extremely attractive object for further study, with the promise of illuminating how life began. The Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return Mission (CAESAR) is a proposed mission back to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko to sample the comet and bring the samples back to earth. Currently, it is one of a pair of finalists selected for further concept development in NASA’s New Frontiers Program. The other is the Dragonfly mission to Titan.

    Comets and the Origin of Life - The Proposed CAESAR Mission to Return a Comet Sample to Earth - Steven W. Squyres

    \"pswscience.org\"pswscience.org
    Click to expand...

    67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C–G) is a Jupiter-family comet,[9] originally from the Kuiper belt,[10] with a current orbital period of 6.45 years

    It most recently came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 2 November 2021,[2][3][14] and will return in April 2028.[15]

    Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by Klim Ivanovich Churyumov of the Kiev University's Astronomical Observatory,[27] who examined a photograph that had been exposed for comet Comas Solà by Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko on 11 September 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, near Alma-Ata (now Almaty), the then-capital city of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. Churyumov found a cometary object near the edge of the plate, but assumed that this was comet Comas Solà.[28]

    There are 26 distinct regions on Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with each named after an Egyptian deity; regions on the large lobe are named after gods, whereas those on the small lobe are named after goddesses.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4383,"user":"Maat","id":1016535,"date":"2022-03-18T22:19:26+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:

    Chapter 19: Were 460 years added to the official chronology?​


    Before, continuing with the analysis of the Plague of Justinian, let’s have a look at the official chronology, because it has, serious repercussions on the timeline, in particular on the birth of Christianity.

    One of the famous eruptions in history was the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius, which buried Pompeii and Herculaneum overnight.

    View attachment 55055
    © John Martin 1822
    The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum    ​

    The most well-known eyewitness account of the eruption was not written by Pliny the Younger, as is generally believed, but much later in 1498, by Giovanni Giocondo[1], who claimed to have found Pliny’s original letters in Paris. Unfortunately, the original letters no longer exist.[2] Were what Giocondo found, and what he claimed to have found, different in any way? Notice also that some other works by Giocondo are marked by controversy.[3] [4] [5]

    Spewing ash, Vesuvius spewed a deadly cloud of ash and gases at 1.5 million tons per second, and to a height of 33 km.[6] Pulverized pumice and lava fragments piled up to 20 meters[7] deep,[8] leaving the city of Pompeii buried beneath four million tons of volcanic material and debris[9].

    The eruption released 100,000 times the thermal energy of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima[10]. The estimated VEI[11] was 5 on a scale of 6, making it one of the largest known eruptions in the past 2,000 years.

    The only problem is, in spite of this magnitude, it didn’t leave any signature whatsoever in Greenland ice cores:



    In Antarctica, it’s the same story; no noticeable deposits    . “The event” didn’t trigger a noticeable temperature drop either:

    ​
    View attachment 55056
    © Michael Sigl et al.
    Ice-core records of sulfur from two ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica    ​


    ​
    View attachment 55057
    © Smithsonian Institution.
    List of Vesuvius eruption between 536 AD and 79 AD     ​

    In the other hand, the eruption of 536 AD is reported by Procopius (way more ancient and reliable than Giocondo):


    Notice however how Procopius doesn’t mention an eruption of Vesuvius per se, but a rumbling. What the point of reporting of more “rumbling”. Does Procopius protest too much? It seems so because the same Procopius, in The Gothic Wars mentions explicitly an explosive eruption of Vesuvius in 536 AD:
    ​


    The eruption of 536 AD is not only backed up by historical observations, but left very distinct marks in both Antarctica and Greenland ice-cores and in temperature reconstructions (as shown in the graph by Sigl et al.) . For some reason, it is the only eruption with no associated VEI.

    Notice also, all the other alleged eruptions – in 172 AD, 203 AD, 222 AD, 379 AD, 472 AD and 512 AD – despite reaching, for several them, a VEI of 4 and 5 – didn’t leave any trace in Greenland and Antarctica ice cores and temperature reconstructions.

    Could it be that just one eruption of Vesuvius (that of 536 AD, with its historical observations and confirmed ice cores) actually happened, while the other eruption (of 79 AD) didn’t happen?

    That’s substantially what Mike Baillie proposes in his paper “Volcanoes, ice cores and tree rings; one story or two?”[15] In it he suggests that if no volcanic ash is to be found in ice cores corresponding to 79 AD (as shown by Plunkett et al.) then the real eruption – conventionally attributed to 79 AD – actually occurred in 536 AD.

    If one factors in the re-dating of the European ice core chronology by seven years prior to the 7th century AD[16] we end up with 464 added years.

    If one eruption of Vesuvius became two, 464 years apart, could those 464 years have been added to the official timeline?
    ​

    [1] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Giovanni Giocondo” Wikipedia
    [2] Tom Higgins (2011) “Pliny Correspondence With Trajan John Bartrom” Scribd
    [3] Kaiser, R. (2017) “Caesar's Rhine Bridge and Its Feasibility in Giovanni Giocondo's Expositio pontis (1513)”. In Knowledge, Text and Practice in Ancient Technical Writing (pp. 68-92) Cambridge University Press
    [4] Stenhouse, William (2003) “Georg Fabricius and Inscriptions as a Source of Law” Renaissance Studies 17, no. 1 96–107
    [5] De Raedt N. (2016) “Architecture” In Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, Springer
    [6] Time editors (1956) “Man of Pompeii" Time
    [7] 70 ft
    [8] Sigurðsson, Haraldur et al. (1982) "The Eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence" American Journal of Archaeology 86 (1)
    [9] Noreen G. (2021) “A World Buried in the Eruption” Eruption Vesuvius
    [10] Ibid
    [11] Volcanic Explosivity Index
    [12] Plunkett, G. et al. (2021) “No evidence for tephra in Greenland from the historic eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE: Implications for geochronology and paleoclimatology” Climate of the Past
    [13] Procopius. “History of the Wars”, Book V and VI. Series: Procopius. Vol. 3
    [14] Procopius (1919) “The Gothic Wars” Loeb Classical Library, book II (chap IV), book IV (cap XXXV)
    [15] Baillie, M. (2010) “Volcanoes, ice-cores and tree-rings: One story or two?” Antiquity, 84(323), 202-215
    [16] Baillie, M. (2008) “Proposed re-dating of the European ice core chronology by seven years prior to the 7th century AD” Geophysical Research Letters 35. 10.1029
    Click to expand...
    I just stumbled on this article (in French)
    https://www.egaliteetreconciliation.fr/IMG/pdf/Pompei_Chronology2.0-Nicola-Satirev.pdf

    Don't really know its value (recentism always give me a lot of headaches!) but maybe there is some things of interest in it.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1018753,"date":"2022-03-27T15:04:55+0200","text":"
    Maat said:
    I just stumbled on this article (in French)
    https://www.egaliteetreconciliation.fr/IMG/pdf/Pompei_Chronology2.0-Nicola-Satirev.pdf
    Don't really know its value (recentism always give me a lot of headaches!) but maybe there is some things of interest in it.
    Click to expand...

    Satirev, like Fomenko or Guyenot is maximalist. They propose that about 1000 years were added (from ca.500 AD to ca. 1500 AD). I think part of their mistake is to consider that the Dark Age (ca. 500 - 800 AD) didn't exist. But as demonstrated by Ward Perkins, the three blank centuries doesn’t mean added.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1018755,"date":"2022-03-27T15:41:31+0200","text":"

    Chapter 21: Society before and after the Black Death​

    ​

    Conditions before the Black Death​


    The oppression at the onset of the Black Death was quite similar to what happened before the Plague of Justinian.

    In the beginning of the 13th century, courtly love was condemned by the church as heretical[1]. In 1209, Pope Innocent III, backed by the French monarchy, initiated the Cathars crusade.[2] In 1229, the Inquisition was established.[3] Over the following years of barbarism, one million[4] innocent French people were slaughtered[5] and the whole Occitan culture, one of the cradles of Paleochristianity was swept away.
    ​

    © Public Domain
    Burning of heretics    ​

    In 1252, Pope Innocent legalized torture.[6] The Inquisition engulfed Europe, leaving hundreds of thousands of victims[7], while the 7th, 8th and 9th crusades were waged against the ‘infidels’.
    ​
    Then, around 1300, the Medieval Warm Period ended, giving way to the Little Ice Age, and cataclysms started growing in frequency and intensity.[8] In 1321, the last Cathar, Guillaume Belibaste[9], was burnt at the stakes. In 1343, Pope Clement VI issues the papal bull establishing the basis for the issuance of indulgences[10]. Five years later, in 1348, the Black Death hit Europe.[11] It would eventually kill hundreds of millions of people.[12]

    In the beginning of the 11th Century philosopher Avicenna developed the concept of courtly love[13], which was subsequently popularized in Northern Europe by Minnesingers[14] and in Southern Europe by the troubadours, which embodied the new Occitan culture based.

    Still in Southern Europe in 1143 AD was written the first report[15] about Cathars by the cleric Eberwin of Steinfeld. John Damascene, writing in the 8th century AD, also notes of an earlier sect called the "Cathari", in his book On Heresies, taken from the epitome provided by Epiphanius of Salamis in his Panarion[16] This suggests that Cathars were active for decades before growing enough to be worth being mentioned in written document.

    The 12th Century also marked the apparition of the first gothic building after more than millennia of Roman architecture. The Basilica of Saint Denis in Paris was the first gothic building[17] begun in 1140, followed 23 years later by Notre-Dame de Paris[18]:
    ​


    Notre-Dame de Paris at night

    ​
    ​

    Conditions after the Black Death​


    Like for the plague of Justinian, it took centuries for civilization to re-emerge after the Black Death. I ndeed, the European population did not regain its 1300 level until the 1500’s[19]. However, the cometary induced cataclysms were lesser during the Black Death.

    The Inquisition (1229–1821),[20] the Black Death (1347–1837)[21] and the Little Ice Age (1350–1800)[22] all synched up over almost the same five century period of time.

    Similarly to the recovery from the plague of Justinian, the recovery from the Black Death exhibit features evoking life explosion. For example women’s fertility unexpectedly spiked up:
    ​
    After the cessation of the Black Plague, a greater fecundity in women was everywhere remarkable− a grand phenomenon, which, from its occurrence after every destructive pestilence, proves to conviction, if any occurrence can do so, the prevalence of a higher power in the direction of general organic life.[23]​
    Click to expand...

    Likewise the average height increased markedly:
    ​
    in Sweden, in the region of Lund, women were found to have grown slightly taller (2.5 cm) in the generation after the Black Death[24]​
    Click to expand...

    Increased fertility and height are usually hallmarks of healthy populations. These are not features you would expect in Sweden after centuries of pandemics when the country was still ravaged by famine, malnutrition, sickness, cold weather and grieving. Did Black Death virus induce beneficial genetic changes that increased fertility and height in survivors?

    The aftermath of the Black Death was not only marked by physiological changes. The effects on the very way of thinking might even be greater.

    The Renaissance appeared during the first Black Death epidemics (ca. 1347-1353). Of all places Renaissance is believed to have started in Florence, Italy[25] which was the first Western European country to be struck by the Black Death. Italy might even have been the first country affected in the world since the alleged epidemics migration from Crimea to Italy doesn’t stand factual scrutiny[26].

    Within Italy, Florence was one of the cities exhibiting the highest death toll. In a mere four years (1348-1352) the population was more than halved:
    ​
    by July and August [1348], the best estimates show that there were 400 deaths per day from the plague […] by 1352 the population of Florence had dropped to less than half of what it had been at the start of 1348. Almost 60,000 people living in the city had died, and those who did not die, fled to the countryside in large numbers, leading to further depopulation of the city. [27]​
    Click to expand...
    Despite the utter devastation experienced by Florence, or because of it, three of the greatest minds of the Renaissance in the whole world were born in this town or its close vicinity:
    ​
    Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck, i.e., because "Great Men" were born there by chance: Leonardo da Vinci[28], Botticelli[29] and Michelangelo[30] were all born in Tuscany. [31]​
    Click to expand...

    Maybe, like the above mentioned quote suggests, the birth of the three of greatest minds of the renaissance was due to sheer luck, or maybe the integration of the viral sequence of the Black Death virus, in the genome of the survivors and their progeny enable a new way of thinking?
    ​
    In some ways, Renaissance humanism was not a philosophy but a method of learning. Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely, most have settled on "a middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome".[32]​
    Click to expand...

    Notice a fundamental paradigm shift compared the middle Ages. It’s as if man had replaced God.
    ​
    Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind"[33]​
    Click to expand...

    In particular, empiricism marked the sole focus on observable facts at the expense of the invisible and, thereby, the divorce between religion and science:
    ​
    Empiricism began to take hold of scientific thought. "Scientists were guided by experience and experiment and began to investigate the natural world through observation," said Abernethy. "This was the first indication of a divergence between science and religion.[34]​
    Click to expand...

    The Black Death was probably an important cause for the Renaissance, which initiated a fundamentally new way of thinking, a shift from religious belief to scientific knowledge:
    ​
    Instead of believing in God, people started to think about science.[35]​
    Click to expand...

    The reason for the shift from religion to science is usually attributed to the loss of faith caused by the Black Death:
    ​
    People went to Church and hope the forgiveness of God. However, the wide spread of the Black Death didn’t stop. The dead body forced the people started finding the other new way. Instead of believing in God, people started to think about science.[36]​
    Click to expand...

    If it’s so, why did the plague of Justinian induced exactly the opposite effects, namely a revival of devotion of religiosity, particularly Christianity?

    The death of faith would neither explain why Florence, of all places was the cradle of the Renaissance, or why 3 of the most brilliant geniuses of Renaissance were born in the vicinity of Florence within 3 decades.

    What if the real cause of the Renaissance was indeed the Black Death, not so much through the destruction it induced but rather the genetic mutations in the human genome induced by the virus? The question is worth asking when one knows that Ebolavirus[37] and smallpox[38] virus, the two closest cousins of the Black Death virus were repeatedly integrated in the genome of humans and other vertebrates.​



    ​

    © Commons
    “Human Fragility” by Salvator Rosa ca. 1640    ​



    [1] Roger Boase (1986) "Courtly Love" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Charles Scribner's Sons Vol. 3, pp. 667–668
    [2] Bird, J. (2014) “Crusade and Christendom” Outside the Americas, p.66
    [3] Tyerman, C. (2006) “God's War: A New History of the Crusades” Harvard University Press, p.602
    [4] Quénot, K. (2012) “Cathares : Le massacre oublié” Hugo et Compagnie, p.11
    [5] In Beziers, the whole population, estimated to be 20,000, was slaughtered in an ‘exercise of charity’. It was during this episode that the abbot of Citeaux, Arnaud Amaury, allegedly said: ‘Kill them all. God will know his own’
    [6] Tracy, L. (2012) “Torture and Brutality in Medieval Literature: Negotiations of National Identity”, Literary Collections, p.22
    [7] The Spanish Inquisition alone tallied about 350,000 victims (burnt, tortured, condemned) between 1480 and 1815
    See: Pérez, J. (2006) “The Spanish Inquisition: A History”, ‎Yale University Press, p. 170
    [8] Baillie, M. (2006) “New Light on the Black Death” Tempus, pp. 136-160
    [9] Gauthier Langlois (2012) “Bélibaste, le dernier parfait cathare occitan’’ Paratge
    [10] Diana Wood (2003) “Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope” Cambridge University Press, pp. 32-33.
    [11] Baillie, 2006. pp. 145-155
    [12] The first outbreak alone (1347–1351) took some 75 million lives.
    See: Edwards, K. And America Quaked: A Chilling Series of Visions of a Future American , p. 100
    [13] G. E. von Grunebaum (1952), "Avicenna's Risâla fî 'l-'išq and Courtly Love", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 11 (4): 233-8
    [14] Moller, H. (1960) “The Meaning of Courtly Love” The Journal of American Folklore, 73(287), 39-52
    [15] Matthew A. McIntosh (2020) “The Medieval Cathari: Religious Sect Wiped Out in the Albigensian Crusade” Brewminate
    [16] Schaff, Philip et al. (1994) “Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers”, Second Series, vol. 14: Hendrickson
    [17] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2021) “Gothic architecture” Encyclopaedia Britannica
    [18] Actes du colloque scientifique tenu au Collège des Bernardins (2013) ‘’Notre-Dame de Paris 1163-2013’’ BREPOLS
    [19] July Galens et al. (2001) "The Late Middle Ages" Middle Ages Reference Library
    [20] The Inquisition was officially abolished six centuries after its creation, in 1821
    See: Juan Antonio Llorente et al. (2009) “J. History of the Spanish Inquisition” ‎Kessinger Publishing, p.247
    [21] Kelly, J. (2006) “The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death” Harper Perennia,l p. 135
    [22] Husher, J. (2008) “Facts and Myths Facing Today’s World” iUniverse, pp.17-30
    [23] Dobler Sacha (2017) “Black Death and Abrupt Earth Changes in the 14th century” Abrupt Earth Changes, P.35
    [24] Lagerås, Per (2015) “Environment, Society and the Black Death: An interdisciplinary approach to the late-medieval crisis in Sweden” Oxbow Books
    [25] Dick Harrison (2000) “Den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa” Ordfront
    [26] Hannah Barker (2021) “Laying the Corpses to Rest: Grain, Embargoes, and Yersinia pestis in the Black Sea, 1346–48”, Speculum 96
    [27] Dorsey Armstrong (2021) “The Black Death: How It Ravaged Florence” The Great Courses Daily
    [28] (1452 – 1519) born in the metropolitan area of Florence
    [29]  (1445 – 1510) born in Florence
    [30] (1475 – 1564) Born in Arezzo, 80 km (50mi) from Florence
    [31] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Renaissance” Wikipedia
    [32] Hayden Spencer (2018) “English Literature: From Renaissance to Seventeenth Century” Scientific e-Resources, p.10
    [33] Ibid
    [34] Jessie Szalay (2016) “The Renaissance: The 'Rebirth' of Science & Culture” Livescience
    [35] Bartleby Editors (2021) “The New Ways Of Thinking Influenced The Renaissance” Bartleby Research
    [36] Ibid
    [37] Belyi, V. et al. (2010) “Unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient bornavirus and ebolavirus/marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes” PLoS pathogens, 6(7), e1001030
    [38] Alison P. Galvani (2003) ”Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1018756,"date":"2022-03-27T15:44:27+0200","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 21.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 21.pdf
    Chapter 21.pdf
    739.3 KB· Views: 126
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8877,"user":"Persej","id":1019031,"date":"2022-03-28T16:35:26+0200","text":"I was reading this article and one thing reminded me about our comets:

    He would talk about how they and the Vietnamese realised that what killed you were the shock waves from those explosions which expanded the air in the nasal cavity and you then died from the subsequent internal bleeding that was caused, as you bled through your eyes, ears and nose.

    The way to mitigate the shock waves that caused air to compress and then expand in rapid tight concentric waves around these massive explosions was to dig a trench and lie in it and wait for the shockwaves to pass over you. That is why there were so many tunnels dug in Vietnam.

    \"southfront.org\"

    NATOstan: She’s looking at YOU

    Written by Supratim Barman NATOstan: she’s looking at YOU. A Roma untermensch packaged by Ukrainian “democracy”. The above picture and...
    \"southfront.org\"southfront.org
    Click to expand...

    That would also explain why there were so many tunnels dug in the old cities. Even if they couldn't protect people from direct hits, they could protect them from schock waves.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1019036,"date":"2022-03-28T16:45:41+0200","text":"Un Grand MERCI PIERRE pour ce partage, un de pus... LOVE

    A big THANK YOU PIERRE for sharing this, one of the most... LOVE","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1019099,"date":"2022-03-28T20:57:58+0200","text":"Thank you Pierre
    Here is the French pdf ch 21
    Good reading to all.
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-21.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-21.pdf
    5.4 MB· Views: 109
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7765,"user":"Goemon_","id":1019110,"date":"2022-03-28T21:25:42+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Satirev, like Fomenko or Guyenot is maximalist. They propose that about 1000 years were added (from ca.500 AD to ca. 1500 AD). I think part of their mistake is to consider that the Dark Age (ca. 500 - 800 AD) didn't exist. But as demonstrated by Ward Perkins, the three blank centuries doesn’t mean added.
    Click to expand...
    As I read the following a few days ago in The Idea Of History by Collingwood, I'll just put it there:

    "Certain historians, sometimes whole generations of historians, find in certain periods of history nothing intellegible, and call them dark ages ; but such phrases tell us nothing about those ages themselves, though they tell us a great deal about the persons who use them, namely that they are unable to re-think the thoughts which were fundamental te their life."","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":12829,"user":"ryu","id":1019117,"date":"2022-03-28T22:20:56+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Here is the pdf for chapter 21.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you Pierre for this new chapter!
    Well, we have to hope that something good will come out of the crazy times we are living in!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1019162,"date":"2022-03-29T01:50:35+0200","text":"Thank you Pierre!

    Only a few this time.

    Pierre said:
    In 1321, the last Cathar, Guillaume Belibaste[9], was burnt at the stakes. In 1343, Pope Clement VI issues the papal bull
    Click to expand...
    -...stake.
    -...issued...

    Pierre said:
    ...Southern Europe by the troubadours, which embodied the new Occitan culture based.
    Click to expand...
    - ...base? (or delete?)

    Pierre said:
    John Damascene, writing in the 8th century AD, also notes of an earlier sect called the "Cathari", in his book On Heresies, taken from the epitome provided by Epiphanius of Salamis in his Panarion[16] This suggests that Cathars were active for decades before growing enough to be worth being mentioned in written document.
    Click to expand...
    -... On Heresies (Italisize)
    -...Panarion. This...
    -...that the Cathars...
    -...growing large enough...
    -...in written documents. (or) ... in writing.

    Pierre said:
    Like for the plague of Justinian, it took centuries for civilization to re-emerge after the Black Death. I ndeed, the European population did not
    Click to expand...
    - As with...
    - Indeed...

    Pierre said:
    Similarly to the recovery from the plague of Justinian, the recovery from the Black Death exhibit features evoking life explosion.
    Click to expand...
    -...exhibited features evoking a life explosion.

    Pierre said:
    Did Black Death virus induce beneficial genetic changes that increased fertility and height in survivors?
    Click to expand...
    - Did the Black...

    Pierre said:
    The effects on the very way of thinking might even be greater.
    Click to expand...
    -...might have even been greater.

    Pierre said:
    Of all places Renaissance is believed to have started in Florence
    Click to expand...
    - Of all places, the Renaissance...

    Pierre said:
    Maybe, like the above mentioned quote suggests, the birth of the three of greatest minds of the renaissance was due to sheer luck, or maybe the integration of the viral sequence of the Black Death virus, in the genome of the survivors and their progeny enable a new way of thinking?
    Click to expand...
    -...the three greatest minds... (or) ...three of the greatest minds...
    -...Renaissance...
    -...enabled...

    Pierre said:
    If it’s so, why did the plague of Justinian induced exactly the opposite effects,
    Click to expand...
    -...induce...
    -...effect...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1020413,"date":"2022-04-03T17:20:29+0200","text":"

    Chapter 22: Two plagues, one pattern?​


    The plague of Justinian and the Black Death share many similarities:
    - they appeared in times of great oppression
    - they were probably caused by smallpox-like viruses
    - they are correlated with times cometary activity and the associated catastrophes and weather changes
    - they lasted about three centuries
    -     they induced tens of million deaths
    - they started almost immediately civilizational leaps

    Is it sheer coincidence that the chain of events exhibited by the two plagues is so reminiscent of the sequence of events of cometary-induced mass extinctions and their ensuing virally-induced life explosion?

    Was the comet-borne virus that caused the two major plagues of also caused the civilizational leap experienced by the survivors? Is there an analogy, albeit at different scale, between individual-specific plagues caused by cometary-borne virus and species-specific mass extinction caused by similar cometary-borne viruses? Are the evolutionary leaps that follow mass extinctions comparable to civilizational leaps that follow human plagues and the induced near extinction?

    The diagram below depicts the two chains of events, Mass extinction (species-specific) VS. Plague (individual-specific):




    © Sott.net
    Plagues are to mass extinctions what civilizational leap is to evolutionary leap    ​



    R.G. Collingwood[1], theorized[2], that civilizations go through awareness leaps, or increasing stage of thinking level, whereby the implicit becomes explicit.

    For example Art delivers truth, but it’s only implicit truth, it suggests, it evokes, but it doesn’t assert or prove anything. Next come religion, with it revealed truths and written laws. Religion asserts truths but it doesn’t prove it. Finally come the age of science, which prove truths with the use of experimentation, theories, logic and observations.

    For example, we can see one such civilizational leap in action between the collapse of Sumer, ca. 2200 BP and ancient Greece. The Sumerians were not able to do inductive reasoning. They could do endless lists of observations but they could synthesize them with a general principle[3].

    By contrast, the Greeks, as exemplified by the work of Aristotle[4] theorized and used inductive reasoning[5].

    Coincidently or not, the Sumerian civilization collapsed because of a massive cometary bombardment known as 4.2 kY BP[6] event:

    It has been proposed that sudden climate changes and catastrophic events around 2200 BCE (including the collapse of the Sumerian civilization) could be linked to a comet or asteroid impact.[7]
    Click to expand...

    Several researchers posit plagues (introduced by the above mentioned cometary bombardments?) as the reason for the collapse of the Sumerian civilization and other Bronze Age civilizations[8].

    Similarly, the 540 AD cometary events and the ensuing plague of Justinian may marks another civilizational leap through the adoption of the central values at the core of Paleochristianity – mercy, forgiveness and love – until then were so foreign. Another major innovation was the introduction of monotheism in a world dominated for millennia by polytheism.

    In the same vein, the 1347 AD cometary events followed, a few months later, by the Black Death, might have triggered another civilizational leap whereby religion (implicit/revealed truth) was replaced by (explicit/proven truth):


    © Sott.net
    500 AD – 1348 AD reconstructed history VS official history    ​


    [1] (1889–1943) British philosopher and archaeologist. Collingwood is the author of two of the most important treatises in meta-philosophy written in the first half of the twentieth century.
    See: Editors of the Encyclopedia (2006) “Robin George Collingwood” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    [2] R. G. Collingwood (2016) “Speculum Mentis” Read Books Ltd
    [3] Marc Van De Mieroop (2015) “Philosophy before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia” Princeton University Press
    [4] Aristotle (1989) “Prior Analytics”· Hackett
    [5] Biondi, Paolo C. (2004) “Aristotle, Posterior Analytics II.19: Introduction, Greek Text, Translation and Commentary Accompanied by a Critical Analysis” Presses Université Laval, p. 195
    [6] The 4.2-kiloyear BP event was one of the most severe climatic events of the Holocene epoch. It has been hypothesized to have caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, the Liangzhu culture and the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization.
    [7] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Umm al Binni lake” Wikipedia
    [8] Norrie P. (2016) “How Disease Affected the End of the Bronze Age. A History of Disease in Ancient Times: More Lethal than War”, p. 61–101","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1020414,"date":"2022-04-03T17:22:38+0200","text":"Here is the Pdf for chapter 22.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 22.pdf
    Chapter 22.pdf
    549.5 KB· Views: 120
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1020418,"date":"2022-04-03T17:33:28+0200","text":"Merci Pierre pour ce partage...

    Thank you Pierre for sharing...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1020419,"date":"2022-04-03T17:36:12+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Thank you Pierre!

    Only a few this time.


    -...stake.
    -...issued...


    - ...base? (or delete?)


    -... On Heresies (Italisize)
    -...Panarion. This...
    -...that the Cathars...
    -...growing large enough...
    -...in written documents. (or) ... in writing.


    - As with...
    - Indeed...


    -...exhibited features evoking a life explosion.


    - Did the Black...


    -...might have even been greater.


    - Of all places, the Renaissance...


    -...the three greatest minds... (or) ...three of the greatest minds...
    -...Renaissance...
    -...enabled...


    -...induce...
    -...effect...
    Click to expand...
    Corrections incorporated in the master file. Thank you!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2942,"user":"Bobo08","id":1020517,"date":"2022-04-04T03:01:42+0200","text":"Thank you Pierre!

    A quick correction (I think):
    Pierre said:
    For example, we can see one such civilizational leap in action between the collapse of Sumer, ca. 2200 BP and ancient Greece. The Sumerians were not able to do inductive reasoning. They could do endless lists of observations but they could synthesize them with a general principle[3].
    Click to expand...
    but they could not synthesize them with a general principle","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1020577,"date":"2022-04-04T16:33:15+0200","text":"Thank you Pierre
    Here is the French pdf ch 22
    Good reading to all.
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-22.pdf
    Extinction de masse Pierre Lescaudron PDF 1-22.pdf
    5.6 MB· Views: 113
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1020619,"date":"2022-04-04T20:00:30+0200","text":"Thanks Pierre! Good chapter.

    Chapter 22:

    Pierre said:
    - they are correlated with times cometary activity
    Click to expand...
    -...times of cometary...

    Pierre said:
    - they induced tens of million deaths
    Click to expand...
    -...tens of millions of deaths

    Pierre said:
    - they started almost immediately civilizational leaps
    Click to expand...
    It's different in the pdf version:
    - they started almost immediately what could called by civilizational leaps

    If you keep the pdf version:
    - they started almost immediately what could be called civilizational leaps

    Pierre said:
    Was the comet-borne virus that caused the two major plagues of also caused the civilizational leap...
    Click to expand...
    - remove 'of'

    Pierre said:
    comparable to civilizational leaps that follow human plagues and the induced near extinction?
    Click to expand...
    -...extinctions

    Pierre said:
    Plagues are to mass extinctions what civilizational leap is to evolutionary leap
    Click to expand...
    -...leaps are... leaps (caption under the first image)

    Pierre said:
    For example Art delivers truth, but it’s only implicit truth, it suggests, it evokes, but it doesn’t assert or prove anything. Next come religion, with it revealed truths and written laws. Religion asserts truths but it doesn’t prove it. Finally come the age of science, which prove truths with the use of experimentation, theories, logic and observations.
    Click to expand...
    I've rewritten the above two ways as continuity suggestions. One where (almost) everything is pluralized ('...proves truths...' is just horrible English and am not going to use it):

    - For example, Art delivers truths, but they're only implicit truths; they suggest, they evoke, but they don't assert or prove anything. Next comes religion, with its revealed truths and written laws. Religion asserts truths but doesn't prove them. Finally comes the age of science, which proves truth with the use of experimentation, theories, logic and observations.

    ... and singularized:

    - For example, Art delivers truth, but it's only implicit truth; it suggests, it evokes, but it doesn't assert or prove anything. Next comes religion, with its revealed truth and written law. Religion asserts truth but doesn't prove it. Finally comes the age of science, which proves truth with the use of experimentation, theory, logic and observation.

    Pierre said:
    Similarly, the 540 AD cometary events and the ensuing plague of Justinian may marks another...
    Click to expand...
    -...mark...

    Pierre said:
    core of Paleochristianity – mercy, forgiveness and love – until then were so foreign.
    Click to expand...
    -... that, until then, were so foreign.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1022199,"date":"2022-04-12T19:04:21+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Valla showed that the document could not possibly have been written in the historical era of Constantine (4th Century) because its vernacular style dated conclusively to a later era (8th Century). One of Valla's reasons was that Mantis Gräfelfing.
    Click to expand...
    The bolded sentence seems to be incomplete.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1022437,"date":"2022-04-13T18:07:24+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Many of the earliest recording Viking raids targeted British monasteries.
    Click to expand...
    -> recorded","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1022824,"date":"2022-04-15T18:06:02+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    I ndeed, the European population
    Click to expand...
    -> Indeed","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1022968,"date":"2022-04-16T09:26:46+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Sumerians were not able to do inductive reasoning. They could do endless lists of observations but they could synthesize them with a general principle[3].
    Click to expand...
    -> but they could not?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7505,"user":"MK Scarlett","id":1023873,"date":"2022-04-20T15:54:22+0200","text":"Long time I did not say thank you Pierre!
    I'm late reading chapters, but I am really grateful for the enormous (and fascinating!) work you are doing. \":cheer:\"

    Thanks too for the additional datas and help provided by others. \":thup:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1023877,"date":"2022-04-20T16:10:18+0200","text":"
    MK Scarlett said:
    Long time I did not say thank you Pierre!
    I'm late reading chapters, but I am really grateful for the enormous (and fascinating!) work you are doing. \":cheer:\"

    Thanks too for the additional datas and help provided by others. \":thup:\"
    Click to expand...

    It's great that you appreciate this work!

    I'm been thinking lately about publishing two books instead of one.

    This first book would consist of the 25 first chapters of which 22 already have been published in this thread. It would include this first four parts.

    The title would be something like: "Comet, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps"

    As it is, the first book would be approximately 300 pages.

    The second book would consist of the last 20 or so chapters. It would include the last three parts.

    The title might something like "Virus and Proteins, Antennas to the Information Field"

    What do you all think?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1023886,"date":"2022-04-20T17:41:41+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    It's great that you appreciate this work!

    I'm been thinking lately about publishing two books instead of one.

    This first book would consist of the 25 first chapters of which 22 already have been published in this thread. It would include this first four parts.

    The title would be something like: "Comet, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps"

    As it is, the first book would be approximately 300 pages.

    The second book would consist of the last 20 or so chapters. It would include the last three parts.

    The title might something like "Virus and Proteins, Antennas to the Information Field"

    What do you all think?
    Click to expand...

    Well, your 1st book is 350+ pages and your 2nd book is 284 pages. By the sounds of it, if you were to wait and publish in one volume, it might be around 600-700 pages, with a timeline of est. another 8-12 months? The way things are, you could get the info out to the general public quicker in two volumes. I'd say, if the 'one' is almost ready to go and you feel it's 'solid', in the words of Ben Bradlee from the movie 'All the President's Men': "Print that, baby."","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16915,"user":"Jebra","id":1023887,"date":"2022-04-20T17:44:13+0200","text":"I agree with Benjamin above. "Print that, baby."","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4470,"user":"Mari","id":1023901,"date":"2022-04-20T18:43:51+0200","text":"I think it is a great idea Pierre!!!!

    I have a question; why not print it all in one? Is is a final book price issue or 700 pages book issue?

    Concerning your last book, it was around 370 pages, but 70 of them is Bibliography; then the rest of this 300 pages there is probably around 100 pages of pictures.
    That leaves the book ok 200 pages with footnotes.
    Right?
    So in case of your new book, this 700 pages doesn’t sound that big.
    I mean, I would be happy to read your research on 1700 pages… \"😅\"

    I just want to piont out that in this case and with this subject it only sound big, but your books are very interesting and filled with pictures and references and so on, so I don’t think you should worry if it turns out to be a 700 pages book.

    But if you are worried about final price of the book and think that it would be easier for people to spend 20-30€ per book in a few months period and not 50-60€ at once, then yeah, split it up.

    In any case - go ahead and print it! \"☺️\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1023909,"date":"2022-04-20T19:36:22+0200","text":"
    Mari said:
    why not print it all in one? Is is a final book price issue or 700 pages book issue?
    Click to expand...
    It's mostly a matter of delay. The third book "Comet, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps", the first 22 chapters published in this thread + 3 extra chapters, is almost ready. The fourth book will take months to be completed.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7505,"user":"MK Scarlett","id":1023911,"date":"2022-04-20T19:56:41+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    It's great that you appreciate this work!

    I'm been thinking lately about publishing two books instead of one.

    This first book would consist of the 25 first chapters of which 22 already have been published in this thread. It would include this first four parts.

    The title would be something like: "Comet, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps"

    As it is, the first book would be approximately 300 pages.

    The second book would consist of the last 20 or so chapters. It would include the last three parts.

    The title might something like "Virus and Proteins, Antennas to the Information Field"

    What do you all think?
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    It's mostly a matter of delay. The third book "Comet, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps", the first 22 chapters published in this thread + 3 extra chapters, is almost ready. The fourth book will take months to be completed.
    Click to expand...
    I thought the bolded part was the reason of your previous post. In my humble opinion, I would say print what is ready, and go for a second book. We don't know how long we have before things in the world become so problematic that one can no longer print a book, or even sell it, and therefore allow readers to buy it.

    And if time allows you to print and sell both, so much the better! I often tend to say that what's done is done and does not need to be done anymore, and I'd rather have at least the first book than no book at all!

    But it is only my humble opinion, and maybe others would have other answers.

    On a side note, I spent part of the afternoon reading the chapters I had not yet read, and I am now on chapter 15. I had a great time doing so, so thanks again for your tremendous work!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2942,"user":"Bobo08","id":1023990,"date":"2022-04-21T03:03:25+0200","text":"I agree that printing it in two volumes is better. Time to readers is one consideration. Another is that two 300-page volumes is much less intimidating to an average reader than one 700-page volume :)

    Thank you for all your efforts, Pierre! It has been an illuminating read for me.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":1024020,"date":"2022-04-21T08:07:32+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    I'm been thinking lately about publishing two books instead of one.

    This first book would consist of the 25 first chapters of which 22 already have been published in this thread. It would include this first four parts.

    The title would be something like: "Comet, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps"

    As it is, the first book would be approximately 300 pages.

    The second book would consist of the last 20 or so chapters. It would include the last three parts.

    The title might something like "Virus and Proteins, Antennas to the Information Field"

    What do you all think?
    Click to expand...

    Only you can know, however I'm inclined to say that delays for the last book impact the first book by waiting, and what you have done is ready for wide readership. So, agree with others, go for it now. You well deserve to have your work out there.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1025919,"date":"2022-04-29T21:21:47+0200","text":"Thank you, Pierre, for making the material so rich and at the same time accessible in both style and presentation. I agree with many others who suggest that you publish what you have. If you learn something new about the subjects you have covered, you can present additional information in a preface or an appendix to the next volume, or weave it into the chapters of the book.

    Below are some comments:
    Pierre said:
    Despite the utter devastation experienced by Florence, or because of it, three of the greatest minds of the Renaissance in the whole world were born in this town or its close vicinity:​
    Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck, i.e., because "Great Men" were born there by chance: Leonardo da Vinci[28], Botticelli[29] and Michelangelo[30] were all born in Tuscany. [31]
    Click to expand...


    Maybe, like the above mentioned quote suggests, the birth of the three of greatest minds of the renaissance was due to sheer luck, or maybe the integration of the viral sequence of the Black Death virus, in the genome of the survivors and their progeny enable a new way of thinking?​
    Click to expand...
    Botticelli was born in 1445, Leonardo in 1452 and Michelangelo in 1475. A contemporary also born in Florence was Niccolò Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527). There are more people from the Florence area who influenced the Italian Renaissance:

    Three influential writers born in or around Florence before the Black Death
    Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: /bəˈkætʃioʊ/, US: /boʊˈkɑːtʃ(i)oʊ, bə-/, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375)[nb 1] was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese"[nb 2] and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism.

    His most notable works are The Decameron,     a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccian style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. The influence of Boccaccio's works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer,[3] a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater.

    Boccaccio, together with Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called "Three Crowns" of Italian literature.[4] He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure.
    Click to expand...
    Boccaccio was born in or near Florence:
    The details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from.[5][6] He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock.[7] Boccaccio's stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.[8]
    Click to expand...
    Mentioned in the above Wiki, was Dante Alighieri.
    Dante Alighieri (Italian: [ˈdante aliˈɡjɛːri]), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri[note 1] and often referred to simply as Dante (/ˈdɑːnteɪ, ˈdænteɪ, ˈdænti/,[2][3] also US: /ˈdɑːnti/;[4] c. 1265 – 14 September 1321), was an Italian[a] poet, writer and philosopher.[6] His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio,[7] is widely considered one of the most important poems of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.[8][9]

    Dante is known for establishing the use of the vernacular in literature at a time when most poetry was written in Latin, which was accessible only to the most educated readers. His De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence in the Vernacular) was one of the first scholarly defenses of the vernacular. His use of the Tuscan dialect for works such as The New Life (1295) and Divine Comedy helped establish the modern-day standardized Italian language. His work set a precedent that important Italian writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio would later follow.
    Click to expand...
    Dante was born in Florence.
    About his education and influences, the Wiki includes, for example:
    Not much is known about Dante's education; he presumably studied at home or in a chapter school attached to a church or monastery in Florence. It is known that he studied Tuscan poetry and that he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poet Guido Guinizelli—in Purgatorio XXVI he characterized him as his "father"—at a time when the Sicilian School (Scuola poetica Siciliana), a cultural group from Sicily, was becoming known in Tuscany. He also discovered the Provençal poetry of the troubadours, such as Arnaut Daniel, and the Latin writers of classical antiquity, including Cicero, Ovid and especially Virgil.[21]

    Dante's interactions with Beatrice set an example of so-called courtly love, a phenomenon developed in French and Provençal poetry of prior centuries. Dante's experience of such love was typical, but his expression of it was unique. It was in the name of this love that Dante left his imprint on the dolce stil novo ("sweet new style", a term that Dante himself coined), and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects of love (Amore). Love for Beatrice (as Petrarch would express for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for writing poetry and for living, together with political passions. In many of his poems, she is depicted as semi-divine, watching over him constantly and providing spiritual instruction, sometimes harshly. When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante sought refuge in Latin literature.[22] The Convivio chronicles his having read Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae and Cicero's De Amicitia.

    He next dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in Santa Maria Novella. He took part in the disputes that the two principal mendicant orders (Franciscan and Dominican) publicly or indirectly held in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. Bonaventure, the latter expounding on the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas.[19]
    Click to expand...
    Next is Francesco Petrarca:
    Francesco Petrarca (Italian: [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (/ˈpiːtrɑːrk, ˈpɛt-/), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.[1]

    Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism.[2] In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio, and, to a lesser extent, Dante Alighieri.[3] Petrarch would be later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the Accademia della Crusca. Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the "Dark Ages,"[4] which most modern scholars now find misleading and inaccurate.[5][6][7]
    Click to expand...
    Petrarch was born in Arezzo, 80 km southeast of Florence.

    Genes, the Black Death and the Renaissance
    There are several comments in this category
    Pierre said:
    What if the real cause of the Renaissance was indeed the Black Death, not so much through the destruction it induced but rather the genetic mutations in the human genome induced by the virus?
    Click to expand...
    One influence are the genes, but the soul is also there:
    \"cassiopaea.org\"

    Session 7 October 1995

    October 7, 1995 Frank, Laura, SV, Nova M [The tape from this session was destroyed and this is the best reconstruction possible from the notes. The answers are exactly as given, but the questions are as close as I can remember them. The ones I do not remember are left blank.] A: Hello. Q...
    \"cassiopaea.org\"cassiopaea.org
    Laura said:
    Q: (L) But isn't the nature of a person determined by their soul and not the physical body?

    A: Partially, remember, aural profile and karmic reference merges with physical structure.

    Q: (L) So you are saying that particular genetic conditions are a physical reflection of a spiritual orientation? That the soul must match itself to the genetics, even if only in potential?

    A: Yes, precisely.
    Q: (L) So a person's potential for spiritual advancement or unfoldment is, to a great extent, dependent upon their genes?

    A: Natural process marries with systematic construct when present.
    Click to expand...
    Did suffering survivors of the Black Death turn on their DNA in a new way?
    Besides DNA changes as a result of viruses, the suffering caused by the changes in society and experienced among the survivors, like Boccaccio and Petrarch, may turn on DNA receptors too.
    \"cassiopaea.org\"

    Session 26 February 2002

    February 26, 2002 Ark, Laura, Rick O Q: Hello. A: Cassiopaea. Q: (L) Who do we have with us tonight? A: Goorpplo. Q: (L) Where do you transmit through? A: Cassiopaea. Q: (L) How often should we have sessions? A: Regularly is best. Two times per week if needed. Q: (L) Why did...
    \"cassiopaea.org\"cassiopaea.org
    Laura said:
    Q: (R) Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar! {laughter} (A) When I was looking for the right keywords for my chapter, I came across this Matti Pitkanen. And I started to read. And he had all the things that were in my mind or were mentioned by the C's or that I was asking C's ... (L) So did Dan Winter. (A) Well, Matti is a physicist! (L) So is Dan Winter according to his own claims. (A) Ouch! So Matti had all the right things and he knew math; p-adic numbers I learned from him. Complexification, dimensions, quantum jumps even. Where is he getting all this right keywords? What is his role, who makes him to resonate to all the right things? I don't understand what such people do, how they come along with all these things.

    A: Suffering activates neuro-chemicals which turn on DNA receptors.
    Click to expand...
    On the Black Death, the rule of three, and the Renaissance
    While the Black Death may have influenced how the Renaissance gained traction and unfolded, I am not sure, it caused it. As we have seen, some ideas and people who seeded the Italian Renaissance were born before the Black Death. But if there seems to be many processes at work, does the law of three apply?
    \"cassiopaea.org\"

    Session 26 February 2002

    February 26, 2002 Ark, Laura, Rick O Q: Hello. A: Cassiopaea. Q: (L) Who do we have with us tonight? A: Goorpplo. Q: (L) Where do you transmit through? A: Cassiopaea. Q: (L) How often should we have sessions? A: Regularly is best. Two times per week if needed. Q: (L) Why did...
    \"cassiopaea.org\"cassiopaea.org
    Laura said:
    (Arky)[...] I want to ask about dialectical logic. There was this guy Hegel. He invented what is called dialectics. It can be summarized like contradictions are important; there is thesis, anti-thesis, and then you have synthesis. Okay... There is idealistic dialectics, materialistic, etc. And of course there are critics saying it's nonsense, that the only good logic is Aristotelian logic, and all this dialectics is just pure nonsense. I would like to have some hint. Should I study dialectic logic and Hegel?

    A: Law of Three rules!

    Q: (Arky) Law of three?

    (Pierre) Thesis, antithesis, synthesis.

    (Arky) Okay, I am done.
    Click to expand...
    If I use the law of three on the appearance of the book of Decameron which is a series of stories that take place within the framework of the raging plague in Florence, then I could venture that the social conditions of a creative group of rich and noble young people in Florence (thesis) faced with the destruction of the Black Death ravaging their town (antithesis) led them to leave town and entertain and nourish each other in their country house secluded and removed from the Black Death mayhem (synthesis). I am not sure the Decameron would have seen the light of day without the Black Death. Or one could say that the Decameron exists as an artistic synthesis on the backdrop of the conflict between the remembered good life of the past and the observed suffering by himself and his contemporaries. Here is what the Wiki says:
    The Decameron (/dɪˈkæmərən/; Italian: Decameron [deˈkaːmeron, dekameˈrɔn, -ˈron] or Decamerone [dekameˈroːne]), subtitled Prince Galehaut (Old Italian: Prencipe Galeotto [ˈprentʃipe ɡaleˈɔtto, ˈprɛn-]) and sometimes nicknamed l'Umana commedia ("the Human comedy", as it was Boccaccio that dubbed Dante Alighieri's Comedy "Divine"), is a collection of short stories by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375). The book is structured as a frame story containing 100 tales told by a group of seven young women and three young men; they shelter in a secluded villa just outside Florence in order to escape the Black Death, which was afflicting the city. Boccaccio probably conceived of the Decameron after the epidemic of 1348, and completed it by 1353. The various tales of love in The Decameron range from the erotic to the tragic. Tales of wit, practical jokes, and life lessons contribute to the mosaic. In addition to its literary value and widespread influence (for example on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales), it provides a document of life at the time. Written in the vernacular of the Florentine language, it is considered a masterpiece of classical early Italian prose.[1]
    Click to expand...
    In this post, you can read a description of the plague in Florence from the beginning of the Decameron.

    On the subject of fertility and the Black Death
    thorbiorn said:
    In the German book Die Vernichtung der Weisen Frauen
    (The Destruction of the Wise Women.) By Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger, Ausburg, 2005 (review) they suggest that one important reason the witches were hunted down was because they had knowledge of contraceptives and abortion.

    After the plague many workers had died so the powerful landowners and the church needed people to work their lands, not contraceptives and abortion, which allowed for the average people to lead lives and raise children according to their means. This in practical terms meant that they would generate less offspring than fertility provided possibilities - not a popular solution among those who needed labours.
    Click to expand...
    According to the above book, after the Black Death, medicine became increasingly more institutionalized and regulated by the authorities.

    The influence on genes from the Black Death virus may not have been a one way street
    The following excerpts occur in relation to Coronavirus, RNA vaccinations, and the expected space virus. In the transcripts, it is mentioned that the vaccine has docking elements, and that the virus from space has 4D STS influences. When I read this, I wondered if 4D STS have also influenced previous events like the Black Death. Without trying to answer the question, here are the excepts:
    \"cassiopaea.org\"

    Session 26 February 2022

    Session Date: February 26th 2022 Laura, Andromeda, and Artemis at the board Pierre, Joe, Gaby, Ark, PoB, Chu, Scottie, Niall, Princess Leia FOTCM Members present via Zoom (in alphabetical order): 3DStudent, 987baz, Aeneas, aimarok, Aiming, alana, alejo, alianah, Altair, aluminumfalcon...
    \"cassiopaea.org\"cassiopaea.org
    Laura said:
    (Ryu) To go back to Pierre's comment, are Covid vaccines used as ethnic weapons?

    A: Can be. Docking elements included.

    Q: (L) So the vaccine has things in it that are docking elements for later propagation of some kind of pathogen?

    A: Yes

    Q: (Pierre) And the targeted population is Kantekkians, i.e. true Semites, i.e. Caucasians (in the sense of peoples from the area of the Caucasus).

    (L) Targeted in what way? For download, or for the ethnic-specific weapons?

    (Pierre) For both. Well, the vaccine. They have a mutation that over-expresses the ACE2 protein. They're more likely to get the effects of the vaccine.

    A: Yes

    Q: (Joe) Pierre's on an obvious train of thought that Kantekkians are awesome people - that they're the True Semites and stuff. But the Cs just said in this session that people were transferred to that part of Ukraine and they had just destroyed their own planet! [laughter] So, they're not awesome people.

    (L) Yeah. The C's also said something about that Nordic Covenant business... That peoples of Nordic descent, i.e. Kantekkian, could be of positive or negative orientation. It's representative of a power center in their genetics...

    (Pierre) 'Intensity' was the word used. Kantekkians had more intensity of a certain type of power.

    (L) Yeah, intensity. So, yeah.

    (Pierre) Intensity for the good, intensity for the bad.

    (L) Very interesting. Okay, hold on...
    (Regulattor) What about vaccines virus recombinations/mutations, how is that developing? Is it still too early to say how lethal it is going to be?

    A: Not the biggest problem.

    Q: (L) What IS the biggest problem?

    A: Virus from space/4D STS.
    Click to expand...
    The good and the bad, genetic upgrades from viruses and parasites
    In the latest session, it is said that while the coronavirus can provide upgrade, parasites are at work at times of major changes, probably to counter any beneficial effects.
    \"cassiopaea.org\"

    Session 23 April 2022

    Session Date: April 23rd 2022 Laura, Andromeda, and Artemis at the board Pierre, Joe, Chu, PoB, Ark, Scottie, Gaby, Niall, Pikabu the Cat Q: (L) Today is April the 23rd, 2022. The usual suspects: [Review of those present] Alright. Hello? Anybody there? A: Moiloiaea of Cassiopaea and good...
    \"cassiopaea.org\"cassiopaea.org
    Laura said:
    Q: (L) Well, going along with that question: Is our current interaction with the coronavirus gonna provide us with any upgrades?

    A: In some respects. But remember what was said about parasites at times of major change and remain vigilant and proactive.

    Q: (L) In other words, don't just assume that things can go a positive way without taking action yourself. Like hyperbaric chambers or vitamin C or ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, and all of that.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":537,"user":"Jacques","id":1025924,"date":"2022-04-29T23:04:47+0200","text":"
    MK Scarlett said:
    And if time allows you to print and sell both, so much the better! I often tend to say that what's done is done and does not need to be done anymore, and I'd rather have at least the first book than no book at all!

    But it is only my humble opinion, and maybe others would have other answers.
    Click to expand...

    Agree with that.

    And it would be easier for the translators (and for people waiting for the translation) to translate 2 books instead of a huge one.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3560,"user":"dennis","id":1032007,"date":"2022-06-08T15:14:58+0200","text":"
    Japan's science ministry says more than 20 types of amino acid have been found in samples collected from the Ryugu asteroid. The discovery may help scientists better understand the origins of life, as amino acids are one of its basic building blocks.
    ...
    Amino acids are an essential substance in most forms of life and are thought to have existed since shortly after the Earth was formed.

    One theory suggests that they ceased to exist on Earth during a period when the planet became extremely hot but were reintroduced from outer space by meteors.
    \"www3.nhk.or.jp\"

    More than 20 amino acids found in samples from Ryugu asteroid | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News

    Japan's science ministry says more than 20 types of amino acid have been found in samples collected from the Ryugu asteroid. The discovery may help scientists better understand the origins of life, as amino acids are one of its basic building blocks.
    \"www3.nhk.or.jp\"www3.nhk.or.jp
    Click to expand...


    Wasn't the late Eocene (30-35 million years ago) when Earth transitioned from a greenhouse climate to having alternating climate?

    \"en.wikipedia.org\"

    Eocene - Wikipedia

    \"en.wikipedia.org\"en.wikipedia.org
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1037644,"date":"2022-07-10T16:14:38+0200","text":"Just a head-up to mention that, after a hiatus of few months, I resumed the writing of Comets, Virus and Evolutionary Leaps and the related reading.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1042987,"date":"2022-08-03T14:47:13+0200","text":"If meteorites can indicate signs of life, one possibility could be the Orgueil meteorite from Southern France
    Below are photos and documents relating to the Orgueil meteorite. To summarize the content of the post, I begin with a photo found in a video taken of the meteorites in a museum in Montauban. Then I quote the Wiki and cite the controversy relating to research by Richard B. Hoover, who claims that the meteorite shows signs of microfossils. Hoover, who was employed by NASA, has published research on the topic dating back to the 1990ies and including two recent documents from 2020 and 2021. At the end, there is a map of the place where the meteorite fell in 1864, as well as directions to the museum in Montauban, which is not mentioned in the list of museums all over the world, that conserve fragments of the meteorite.




    LA METEORITE d'ORGUEIL - MUSEUM Victor Brun de Montauban (video with a few pictures set to music)
    If the video information is real, the museum should have a few small meteorite fragments from different locations, mostly South America and mostly from the last half of the 19th century. Two reviewers in the TripAdvisor do not mention the meteorites, but stuffed animals and bird skeletons!

    The English Wiki on the Orgueil meteorite has:
    Orgueil
    TypeChondrite
    ClassCarbonaceous chondrite
    GroupCI1
    CountryFrance
    RegionMidi-Pyrénées
    Coordinates
    43°53′N 1°23′ECoordinates:
    43°53′N 1°23′E[1]
    Observed fallYes
    Fall dateMay 14, 1864
    TKW14 kg

    Original painting of an individual fragment from the Orgueil meteorite
    Orgueil is a scientifically important carbonaceous chondrite meteorite that fell in southwestern France in 1864.

    History
    The Orgueil meteorite fell on May 14, 1864, a few minutes after 20:00 local time, near Orgueil in southern France. About 20 stones fell over an area of 5-10 square kilometres. A specimen of the meteorite was analyzed that same year by François Stanislaus Clöez, professor of chemistry at the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, who focused on the organic matter found in this meteorite. He wrote that it contained carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and its composition was very similar to peat from the Somme valley or to the lignite of Ringkohl near Kassel. An intense scientific discussion ensued, continuing into the 1870s, as to whether the organic matter might have a biological origin.[2]

    Curation and Distribution
    Orgueil specimens are in curation by bodies around the world. Given the large mass, samples are in circulation for nondestructive[3] (and with sufficient justification, destructive[4][5][6]) study and test.

    OrgMassPlaceCountryRef
    Mus. NdH8.72 kgParisFrance[7]
    Narodni Muzeum370gPragueCzech Republic
    Nat. Mus. of Scotland348gEdinburghUK
    Smithsonian240gWashingtonUSA[8]
    Mus. fur Nat.125.5gBerlinGermany
    Geol. Surv. Ind.94gKolkataIndia
    Vat. Met. Coll.86gCastel GandolfoItaly
    Ro. Akad. Nauk.58.6gMoscowRussia
    Nat. Hist. Mus.58gWienAustria
    UCLA46.4gLos AngelesUSA
    Am. Mus. N.H.46gNew YorkUSA
    Field Mus.34gChicagoUSA
    Max Planck Inst.23gMainzGermany
    DuPont Coll.5.6gPalatineUSA
    West. Aus. Mus.5gPerthAustralia
    Bartoschewitz Coll.5gGifhornGermany
    IfP2.1gMunsterGermany
    U. NM Mus.2gAlbuquerqueUSA
    Geol. Surv. Ca.1.2gOttawaCanada
    Monnig Coll.<1gFort WorthUSA
    Source: Grady, M. M. Catalogue of Meteorites, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press
    Composition and classification[edit]
    Orgueil is one of five known meteorites belonging to the CI chondrite group (see meteorites classification), and is the largest (14 kilograms (31 lb)).     This group has a composition that is essentially identical to that of the sun, excluding gaseous elements like hydrogen and helium. Notably though, the Orgueil meteor is highly enriched in (volatile) mercury - undetectable in the solar photosphere, and this is a major driver of the "mercury paradox" that mercury abundances in meteors do not follow its volatile nature and isotopic ratios based expected behaviour in the solar nebula.[9][10]

    Because of its extraordinarily primitive composition and relatively large mass, Orgueil is one of the most-studied meteorites. One notable discovery in Orgueil was a high concentration of isotopically anomalous xenon called "xenon-HL". The carrier of this gas is extremely fine-grained diamond dust that is older than the Solar System itself, known as presolar grains.

    In 1962, Nagy et al. announced the discovery of 'organised elements' embedded in the Orgueil meteorite that were purportedly biological structures of extraterrestrial origin. These elements were subsequently shown to be either pollen (including that of ragwort) and fungal spores (Fitch & Anders, 1963) that had contaminated the sample, or crystals of the mineral olivine.
    Click to expand...
    Claim of fossils
    Main article: Journal of Cosmology § Hoover paper controversy
    Richard B. Hoover of NASA has claimed that the Orgueil meteorite contains fossils, some of which are similar to known terrestrial species.[12] Hoover has previously claimed the existence of fossils in the Murchison meteorite. NASA has formally distanced itself from Hoover's claims and his lack of expert peer-reviews.[13]
    Click to expand...
    From Wiki to the site of Journal of Cosmology, there is:
    Infinity, Cyclic Big Bang Anthropic Principle, Europa, Venus, Meteors & Microfosils Journal of Cosmology, Vol. 13 February-March, 2011
    Click to expand...
    Where:
    VIII: Genetics, Meteors, Microfossils & the Origins of Life

    35. Meteors & Microfossils Richard Hoover, Journal of Cosmology, Vol 13. 3811-3848.
    Commentaries on: Meteors & Microfossils
    36. Genetics Indicates Extra-Terrestrial Origin of Life: the First Gene R. Joseph, & N. C. Wickramasinghe Journal of Cosmology.
    Click to expand...
    In the Wiki, Journal of Cosmology § Hoover paper controversy, there is:
    Hoover paper[edit]
    In early March 2011, the journal drew widespread controversy[4][21][22] for the publication of a paper by Richard B. Hoover[23] a retired NASA scientist, with claims of evidence in meteorites that life on Earth could have come from space, in this case debris carrying life from a comet to Earth. The journal dismissed the criticism as "a barrage of slanderous attacks" from "crackpots and charlatans", calling their own journal courageous for resisting the "terrorists" whose actions they equated with the Inquisition.[24][25] NASA distanced itself from Hoover's findings,[26] and issued a statement saying that the paper had been previously submitted in 2007 to International Journal of Astrobiology which did not accept it for review.[27] A number of commentaries on the paper were also published.[25]

    In an open letter to the editors of Science and Nature, Rudolph Schild proposed to establish a commission to investigate the validity of the Hoover paper, which would be led by three experts appointed by Journal of Cosmology, Science and Nature.[28] Schild said he would interpret "any refusal to cooperate, no matter what the excuse" from Nature or Science as "vindication for the Journal of Cosmology and the Hoover paper, and an acknowledgment that the editorial policies of the Journal of Cosmology are beyond reproach".[28] They subsequently issued another statement in which they stood by their publication process and suggested that criticisms were "slander and histrionic tirades", and comparing their critics to "lunatics... unleashed to throw filth", suggesting that their own actions were part of a 2000-year struggle of science against religion. Since their critics had "refused to cooperate" in a review, they reaffirmed the study to be "beyond reproach".[29]
    Click to expand...

    Apart from the article in the Journal of Cosmology, there are other papers by the same author:
    Richard B. Hoover, Microfossils of Cyanobacteria in Carbonaceous Meteorites, has 85 mentions of the Orgueil meteorite. NASA may have distanced themselves from the research of R. B. Hoover, as claimed in the Wiki according to the Wiki, but not more than I could find a paper still stored on their site. The ID for the document, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20070038326/downloads/20070038326.pdf, suggests it is from 2007. (Attached).

    Richard B. Hoover, Meteorites, Microfossils and Exobiology, from 1997, mentions Orgueil 47 times. The ID Meteorites, Microfossils and Exobiology : Hoover, Richard B : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive suggests it was uploaded in 1998. (Attached).

    Surprisingly, the site of Институт геохимии и аналитической химии имени В. И. Вернадского РАН (Russian Wiki of V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS) in Moscow, hosts a Sample manuscript showing specifications and style by Richard B. Hoover with the title Microfossils in Carbonaceous Meteorites. It is short, but has, in just two pages, eight mentions of Orgueil, along with a biography of the author. The paper is from 2020 and the ID indicates it was uploaded in October 2021, see http://www.geokhi.ru/Lists/Calendar..._Vernadsky_HOOVER_Abstract_BIO_10_19_2021.pdf

    In the bibliography of the above short entry, there was [6] Rozanov, A. Yu., Hoover, R. B. et al. The Orgueil Meteorite (Atlas of Microfossils). 2020. P. 1-130. ISBN 978-5-903825-42-4 (attached) The book was printed in Russia in just 500 copies, and contains 40 plates. With current sanction policies, one may be able to obtain a paper copy.

    The French Wiki has two images of fragments of the Orgueil meteorite:

    Fragment of the Orgueil meteorite at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris in 2018.
    Click to expand...

    Fragment of the Orgueil meteorite at the Ecole des Mines mineralogy museum in 1965.
    Click to expand...
    If I compare the images from Montauban and the two from Paris, there is a fair bit of variation in the colouring, but that might be due to lightning.

    A screenshot of the place where the Orgueil meteorite fell, in relation to Montauban, the nearest major town:


    The location of the museum in Montauban
    Assuming the video, mentioned at the beginning, is really from the museum in Montauban and shows the few meteorites they have, here is a map with the Victor Brun Natural History Museum, marked by the red dot.


    Link to the page of Le Musée d'Histoire Naturelle Victor Brun","attachments":["
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1042989,"date":"2022-08-03T15:08:38+0200","text":"
    thorbiorn said:
    If meteorites can indicate signs of life, one possibility could be the Orgueil meteorite from Southern France
    Click to expand...
    Thanks for sharing. The Orgueil meteorite and few others are addressed in the next chapter titled "Life in cometary material". This chapter should published soon in this thread because it's almost done, finally!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7505,"user":"MK Scarlett","id":1043033,"date":"2022-08-03T17:56:27+0200","text":"And it is adressed in Cometary Encounters too: in Part III "Volcanoes, Earthquakes and the 3,600 Year Comet Cycle", p. 141, about its cometary origin, and in Part IV "The Seven Destructive Earth Passes of Comet Venus", p. 209, the latter about the Hoover's work on fossils of filamentous cyanobacteria found in the Orgueil meteorite.

    @Pierre, I can't wait to read such fascinating discoveries of yours!
    @thorbiorn, again, thank you for your researchs and sharings in such various domains!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1043502,"date":"2022-08-05T11:31:07+0200","text":"
    MK Scarlett said:
    And it is adressed in Cometary Encounters too: in Part III "Volcanoes, Earthquakes and the 3,600 Year Comet Cycle", p. 141, about its cometary origin, and in Part IV "The Seven Destructive Earth Passes of Comet Venus", p. 209, the latter about the Hoover's work on fossils of filamentous cyanobacteria found in the Orgueil meteorite.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you, @MK Scarlett, in the article version there was:
    Mercury is a very rare element on planet Earth. Its bulk abundance is estimated by Mc Donough et al to 3-8 ppb (parts per billion). However, in meteorites mercury concentration is much higher, albeit variable, with concentrations ranging from ca. 10 ppb to 14,000 ppb.

    The record 14,000 ppb concentration was found in the Orgueil meteorite, a 14 kg (30 pounds) carbonaceous chondrite meteorite which fell in southern France in 1864.

    According to Gounelle et al, the Orgueil meteorite has a cometary origin, which is also the case for some other carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, as suggested by Haack et al.
    Click to expand...
    Here is the reference:
    Gounelle, M., Spurný Pavel, & Bland, P.A. (2006). The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Orgueil meteorite from historical records.
    Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41, Nr 1, 135–150
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2006.tb00198.x has the full article.
    Abstract— Using visual observations that were reported 140 years ago in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, we have determined the atmospheric trajectory and the orbit of the Orgueil meteorite, which fell May 14, 1864, near Montauban, France. Despite the intrinsic uncertainty of visual observations, we were able to calculate a reasonably precise atmospheric trajectory and a moderately precise orbit for the Orgueil meteoroid. The atmosphere entry point was ˜70 km high and the meteoroid terminal point was ˜20 km high. The calculated luminous path was ˜150 km with an entry angle of 20°. These characteristics are broadly similar to that of other meteorites for which the trajectory is known. Five out of six orbital parameters for the Orgueil orbit are well constrained. In particular, the perihelion lies inside the Earth's orbit (q ˜0.87 AU), as is expected for an Earth-crossing meteorite, and the orbital plane is close to the ecliptic (i ˜0°). The aphelion distance (Q) depends critically on the pre-atmospheric velocity. From the calculated atmospheric path and the fireball duration, which was reported by seven witnesses, we have estimated the pre-atmospheric velocity to be larger than 17.8 km/sec, which corresponds to an aphelion distance Q larger than 5.2 AU, the semi-major axis of Jupiter orbit. These results suggest that Orgueil has an orbit similar to that of Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), although an Halley-type comet cannot be excluded. This is at odds with other meteorites that have an asteroidal origin, but it is compatible with 140 years of data-gathering that has established the very special nature of Orgueil compared to other meteorites. A cometary origin of the Orgueil meteorite does not contradict cosmochemistry data on CI1 chondrites. If CI1 chondrites originate from comets, it implies that comets are much more processed than previously thought and should contain secondary minerals. The forthcoming return of cometary samples by the Stardust mission will provide a unique opportunity to corroborate (or contradict) our hypothesis.
    Click to expand...
    There was also:
    Gounelle, M., & Zolensky, M.E. (2014). The Orgueil meteorite: 150 years of history. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 49, Nr 10 1769-1794
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/maps.12351 has the full article.
    Abstract–The goal of this paper is to summarize 150 yr of history of a very special meteorite. The Orgueil meteorite fell near Montauban in southwestern France on May 14,1864. The bolide, which was the size of the full Moon, was seen across Western France, and almost immediately made the news in local and Parisian newspapers. Within a few weeks of the fall, a great diversity of analyses were performed under the authority of Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, geology professor at the Paris Museum, and published in the Comptes Rendus de l’Acaddémie des Sciences. The skilled scientists reported the presence of iron sulfides, hydrated silicates, and carbonates in Orgueil. They also characterized ammonium salts which are now gone, and observed sulfates being remobilized at the surface of the stone. They identified the high water and carbon contents, and noted similarities with the Alais meteorite, which had fallen in 1806, 300 km away. While Daubrée and his colleagues noted the similarity of the Orgueil organic matter with some terrestrial humus, they were cautiousnot to make a direct link with living organisms. One century later, Nagy and Claus wereless prudent and announced the discovery of “organized” elements in some samples of Orgueil. Their observations were quickly discredited by Edward Anders and others who also discovered that some pollen grains were intentionally placed into the rock back in the 1860s. Orgueil is now one of the most studied meteorites, indeed one of the most studiedrocks of any kind. Not only does it contain a large diversity of carbon-rich compounds, which help address the question of organo-synthesis in the early solar system but itschemical composition is also close to that of the Sun’s photosphere and serves as a cosmic reference. Secondary minerals, which make up 99% of the volume of Orgueil, were probably formed during hydrothermal alteration on the parent-body within the first few million years of the solar system; their study is essential to our understanding of fluid–rockinteraction in asteroids and comets. Finally, the Orgueil meteorite probably originated froma volatile-rich “cometary” outer solar system body as indicated by its orbit. Because it bears strong similarities to other carbonaceous chondrites that originated on dark asteroids, this cometary connection supports the idea of a continuum between dark asteroids and comets.
    Click to expand...
    On the page of Meteoritics & Planetary Science they display past issues and many articles are freely available. A search on organic in just this journal alone, revealed more than a thousand results, for astrobiology close to 200 hits, for Orgueil more than 750, for virus, none.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1043760,"date":"2022-08-06T11:33:35+0200","text":"A few research efforts in the field of astrobiology

    Trying to find out more about the Orgeil meteorite, led to research efforts in Russia. The Brown University in US has been a cosponsor, but with the current sanctions, we will see how that progresses. Below are some terms and links that turned up.

    The abstract book from The Twelfth Moscow Solar System Symposium, (12M-S3) Space Research Institute in Moscow, Russia held from October 11-15, 2021, "sponsored by: • Space Research Institute RAS • Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS • Brown University, USA:
    ISBN: 978-5-00015-015-3 DOI: 10.21046/12M-S3 © Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Учреждение Науки ИНСТИТУТ КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК (ИКИ РАН) 2021
    has a section, page 214 to 241 in the document, under the heading astrobiology. There one finds accompanying text to oral communications and posters.

    Below are titles from page 13 in the document relating to astrobiology
    14.40–17.30 ASTROBIOLOGY SESSION Conveners: Oleg KOTSYURBENKO, Elena VOROBYOVA conference hall, second floor

    14.40–15.00 Sohan JHEETA Where were the molecules of life made? 12MS3-AB-01
    15.00–15.15 Vladimir KOMPANICHENKO Origin of life on a planet by efficient response of prebiotic systems to high-frequency oscillations in the environment 12MS3-AB-02
    15.15–15.30 Daniil MIRONOV Prospects for the use of lichens in astrobiological and astroecological research 12MS3-AB-03
    15.30–15.45 Ximena ABREVAYA et al UV radiation from stellar flares: a constraint for life? 12MS3-AB-04
    15.45–16.00 Eduardo CORTON et al Microbial fuel cells as extraterrestrial microbial life sensors 12MS3-AB-05
    16.00–16.20 COFFEE-BREAK 16.20–16.40 Richard HOOVER et al Extraterrestrial & intraterrestrial diatoms & cyanobacteria: implications to the origin and distribution of biospheres 12MS3-AB-06
    16.40–17.00 Janusz PETKOWSKI et al Phosphine and other Venusian cloud anomalies 12MS3-AB-07
    Click to expand...

    17.00–17.30 POSTER SESSION, SESSION ASTROBIOLOGY 7 posters * 4 min

    Richard HOOVER et al Extraterrestrial cyanobacteria and diatoms in the Orgueil (CI1) and Murchison (CM2) carbonaceous chondrites 12MS3-AB-PS-01
    Oleg KOTSYURBENKO et al Succession of hypothetical microbial communities on Venus during planetary climate change 12MS3-AB-PS-02
    Dmitry SKLADNEV et al Aerosol or foam – which structure of Venusian clouds is better for survival of hypothetical microbial communities 12MS3-AB-PS-03
    Sergey BULAT et al Resistance of DNA(Microbial) to radiation damage on the frosty Jovian Europa surface 12MS3-AB-PS-04
    Hamidreza GUILANI and Aila PORO The Necessity of Developing ML and AI for Future Astronomy 12MS3-AB-PS-05
    Vladimir CHEPTSOV et al Perchlorate tolerance of soil microbial communities 12MS3-AB-PS-06
    Andrey BELOV and Vladimir CHEPTSOV Resistance and metabolic activity of soil prokaryotiс communities under conditions of water deficiency: astrobiological implications 12MS3-AB-PS-07
    Click to expand...

    From the page of the conference, one can access the photo gallery and the home pages of previous conferences. To find out what they were discussing, you can download the respective abstract books.

    The conference for this year will be in October, you can follow the plans here: The Thirteenth Moscow Solar System Symposium | The Thirteenth Moscow Solar System Symposium Under important dates, they say the last chance to submit an abstract is August 10, or next Wednesday.

    On the page of The Ninth Moscow Solar System Symposium, they wrote:
    Abstract Books of previous symposia are present at: https://elibrary.ru
    Click to expand...
    Doing a search for "astrobiology" gave 2800 hits, though many are listed with Russian titles. Another term and related to astrobiology is exobiology, but there were not many hits.

    Combining "astrobiology and virus" brought 48 hits among which few appeared relevant, but one article introduced the concept of astrovirology:
    Aaron J. Berliner, Tomohiro Mochizuki, and Kenneth M. Stedman
    Published Online:1 Feb 2018 https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1649

    ASTROVIROLOGY: VIRUSES AT LARGE IN THE UNIVERSE
    Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on modern Earth. They are highly diverse both in structure and genomic sequence, play critical roles in evolution, strongly influence terran biogeochemistry, and are believed to have played important roles in the origin and evolution of life. However, there is yet very little focus on viruses in astrobiology. Viruses arguably have coexisted with cellular life-forms since the earliest stages of life, may have been directly involved therein, and have profoundly influenced cellular evolution. Viruses are the only entities on modern Earth to use either RNA or DNA in both single- and double-stranded forms for their genetic material and thus may provide a model for the putative RNA-protein world. With this review, we hope to inspire integration of virus research into astrobiology and also point out pressing unanswered questions in astrovirology, particularly regarding the detection of virus biosignatures and whether viruses could be spread extraterrestrially. We present basic virology principles, an inclusive definition of viruses, review current virology research pertinent to astrobiology, and propose ideas for future astrovirology research foci. Key Words: Astrobiology—Virology—Biosignatures—Origin of life—Roadmap. Astrobiology 18, 207–223.
    Click to expand...
    Then I attempted "virus fossilized" and was introduced to the topic of palaeontology/paleontology. If one combines astrobiology and paleontology, there was a link to a lecture in Russian: Results of bacterial paleontology and astrobiology
    Seminar of NCC SETI and sections 'Life and Mind in the Universe' NSA RAS
    Seminar agenda: Academician Alexey Yurievich Rozanov.[...]
    February 27, 2019, SAI conference hall, Moscow. site Russian SETI
    Title in Russian: Итоги бактериальной палеонтологии и астробиология.
    Click to expand...
    I did not watch all of it, it has the feel of being a popular presentation for an audience that may be highly educated, but not specialists in this field. The presentation of the speaker raises questions that could lead to new discoveries, and the old academician points out there is sufficient work needed to keep his descendants busy in the search of the answers.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1043775,"date":"2022-08-06T12:58:11+0200","text":"Photos of the Orgueil meteorite in Montauban, and more on meteorites in France
    These pictures were taken by @luc as are a couple of the large attached files. But since they were large, I made a screenshot of the large picture files in Windows 10, as they can't be inserted without modifications.

    The next three were taken with a smartphone, but could fit in the post format without adaptation.


    Apparently the meteorite came from the West, as shown in the image below, this would give it less friction when hitting the atmosphere than if it had come from the east. On the other hand, the angular speed of the earth at the level of Montauban is small compared to the speed of the meteorite is small. If the circumference of the Earth is 40000 km then the angular speed at the Equator would be around 1670 km per hour. At 44 degrees north latitude, it might be only 1200 km per hour, or 0.33 km per second, which is little compared to the speed of the meteorite hitting the earth atmosphere at 18 km per second.

    Below the Orgueil meteorite, there are a few smaller ones from different places.

    Meteorite research in France
    The museum sells a special edition of a magazine, that takes a close look at four French meteorites and writes: meteorites of yesterday/the science of tomorrow.

    In general, France has a large collection of meteorites and many falls have been documented. On ResearchGate.net, there is an article that presents them: The meteorite collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France January 2006, Geological Society London Special Publications 256(1)
    DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.256.01.09
    Authors: Catherine L.V. Caillet Komorowski Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
    The French national meteorite collection of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) represents one of the richest collections in the world in terms of its historical heritage and scientific value, particularly for samples of observed falls (512). In fact, early meteoritic research was dominated by French 18th and 19th century scientists such as René Just Haüy, Auguste Daubrée, Stanislas Meunier and Alfred Lacroix. They all contributed, along with Jean Orcel and Paul Pellas in the last 80 years, to form this exceptional collection. The fall at L’Aigle in 1803 led to the recognition of the nature of meteorites and the promotion of the science of meteoritics by Jean-Baptiste Biot. The first catalogue of the meteorite collection elaborated by Cordier in 1837 contained 43 specimens. The collection now contains about 3385 specimens representing 1343 distinct meteorites, to which can be added at least 3000 tektites and numerous specimens of impactites, casts, artificial samples and thin sections. France has the greatest number of meteorite falls by surface unit and by number of inhabitants, with 70 distinct meteorite falls recovered. The collection offers a diverse range of meteorites such as those containing rare presolar grains, the famous carbonaceous chondrite Orgueil (fall, 14 May 1864), the first martian meteorite, Chassigny (fall, 3 October 1815) and Ensisheim (fall, 7 November 1492), which is one of the two oldest observed and documented meteorites and the first meteorite to be registered in the catalogue. The MNHN collection represents a resource that is particularly appreciated by the scientific community.
    Click to expand...
    The paper has a map of the falls, where you also can find the locations of Agen, Orgueil, Saint Sauveaur and Granés


    Map of all meteorites collected on the French territory. Observed falls like Nicorps, Mont Vaiser or Aire sur la Lys whose samples do not exist or have disappeared (Carion et al. 2003), as well as new acquisitions that have been described but not yet catalogued, are not shown on this map. St., Saint; Ste., Sainte.
    Click to expand...
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044224,"date":"2022-08-08T15:25:32+0200","text":"In the context of my research I'm looking for the Kindle version of "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism And The Foundation Of Life". Unfortunately it's not available on Amazon. I downloaded pdf versions and converted them but they don't allow highlighting or changing font size.
    Has anyone a real Kindle version of this book?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1044225,"date":"2022-08-08T15:30:05+0200","text":"Hello Pierre
    When I have a pdf version that I want to highlight, I transform the pdf into word and there are no more problems.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044229,"date":"2022-08-08T15:40:53+0200","text":"
    Channa said:
    Hello Pierre
    When I have a pdf version that I want to highlight, I transform the pdf into word and there are no more problems.
    Click to expand...
    If possible, I want to change the font size and highlight the text through the Kindle device.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":18055,"user":"benkostka","id":1044235,"date":"2022-08-08T15:57:13+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    In the context of my research I'm looking for the Kindle version of "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism And The Foundation Of Life". Unfortunately it's not available on Amazon. I downloaded pdf versions and converted them but they don't allow highlighting or changing font size.
    Has anyone a real Kindle version of this book?
    Click to expand...
    There’s another book that proceeded his called Bioenergetics by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi that might help your research. He’s another scientist who was eventually shunned by the establishment for his research and it proceeded Becker’s.

    Another thing that might be useful for people at least on this forum might be a timeline of when diseases popped up and other occurrences for instance the introduction of electricity or say something like Sigmund Freud who claimed neuroalgia was a completely mental disease, where before lots of evidence showed it was caused by electricity.

    I also find it interesting that the free radical theory of aging started in 1956. While they certainly damage the body, they’re probably moreso a consequence of all the artificial EMF/electricity/magnetic fields we’ve introduced since around 1890 when AC power went online. It’s a search for the structuring forces of the body and molecular reactions don’t appear to me to be at the base. Glad the HBOT is helping you Pierre and that you’re able to continue your research!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1044257,"date":"2022-08-08T18:37:48+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    If possible, I want to change the font size and highlight through the Kindle device.
    Click to expand...
    I will PM you the Kindle version now.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":18055,"user":"benkostka","id":1044258,"date":"2022-08-08T18:38:07+0200","text":"Here’s an example of what I mean. It was known for a long time that somehow plants converted sunlight into energy with CO2, eventually expelling it as O2. However the mechanism is probably best understood by solid state physics and semiconductors. Here’s a timeline on how they were developed, at least the public timeline which is always something to consider.

    \"www.tel.com\"

    The history of Semiconductor | nanotec museum

    How have semiconductors contributed to the advances in electronics from the 20th century to the present day? The following multifaceted presentation traces the development of technologies that have enriched our lifestyle.
    www.tel.com

    Now while that was happening many people were studying the effects of artificial EMF/electricity/magnetic fields on biological life and beyond certain very very small limits it was overwhelmingly negative. You eventually see the manifestations of disease, influenza, chronic inflammation, diseases where it’s claimed the immune system is attacking the body ect…. But there’s nothing the immune system can do if the body is being constantly exposed to the artificial fields which ultimately have a degrading effect, which perhaps explains why the PTB push germ theory so heavily right? Otherwise the entire grid gets shut down, or at least fundamentally changed to work in harmony with biological systems.

    Anyway, it seems like most of the functions of the body can be explained by what happens in semiconductors, because they’re able to move very small amounts of energy such as one electron or one photon.

    What I’m saying is that you can start to see the unseen when you trace the history of these developments, for example Pasteur being promoted over BeChamp because ultimately the PTB/4DSTS overlords benefit from the masses of humanity favoring the germ theory and dismissing the terrain theory, because the logical end of the terrain theory ends in us fundamentally understanding biological processes on the electron/photon level. But we can’t get there until say the 1960s or so when things like SQUIDs were invented that could measure magnetic fields at the strength detected by biological cells. It’s all fascinating to put together, and by understanding all of these processes it’s really amazing to think we will ultimately get to use them to create life.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044314,"date":"2022-08-08T23:07:24+0200","text":"
    Altair said:
    I will PM you the Kindle version now.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you very much! You made my day. \":-)\"

    Now, I will be able to read the book on my Kindle in the HBOT or wherever. I can display the content in big fonts (my eyesight has not as good as before) and I can highlight the relevant quotes and paste them in the book I'm writing.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044316,"date":"2022-08-08T23:26:36+0200","text":"
    benkostka said:
    There’s another book that proceeded his called Bioenergetics by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
    Click to expand...
    Thanks for the suggestion. I added this book to my reading list along with Fritz-A.Popp Biologie de la Lumière","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":7505,"user":"MK Scarlett","id":1044469,"date":"2022-08-09T20:21:30+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Thanks for the suggestion. I added this book to my reading list along with Fritz-A.Popp Biologie de la Lumière
    Click to expand...
    Thanks @Pierre! I've just ordered it as well as the Julien Rodet's Actions physiologiques et dangers des courants électriques, originally published in 1917. 10 €, but unfortunately, no Kindle available.

    I also have in my WishList the M. l'Abbé Bertholon's De L'électricité Du Corps Humain Dans L'état De Santé Et De Maladie, originally published back in 1786. This one interests me since I've read that for Bertholon, earthquakes are electrical phenomena. From Cairn.info (in French):
    L'ÉLECTRICITÉ DU CORPS HUMAIN CHEZ L'ABBÉ BERTHOLON ET QUELQUES CONTEMPORAINS
    I attached the Pdf of this article.

    I also found a study by Juan Carlos Vanegas-Acosta from the Eindhoven University of Technology: "Electric fields and biological cells: numerical insight into possible interaction mechanisms", published in 2015. I've found it first HERE on Semantic Scholar.
    The link to the Pdf is here, but I also attached it.
    At the beginning of the Pdf, there is a long and detailed summary, that could help navigating to go straight to the point you would like to read. From it, it seems to me that it could be a good way to understand/learn some basics about the electric body and how it works!
    Here is the link of his studies available via Research Gate in case it would interest someone.","attachments":["
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    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":1044762,"date":"2022-08-11T12:46:21+0200","text":"Regarding Popp, I'm reposting some of the research I found for an old thread I opened a while back, a repeat isn't always helpful, but you never know, so here goes:
    Mercola:
    Dr. Popp proved that light in your body is stored by, and emitted from, your DNA. The DNA inside each cell vibrates at a frequency of several billion hertz (which is unfortunately the same range at which modern cell phone communication systems also work).

    The vibration is created through the coil-like contraction and extension of your DNA -- which occurs several billion times per second -- and every time it contracts, it squeezes out one single biophoton; a light particle.

    That photon contains all the information on everything going on in your DNA at that moment. One single biophoton can carry more than four megabytes of information, and relays this information to other biophotons it crosses in the biophoton field outside your body.

    All the photons that are emitted from your body communicate with each other in this highly structured light field that surrounds your body, and which is the actual carrier of your long-term memory. This light field also regulates the activity of your metabolic enzymes.

    The information transfer on biophotons is bidirectional, which means your DNA sends information out on a photon, and on the same photon the information of all the biophotons from your body is broadcast back to your cells, and to your tubulin, which are light conductive molecules in your connective tissue.

    The tubulin, in turn, receives the information-carrying light impulse and conducts it at the speed of light throughout your body, where it is translated inside each cell into activating or inactivating certain metabolic enzymes.

    Illness Occurs When Biophoton Emissions are Out of Sync:

    Research by Dr. Popp also showed that the light emissions of healthy people follow a set biological rhythm for day and night and also by week and month, as though they are connected to biorhythms of the earth, as well.

    However, in his studies, the light emissions from cancer patients had no such rhythms and appeared scrambled, which suggests their cells were no longer communicating properly. Likewise, according to his research, Dr. Popp found that in multiple sclerosis patients were taking in too much light, leading to a similar confusion on a cellular level. Even stress influenced people's biophoton emissions, causing them to increase in response to the stress.

    It's known, too, that cancer-causing chemicals alter your body's biophoton emissions, interrupting cellular communications, while certain substances help restore them. Dr. Popp found mistletoe to be one such substance that appeared to restore the biophoton emissions of tumor cells to a normal level.

    Interestingly, even conventional medicine confirmed that mistletoe extract does appear to have a beneficial effect on cancer, with one study published in Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine showing that mean survival rates nearly doubled among breast cancer patients who received mistletoe extract.

    Because light is such an integral part of your body's processes, biophoton therapies are at the forefront of medicine. For instance, therapies are emerging that involve stimulating the body with specific quantities of light to reduce pain and promote healing processes.

    One fascinating alternative practice that Dr. Dietrich Klinghardt has started using, based on this science, is to use tools that work with light to influence your biophoton field in beneficial ways. For example, transmitting the information of nutrients in the form of light into your biophotons field can affect your body in the same way as eating the nutrient!
    Click to expand...
    Read the whole article here: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/a...the-power-of-biological-light-in-healing.aspx
    Also: biontologyarizona.com/the-power-of-biological-light-in-healing/

    Dr. Garjajev claims that this communication is not something that happens only inside the individual cells or between one cell and another. He claims organisms use this "light" to "talk" to other organisms and suggested that this could explain telepathy and ESP. It was like human beings already had their own wireless internet based on our DNA
    Click to expand...
    All vibrations of energy are part of the electro-magnetic spectrum. These include electrical energy, heat, sound, light, radio waves and radioactive waves. UV light is merely a small portion of the spectrum of EM energy with a very short wavelength.
    Click to expand...
    What Popp discovered was that benzo[a]pyrene (the cancer producing molecule) absorbed the UV light, then re-emitted it at a completely different frequency -- it was a light "scrambler". The benzo[e]pyrene (harmless to humans), allowed the UV light to pass through it unaltered.
    Click to expand...
    In every instance, the compounds that were carcinogenic took the UV light, absorbed it and changed or scrambled the frequency.
    Click to expand...
    There was another odd property of these compounds: each of the carcinogens reacted only to light at a specific frequency -- 380 nm (nanometres) in the ultra-violet range. Popp kept wondering why a cancer-causing substance would be a light scrambler. He began reading the scientific literature specifically about human biological reactions, and came across information about a phenomenon called 'photorepair'.
    Click to expand...
    It is well known from biological laboratory experiments that if you blast a cell with UV light so that 99 per cent of the cell, including its DNA, is destroyed, you can almost entirely repair the damage in a single day just by illuminating the cell with the same wavelength at a much weaker intensity. To this day, scientists don't understand this phenomenon, called photorepair, but no one has disputed it.
    Click to expand...
    He was also struck by the fact that photorepair works most efficiently at 380 nm -- the same frequency that the cancer-causing compounds react to and scramble.
    Click to expand...
    This was where Popp made his logical leap. If the carcinogens only react to this frequency, it must somehow be linked to photorepair. If so, this would mean that there must be some kind of light in the body responsible for photorepair. A compound must cause cancer because it permanently blocks this light and scrambles it, so photorepair can't work anymore. It seemed logical, but was it true?
    Click to expand...


    This energy is the driving force for all the molecules in our body. Before any chemical reaction can occur, at least one electron must be activated by a photon with a certain wavelength and enough energy.
    Click to expand...
    The biochemist and Nobel Prize winner Lehninger mentions in his textbook that some reactions in the living cell happen quite a lot faster than what corresponds to 37C temperature. The explanation seems to be that the body purposely directs chemical reactions by means of electromagnetic vibrations (biophotons).
    Click to expand...
    Photons (Light) control everything in the cell:

    Photons switch on the body's processes like an orchestra conductor bringing each individual instrument into the collective sound. At different frequencies, they perform different functions. Popp found that molecules in the cells responded to certain frequencies, and that a range of vibrations from the photons caused a variety of frequencies in other molecules of the body.

    This theory has been supported by Dr. Veljko Veljkovic who now heads the Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Engineering, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca. She dared to ask the question that has forever puzzled cellular biologists: What is it that enabled the tens of thousands of different kinds of molecules in the organism to recognize their specific targets? Living processes depend on selective interactions between particular molecules, and that is true for basic metabolism to the subtlest nuances of emotion. It's like trying to find a friend in a very big very crowded ballroom in the dark.

    The conventional picture of a cell even now is that of a bag of molecules dissolved in water. And through bumping into one another by chance -- random collisions -- those molecules that have complementary shapes lock onto to each other so the appropriate biochemical reactions can take place. This 'lock and key' model has been refined to a more flexible (and realistic) 'induced fit' hypothesis that allows each molecule to change shape slightly to fit the other better after they get in touch, but the main idea remains the same.

    It is supposed to explain how enzymes can recognize their respective substrates, how antibodies in the immune system can grab onto specific foreign invaders and disarm them. By extension, that's how proteins can 'dock' with different partner proteins, or latch onto specific nucleic acids to control gene expression, or assemble into ribosomes for translating proteins, or other multi-molecular complexes that modify the genetic messages in various ways. But with thousands -- or even hundreds of thousands of reactions happening each second in just one cell this seems pushing the "mechanical" concept a bit too far.

    What has been proposed is that somehow each molecule sends out a unique electromagnetic field that can "sense" the field of the complimentary molecule. It's as if there is a "dance" in the cellular medium and the molecules move to the rythm. The music is supplied by the biophoton.

    "Veljkovic and Cosic proposed that molecular interactions are electrical in nature, and they take place over distances that are large compared with the size of molecules. Cosic later introduced the idea of dynamic electromagnetic field interactions, that molecules recognize their particular targets and vice versa by electromagnetic resonance. In other words, the molecules send out specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves which not only enable them to 'see' and 'hear' each other, as both photon and phonon modes exist for electromagnetic waves, but also to influence each other at a distance and become ineluctably drawn to each other if vibrating out of phase (in a complementary way)."     -- The Real Bioinformatics Revolution: Proteins and Nucleic Acids Singing to One Another? (Paper available at report@i-sis.org.uk)

    "There are about 100,000 chemical reactions happening in every cell each second. The chemical reaction can only happen if the molecule which is reacting is excited by a photon... Once the photon has excited a reaction it returns to the field and is available for more reactions... We are swimming in an ocean of light."

    These 'biophoton emission', as Popp called them, provided an ideal communication system for the transfer of information to many cells across the organism. But the single most important question remained: where was the light coming from?

    A particularly gifted student talked him into another experiment. It is known that when ethidium bromide is applied to samples of DNA, it insinuates itself in between the base pairs of the double helix, causing DNA to unwind. The student suggested that, after applying the chemical, they measure the light coming from the sample. Popp found that the greater the concentration of ethidium, the more the DNA unravelled, but also the stronger the intensity of light. Conversely, the less he used, the less light was emitted.

    He also found that DNA could send out a wide range of frequencies, some of which seemed to be linked to certain functions. If DNA stored this light, it would naturally emit more light on being unzipped.

    These and other studies proved to Popp that one of the most essential sources of light and biophoton emissions was DNA. DNA was like the master tuning fork of the body. It would strike a particular frequency and certain molecules would follow. It was also possible, he realised, that he had stumbled upon the missing link in current DNA theory that could account for perhaps the greatest miracle of all in human biology -- how a single cell can turn into a fully formed human being.

    How cells "talk" to each other:

    When you get a cut or scratch on your skin, the cells that are injured somehow signal the surrounding healthy cells to begin reproducing copies of themselves to fill in and mend the opening. When the skin is back to normal, a signal is sent to the cells to tell them to stop reproducing. Scientists have wondered exactly how this works.

    With biophoton emissions, Popp believed he had an answer to this question. This phenomenon of coordination and communication could only occur in a holistic system with one central orchestrator. Popp showed in his experiments that these weak light emissions were sufficient to orchestrate the body's repairs. The emissions had to be low intensity because these communications took place on a very small, intracellular, quantum level. Higher intensities would have an effect only in the world of the large and would create too much "noise" to be effective.

    The number of photons emitted seemed to be linked to the organism's position on the evolutionary scale -- the more complex the organism, the fewer photons were emitted. Rudimentary animals and plants tended to emit 100 photons/cm2/sec at a wavelength of 200-800 nm, corresponding to a very-high-frequency EM wave well within the visible range, whereas humans emit only 10 photons/cm2/sec at the same frequency.

    In one series of studies, Popp had one of his assistants -- a 27-year-old healthy young woman -- sit in the room every day for nine months while he took photon readings of a small area of her hand and forehead. Popp then analysed the data and discovered, to his surprise, that the light emissions followed certain set patterns -- biological rhythms at 7, 14, 32, 80 and 270 days -- and similarities were also noted by day or night, by week and by month, as though the body were following the world's biorhythms as well as its own.
    Click to expand...
    Click to expand...
    Cancer is a loss of coherent light:

    So far, Popp had studied only healthy individuals and found an exquisite coherence at the quantum level. But what kind of light is present in those who are ill?

    Popp tried out his machine on a series of cancer patients. In every instance, these patients had lost those natural periodic rhythms as well as their coherence. The lines of internal communication were scrambled. They had lost their connection with the world. In effect, their light was going out.

    Just the opposite is seen with multiple sclerosis: MS is a state of too much order. Patients with this disease are taking in too much light, thereby inhibiting their cells' ability to do their job. Too much cooperative harmony prevented flexibility and individuality -- like too many soldiers marching in step as they cross a bridge, causing it to collapse. Perfect coherence is an optimal state between chaos and order. With too much cooperation, it is as though individual members of the orchestra are no longer able to improvise. In effect, MS patients are drowning in light.

    Popp also examined the effects of stress. In a stressed state, the rate of biophoton emissions goes up -- a defence mechanism designed to restore the patient's equilibrium.

    Popp now recognized that what he'd been experimenting with was even more than a cure for cancer or Gestaltbildung. Here was a model which provided a better explanation than the current neo-Darwinist theory for how all living things evolve on the planet. Rather than a system of fortunate but ultimately random error, if DNA uses frequencies of every variety as an information tool, this suggests instead a feedback system of perfect communication through waves that encode and transfer information.
    Click to expand...
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    "Good vibes" means coherent light:

    Popp came to realize that light in the body might even hold the key to health and illness. In one experiment, he compared the light from free-range hens' eggs with that from penned-in, caged hens. The photons in the former were far more coherent than those in the latter.

    Popp went on to use biophoton emissions as a tool for measuring the quality of food. The healthiest food had the lowest and most coherent intensity of light. Any disturbance in the system increased the production of photons. Health was a state of perfect subatomic communication, and ill health was a state of communication breakdown. We are ill when our waves are out of synch.

    Bio Photon emission detection is currently used commercially in the food industry. Agricultural science is looking at Bio-photon emissions to determine plant health for the purposes of food quality control. Biophotonen is a company working for development and practical applications of biophotonics. The work is based on a variety of patents. "Biophotonen" solves practical problems of food industry, environmental industry, cosmetics, etc.

    In the 1970s Dr. Veljko Veljkovic, who now heads the Center for Multidisciplinary Research and Engineering, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, also discovered a method for predicting which of the hundreds of new chemicals made by the rapidly expanding chemical industry were carcinogenic, by calculating certain electronic, biophotonic properties of the molecules. This method was soon found equally applicable to predicting organic chemicals that were mutagenic, or toxic, and even those that were antibiotic, or cytostatic (anticancer). Veljkovic's institute in Belgrade has since teamed up with other European laboratories to apply the same method to drug discovery, especially against AIDS disease.
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    Communication between organisms

    Thus, it dawned on Popp that these emissions had a purpose outside of the body. Wave resonance wasn't only being used to communicate inside the body, but between living things as well. Two healthy beings engaged in 'photon sucking', as he called it, by exchanging photons. Popp realised that this exchange might unlock the secret of some of the animal kingdom's most persistent conundrums: how schools of fish or flocks of birds create perfect and instantaneous coordination. Many experiments on the homing ability of animals demonstrate that it has nothing to do with following habitual trails, scents or even the EM fields of the earth, but rather some form of silent communication that acts like an invisible rubber band, even when the animals are separated by miles of distance.

    For humans, there was another possibility. If we could take in the photons of other living things, we might also be able to use the information from them to correct our own light if it went awry
    Click to expand...
    The major transmission difference between window glass and quartz is that quartz transmits both ultraviolet and infrared well, while glass is relatively opaque to ultraviolet and infrared. Both quartz and glass transmit visible light. Thus glass is a suppressor of the paranormal channel, while quartz is not.

    In 1950, Western researchers found that cells could be killed in darkness with ultraviolet radiation, kept shielded from visible light for twenty-four hours or longer, and then if radiated with visible light the cells would start reviving by hundreds of thousands even though they had been clinically dead.

    Specifically, every cell emits mitogenetic radiation in the ultraviolet range twice: when it is born and when it dies. The UV photon emitted at death contains the exact virtual state pattern of the condition of the cell at death. The healthy cells are bombarded with death messages from those that are dying, and this diffuses the death pattern throughout the healthy culture, eventually kindling into the same death pattern there.

    Popp had begun experimenting with such an idea. If cancer-causing chemicals could alter the body's biophoton emissions, then it might be that other substances could reintroduce better communication. Popp wondered whether certain plant extracts could change the character of the biophoton emissions from cancer cells to make them communicate again with the rest of the body. He began experimenting with a number of non-toxic substances purported to be successful in treating cancer. In all but one instance, these substances only increased the photons from tumour cells, making them even more deadly to the body.

    The single success story was mistletoe, which appeared to help the body to 'resocialise' the photon emissions of tumour cells back to normal. In one of numerous cases, Popp came across a woman in her thirties who had breast and vaginal cancer. Popp found a mistletoe remedy that created coherence in her cancer tissue samples. With the agreement of her doctor, the woman stopped any treatment other than the mistletoe extract and, after a year, all her laboratory tests were virtually back to normal.

    To Popp, homoeopathy was another example of photon sucking. He had begun to think of it as a 'resonance absorber'. Homoeopathy rests upon the notion that like is treated with like. A plant extract that at full strength can cause hives in the body is used in an extremely diluted form to get rid of it. If a rogue frequency in the body can produce certain symptoms, it follows that a high dilution of a substance which can produce the same symptoms would also carry that frequency. Like a resonating tuning fork, a suitable homoeopathic solution might attract and then absorb the abnormal oscillations, allowing the body to return to normal health.

    Popp thought that electro-magnetic molecular signalling might even explain acupuncture. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, the human body has a system of meridians, running deep in the tissues, through which flows an invisible energy the Chinese call ch'i, or the life force. The ch'i supposedly enters the body through these acupuncture points and flows to deeper organ structures (which do not correspond to those in Western biology), providing energy (or the life force). Illness occurs when this energy is blocked at any point along the pathways. According to Popp, the meridian system transmits specific energy waves to specific zones of the body.

    Research has shown that many of the acupuncture points have a dramatically reduced electrical resistance compared with the surrounding skin (10 kilo-ohms and 3 mega-ohms, respectively). Orthopaedic surgeon Dr Robert Becker, who has done a great deal of research on EM fields in the body, designed a special electrode recording device that rolls along the body like a pizza cutter. His many studies have shown electrical charges on every one of the people tested corresponding to the Chinese meridian points.

    [Extracted from The Field: The Quest for the Secret Force of the Universe, by Lynne McTaggart]
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    Light in human consciousness:

    I mention this latest work for those who may wish to explore the boundaries of photon research and theory. In a ground-breaking paper with the lengthy title of "Orchestrated Objective Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: The 'Orch OR' Model for Consciousness" by Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose, the brain is described as a quantum computer whose main architecture are the cytoskeletal microtubules and other structures within each of the brain's neurons.

    If you examine a neuron, you will see that there are many hollow tubes surrounding the axon. These microtubules have been thought of as a kind of scaffold to support the nerve fiber. But they are now getting a second look as the possible architecture of our consciousness.

    The particular characteristics of microtubules that make them suitable for quantum effects include their crystal-like lattice structure, hollow inner core, organization of cell function and capacity for information processing. According to the researchers, their size appears perfectly designed to transmit photons in the UV range.


    "Traditionally viewed as the cell's 'bone-like' scaffolding, microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures now appear to fill communicative and information processing roles. Theoretical models suggest how conformational states of tubulins within microtubule lattices can interact with neighboring tubulins to represent, propagate and process information as in molecular-level 'cellular automata' computing systems." -- Hameroff and Watt, 1982; Rasmussen et al, 1990; Hameroff et al, 1992

    In their paper, Hameroff and Penrose present a model linking microtubules to consciousness using quantum theory. In their model, quantum coherence emerges, and is isolated in brain microtubules until a threshold related to quantum gravity is reached. The resultant self-collapse creates an instantaneous "now" event. Sequences of such events create a flow of time, and consciousness.

    Don't worry if you can't understand this. It's heavy reading but it does show that the existence of internal photons -- inner light -- is very real and is the basis of virtually all human cellular and systemic function.

    Could the Russian scientists really have changed a salamander embryo into a frog with lasers? I prefer to wait until the actual details of the experiment are published and reviewed -- but I am much less apt to dismiss this as fiction now that I know about our inner lights.
    Click to expand...
    For a full view with pictures , schemas and photos it's right here: mondovista.com/dnax.html ( this site is not secure, but i didn't have any problem)
    This one is an unsecured PDF of the same category!
    stealthskater.com/Documents/Consciousness_31.pdf

    A video interview with Popp:

    And to finish the list:
    i-sis.org.uk/TheRealBioinformaticsRevolution.php","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044770,"date":"2022-08-11T13:24:24+0200","text":"
    zak said:
    Regarding Popp, I'm reposting some of the research I found for an old thread I opened a while back, a repeat isn't always helpful, but you never know, so here goes:
    Click to expand...
    That was very interesting. Thank for sharing!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17815,"user":"Magnolia","id":1044782,"date":"2022-08-11T15:03:33+0200","text":"Zak's posting and its supplemental information needs more reading than I have invested as yet. Nonetheless, it brings to mind:

    1.
    Laura said:
    (Ryu) To go back to Pierre's comment, are Covid vaccines used as ethnic weapons?

    A: Can be. Docking elements included.

    Q: (L) So the vaccine has things in it that are docking elements for later propagation of some kind of pathogen?

    A: Yes
    Click to expand...

    zak said:
    Regarding Popp
    Click to expand...
    "By extension, that's how proteins can 'dock' with different partner proteins, or latch onto specific nucleic acids to control gene expression, or assemble into ribosomes for translating proteins....." This idea is amended "But with thousands -- or even hundreds of thousands of reactions happening each second in just one cell this seems pushing the "mechanical" concept a bit too far" and replaced with "Cosic later introduced the idea of dynamic electromagnetic field interactions, that molecules recognize their particular targets and vice versa by electromagnetic resonance." So the docking potential remains, but the mechanism to facilitate an inhibit it is understood differently (even expanded).

    2. My mother was alive during a flu epidemic in the 30's that was killing people. My grandmother sent all her children to her doctor, Doctor Fogelberg (sp?), who "hooked the kids up to electrical machines" that instantaneously cured their flu. When Dr. Fogelberg died, my mother said that a large number of government vehicles and personnel appeared at his office, removed all his equipment and documents, and then drove off, leaving his office completely empty.

    3. When I first got on the internet about 1995, the content was primarily scientific. It was delightful. There was a European website of over 1000 pages that listed every wavelength with a paragraph explaining exactly what disease each wavelength cured, and the country and researcher who had investigated it. It was fascinating, and I perused a lot of it. I should have printed it, because it subsequently disappeared, and I've never seen anything like it again. I can only surmise that the cure for all diseases is known, but suppressed, and this posting points to what must be re-discovered.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4383,"user":"Maat","id":1044791,"date":"2022-08-11T15:51:04+0200","text":"
    Magnolia said:
    There was a European website of over 1000 pages that listed every wavelength with a paragraph explaining exactly what disease each wavelength cured, and the country and researcher who had investigated it. It was fascinating, and I perused a lot of it. I should have printed it, because it subsequently disappeared, and I've never seen anything like it again.
    Click to expand...
    Have you tried to look on the Wayback Machine? It's a very useful tool with more than 700 billions webpages archived. Fingers crossed!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":1044801,"date":"2022-08-11T16:50:19+0200","text":"
    Magnolia said:
    but suppressed, and this posting points to what must be re-discovered.
    Click to expand...
    This brings me back to Luc Montagnier's latest research on the memory of water by the late Benveniste, I suppose that a man can die, and his ideas remain on a plane until the plane becomes accessible to another man still alive, and that man comes to the realization of that idea, it's rather a good plan, or a good idea, go figure!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":1044839,"date":"2022-08-11T19:06:54+0200","text":"
    zak said:
    Regarding Popp, I'm reposting some of the research I found for an old thread I opened a while back, a repeat isn't always helpful, but you never know, so here goes:
    Mercola:
    Click to expand...
    Even though it's way above my pay grade (or at least my pension) I found all that information absolutely fascinating. Thank you zak.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044851,"date":"2022-08-11T19:54:33+0200","text":"Finally chapter 23 is ready. I had written the few preceding chapters with 80mg of cortisone daily and I can testify that it was way easier!

    Chapter 23: Life in Comets?​


    In the following chapter we use cometary material and meteoritic material interchangeably because meteorites, especially, carbonaceous chondrites, are the results of the non-volatile frictions of comets[1].

    So far we’ve seen that cometary events were the cause of most, if not all, mass extinctions and probably of the two most severe pandemics recorded in history. Like mass extinctions that were followed by life explosions, the two plagues were followed by a civilizational leap.

    Knowing the central role played by virus in the genetic code of life-forms as shown in the previous part[2], we suspect that the infusion of new viruses triggered the evolutionary leaps that mark the aftermath of cometary-induced mass extinctions.

    But how can we explain this strong association between comets and viruses? Can cometary material carry viruses? Can viruses even “survive” the extreme condition of a cometary journey? This chapter provides some answers to these questions.


    Organic material in meteorites​


    All known life forms are based on organic[3] molecules[4]. Conversely, most organic molecules are produced by life forms, especially micro-organisms, for example bacteria for the production of insulin[5] or yeast for the production of ethanol[6].

    For reference, the total annual primary production of biomass is estimated be over 100 billion tons per year[7] of which as significant amount[8] is produced by microorganisms particularly bacteria and diatoms (phytoplankton). For example the diatoms alone are responsible for 20 to 50 % of the oxygen produced on Earth each year[9] and they constitute about 50% of all the organic material found in the oceans[10].


    © Landgrebe
    Polarized picture of a fossilized diatom (anthodiscina floreata)    ​

    The above suggests that the large quantity of organic material found in comets has to be produced by life-forms. That was the theory held by the vitalists[11] for centuries. Nowadays researchers like Hoyle or Wickramasinghe make a similar claim:

    It is impossible to synthesize organic materials in appreciable quantity from inorganic materials without the intervention of biological systems[12]
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    As early as 1908, meteorites were suspected to be an important source of terrestrial organic compounds[13]. These suspicions were confirmed in the 1960’s with the discovery of organic molecules in space[14] and in comets[15]. Since then, cometary organics has been widely documented[16].

    For example, Halley’s Comet alone revealed an impressive variety of organic material:

    Analysis of the dust grains streaming from the head [of Halley’s comet] revealed that as much as one third was organic material. Common substances such as benzene, methanol, and acetic acid were detected, as well as some of the building blocks of nucleic acids. If Halley is anything to go by, then comets could easily have supplied Earth with enough carbon to make the entire biosphere.[17]
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    Not only Halley’s Comet releases a wide array of organic materials but also the emanated quantities are truly astounding:

    We know as a matter of fact that comets do eject organic particles, typically at a rate of a million or more tons a day. This was what Comet Halley was observed to do on March 30-31, 1986. And Comet Halley went on doing just that, expelling organic particles in great bursts, for almost as long as it remained within observational range.[18]
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    © ESA
    Photograph taken from the probe Giotto showing the nucleus of Halley's Comet    ​



    Halley’s Comet is not an oddity, pretty much all the comets closely observed revealed a similar organic signature:

    An independent analysis of dust impacting on mass spectrometers aboard the spacecraft Giotto also led to a complex organic composition that was fully consistent with the biological hypothesis. Broadly similar conclusions have been shown to be valid for other comets as well, in particular Comet Hyakutake and Comet Hale-Bopp.[19]
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    Amino acids

    Among organic material of cometary origin, there is an unexpected variety of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. No less than 52 non-biological amino acids have been found in the Murchison meteorite[20] alone. For comparison, the human body can only produce 20[21] different amino acids, while about 500[22] naturally occur on the whole planet.

    The Murchison meteorite is not an isolated case. More than 50 years a variety of extraterrestrial amino acids were found also in the Orgueil meteorite:

    Lawless (1972) concluded that the Orgueil meteorite, it Type I chondrite which fell in France in 1864 contained several amino acids of extraterrestrial origin. Using gas chromatography, they isolated the D-isomers of alanine, proline and aspartic acid. (It is well known that virtually all amino acids produced by terrestrial life forms are the L-isomer.) They also found isomers of several unusual amino acid analogues: cr- aminoisohutyric acid, f -anlinoisohutyric acid, N-methylglycine, N-methylalanilie, and others, which are not found in proteins and are seldom associated with living plants and animal tissues.[23]
    Click to expand...
    Cometary material contains of wealth of amino acids and the quantities are not negligible either, it is estimated that about 3% of the organic carbon in carbonaceous chondrites is in the form of amino acids[24].

    Beside the exotic amino acids found in the Orgueil meteorite, the presence in meteoritic material of more usual amino acids has been widely documented[25]. The presence of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil, which are the five amino acids[26] constituting of DNA and RNA, have been reported. Logically, the simplest amino acid, glycine, is the most abundant in chondrite meteorites[27].

    Kerogen:

    It’s a complex waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. It is the primary organic component of oil shale. Optical analysis of the Murchison meteorite and of kerogens is virtually the same[28], suggesting that the Murchison material contain a significant amount of kerogens.

    Sugars:

    An analysis of meteoritic material found that they contain sugars, including ribose, which is the backbone of DNA and RNA:

    In the powdered samples of two ancient, carbon-filled meteorites, astronomers have found traces of several sugars that are key to life — including ribose, the sugary base of RNA[29]
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    Organic polymers

    POM stands for PolyOxyMethylene it is a polymer of an organic compound: formaldehyde.

    The positive detection of POM in the Allende carbonaceous chondrite is also of considerable interest in connection with the present theory. The chondrites are also probably typical of cometary meteoroids.[30]
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    Aromatic molecules:

    Aromatic molecules have been positively identified in the Murchison meteorite:

    Aromatic material extracted from the Murchison meteorite shows absorption at ~2011 Angstroms [31]
    Click to expand...

    Space is populated by interstellar dust / grain. The estimated number of comets is 1014 and their tails can reach millions of km making them the major contributors of interstellar dust[32]:

    The sources of biological particles in interstellar clouds are […] an individual comet is a rather insubstantial object. But our solar system possesses so many of them, perhaps more than a hundred billion of them, that in total mass they equal the combined masses of the outer planets Uranus and Neptune, about 1029 grams. If all the dwarf stars in our galaxy are similarly endowed with comets, then the total mass of all the comets in our galaxy, with its 10ll dwarf stars, turns out to be some 1040 grams, which is just the amount of all the interstellar organic particles..[33]
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    “Planetary nebulae” mentioned in the quote below are constituted interstellar grains who revealed the optical signature of aromatic molecules:

    The expected emission features from an ensemble of naturally-occurring aromatic molecules is shown to be in satisfactory agreement with the emission properties of 'PAH molecules' associated with planetary nebulae.[34]
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    The list of organics found comets and interstellar grain (comet dust) keeps increasing:

    The range of interstellar organic molecules detected to date has expanded considerably to include water, carbon dioxide, acetone, ethyl cyanide, ethanol, a large number of hydrocarbons including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, acetic acid [vinegar] and also a provisional detection of the amino acid glycine.[35]​
    Click to expand...
    To this list we can add extraterrestrial amino-acids, the five amino acids constituting DNA and RNA, organic polymers (POM), sugars and kerogens[36].

    As early as the 1970’s, Chandra Wickramasinghe and Fred Hoyle started to publish papers about the presence of organics in cometary material. For decades they were ridiculed by mainstream science until the amount of cumulated evidence couldn’t allow a denial anymore. Now mainstream science recognizes that Wickramasinghe and Hoyle were correct[37].

    Remember this quote by the same Wickramasinghe and Hoyle:
    It is impossible to synthesize organic materials in appreciable quantity from inorganic materials without the intervention of biological systems[38].
    Click to expand...
    Since the “biological systems” are the only ones able the produce organic material in massive quantities and since organic materials are found in substantial quantities in comets, the obvious question is “Do comets carry “biological systems”, especially microorganisms?

    Microorganisms found in meteorites​


    Bacteria

    Several researchers[39] [40]including NASA’s head of astrobiology Richard Hoover have published numerous papers showing the presence of bacteria, fossilized or not, in meteoritic material.

    That is the case, for example, for the Murchison meteorite that revealed very detailed cyanobacterial features[41] through electron microscopy:



    © NASA/MSFC
    Fossilized cyanobacterial filaments in the Murchison meteorite    ​


    The bacterial content of the Murchison meteorite has been also confirmed by optical analysis. The diagram below shows a comparison between the spectra of bacteria E. Coli and the carbonaceous component of the Murchison meteorite.[42]It displays virtually identical curves:



    © Hoyle
    The laboratory absorption spectrum of the Murchison meteorite compared with E. coli.    ​


    In addition to cyanobacteria and to E-coli, the examination of the Murchison meteorites revealed the presence of a third kind of bacteria that was confirmed through electron microscopy:

    One can also note that Pflug has found very many objects in the carbonaceous material of the Murchison meteorite that are morphologically of distinctive biological forms, as for instance the distinctive bacterium Pedomicrobium.[43]
    Click to expand...




    © Pflug
    Comparison of a structure in the Murchison meteorite (left) with the bacteria pedomicrobium (right).    ​


    The Murchison meteorite is not an oddity, the examination of the Martian meteorite ALH84001 also showed the presence of bacteria:

    A meteorite originating from Mars known as ALH84001 was shown in 1996 [David McKay] to contain microscopic structures resembling small terrestrial nanobacteria.[44]
    Click to expand...
    A major controversy followed this discovery. After all, this groundbreaking discovery meant, perhaps too early, that there once was life on Mars. So, the finding was dismissed on the ground of several arguments.

    However, 13 years later, the same David McKay, published a paper tackling these arguments one by one, confirming the presence of bacteria in ALH84001, and cherry on the cake, showing the bacterial content in two additional Martian meteorites, namely Nakhla and Yamato-593[45].

    Not only fossilized bacteria were found in meteorites as shown by the examples presented above but researchers also found viable extraterrestrial bacteria inside a meteorite:

    On May 11, 2001, two researchers from the University of Naples claimed to have found viable extraterrestrial bacteria inside a meteorite. Geologist Bruno D'Argenio and molecular biologist Giuseppe Geraci claim the bacteria were wedged inside the crystal structure of minerals, but were resurrected when a sample of the rock was placed in a culture medium[46]
    Click to expand...

    From 1997 until 2013, Richard Hoover published several papers proving the existence of indigenous microfossils of bacteria in the following meteorites: Ivuna[47], Orgueil[48], Murchison[49], Murray[50] and Polonnaruwa[51].

    These numerous discoveries of bacteria inside meteorites were confirmed by, yet, another method, namely optical analysis:

    The infrared spectrum of Comet Hale–Bopp at 2.9 AU was shown to match the behavior of a mixture of microbes with a 10% contribution of silicates predominantly contributing only to the 10 μm feature. A very similar spectrum was obtained from the post-impact ejecta in the Deep Impact mission of 2005 [52]
    Click to expand...

    Algae:

    As early as 1963 a published paper showed the presence of fossilized algae in the Orgueil meteorite:

    In the mid-1960's H. Urey, and later G. Claus, B. Nagy and D.L. Europa (Claus et al., 1963) examined the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite which fell in France in 1864, microscopically as well as spectroscopically. They claimed to find evidence of organic structures that were similar to fossilised microorganisms, algae in particular. The evidence included electron micrograph studies, which showed substructure within these so-called 'cells'. Some of the structures resembled cell walls, cell nuclei, flagella-like structures, as well as constrictions in some elongated objects to suggest a process of cell division. [53]
    Click to expand...



    © Eunostos
    A fragment of the Orgueil meteorite exposed in Montauban Museum    ​

    These findings were indirectly confirmed one year later. Chlorophyll is one of the hallmarks of algae and porphyrins are the major precursor of chlorophyll. Coincidently or not, porphyrins were found in the Orgueil meteorite:

    Hodgson and Baker (1964) found porphyrins in OrgueiI, but virtually no chlorins. The porphyrins are complex organic molecules which are the foundation of chlorophyll and the oxygen carrying pigments in animal blood.[54]
    Click to expand...

    Besides the Orgueil meteorite, Claus discovered various diatoms - single-celled algae as known as phytoplankton – in other chondrite meteorites:

    Many of the organized elements resemble Chrysophytes (related to diatoms) and Hystricho- spheres (fossilized dinollagellates, cysts and spore cysts of dinoflagellates). Some workers have also found diatoms (Nitzschia australis) and diatom-type structures in chondrites.[55]
    Click to expand...

    This discovery triggered a lot of controversies. So Pflug designed a method that used state-of-the-art equipment to prepare ultra-thin sections of the Murchison meteorite in a contaminant free environment[56]. This approach also kept the original structures of the microfossils intact and the results, once again confirmed the presence of microorganism in meteoritic material:

    H.D. Pflug (1984) reopened the issue of microbial fossils in carbonaceous meteorites. Pflug used techniques that were distinctly superior to those of Claus and his colleagues and found a profusion of organized elements comprised of organic matter in thin sections prepared from a sample of the Murchison meteorite. The method adopted by Pflug was to dissolve-out the bulk of the minerals present in a thin section of the meteorite using hydrofluoric acid, doing so in a way that permits the insoluble carbonaceous residue to settle with its original structures intact. It was then possible to examine the residue in an electron microscope without disturbing the system from outside. The patterns that emerged were stunningly similar to certain types of terrestrial microorganisms. Scores of different morphologies turned up within the residues, many resembling known microbial species.[57]
    Click to expand...

    In 2018, R.B. Hoover, founder and head of NASA astrobiology research corroborated Pflug's findings of diatom inside the Orgueil meteorite[58].

    A few years earlier, in 2012, the examination of a meteorite conducted by the University of Cardiff in Wales revealed, once again, the presence of diatoms. This finding was confirmed by research teams from United Kingdom, United States and Germany:

    On 29 December 2012 a green fireball was observed in Polonnaruwa Province, Sri Lanka. It disintegrated into fragments that fell to the Earth near the villages of Aralaganwila and Dimbulagala and in a rice field near Dalukkane. Rock samples were submitted to the Medical Research Institute of the Ministry of Health in Colombo. The rocks were sent to the University of Cardiff in Wales for analysis, where Chandra Wickramasinghe's team analyzed them and claimed that they contained extraterrestrial diatoms. From January to March 2013, five papers were published in the fringe Journal of Cosmology outlining various results from teams in the United Kingdom, United States and Germany[59]
    Click to expand...

    A few months later, in 2013, during an experiment called "Test", Russian cosmonauts Oleg Artemyev and Alexander Skvortsov identified a marine-type alga (phytoplankton) collected from the windows of the International Space Station, which is at a height of 420[60] kilometers[61]

    Notice that ISS spaceships are launched from Baikonur, which is located in a desert. So the hypothesis of earthly contamination is unlikely.


    © Artemjew.ru
    Oleg Artemyev conducting the Test experiment.    ​

    Bacteria and diatoms are not the only microorganisms found in meteorites. Actually, Hoover found of a whole slew of them associated with ancient cosmic dust:

    The discovery of organic material is also confirmed by ice core analysis in which Richard Hoover (2011), discovered fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, nanobacteria, spores, diatoms, and protozoan in deep ancient ice cores over 4,000 years old, drilled from Lake Vostok, near the south pole. These creatures were found in association with ancient cosmic dust particles which had fallen from space.[62]
    Click to expand...

    Viruses:

    Positive identification of viruses in meteorites is extremely difficult because of at least two factors:

    1/ Viruses are tiny. They are 10 to 100 times smaller[63] than bacteria.

    2/ only fossilized viral material will be possibly accepted while the non-fossilized viruses are automatically discarded as terrestrial contamination.

    An indirect evidence of virus in comet is the positive identifications – as described above - of bacteria, which are eagerly colonized by virus (bacteriophages):

    Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are more than 1031 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined.[64]
    Click to expand...

    It is estimated that up to 31%[65] bacteria are infected by bacteriophages. This percentage climbs to 70% for marine bacteria[66].

    Viruses are also omnipresent and play fundamental roles in the other microorganisms found in meteoritic material. They are a major regulator of phytoplankton (diatoms):

    Marine viruses are recognized as a major driving force regulating phytoplankton community composition and nutrient cycling in the oceans[67]
    Click to expand...

    Likewise, many protozoans harbor viruses:

    Increasing evidence is accumulating that many protozoan, but also helminth, parasites harbor a range of different classes of viruses that are mostly absent from humans. Although some of these viruses appear to have no effect on their parasite hosts, others either have a clear direct negative impact on the parasite or may, in fact, contribute to the virulence of parasites for humans.
    Click to expand...

    Besides the indirect evidence listed above and despite the difficulties of identifying fossilized virus, direct evidence also exist.

    Fossilized viral particles have been found in meteoritic material first by H.D. Pflug in 1984[68] and his finding was confirmed twenty years later by NASA head of astrophysics Richard Hoover[69]:


    © Joseph & Wickramasinghe
    The Murchison meteorite revealed what looks like fossil viruses.
    For comparison the drawing top right is a modern influenza virus    ​


    To strengthen the viruses-meteorites connection, here is the interesting case of very specific bacteriophages: the “Z viruses”[70]. Unlike virtually all the other lifeforms on Earth whose DNA is made of the four usual nucleotides, namely: A (Adenin), T (Thymine), G (Guanine), and C (Cytosine); the genetic material of the Z virus is made of a unique set of four nucleotides, namely Z, T, G and C.

    The unique nucleotide labeled Z stands for diaminopurine, which is, coincidently or not, a compound found in meteorites:

    The Z base has been unambiguously identified in a carbonaceous meteorite and proposed as a nucleobase that could have been available for the origin of life[71]
    Click to expand...

    Similarly to the Z virus, the Yaravirus has not even one closely related genome among thousands of viruses’ entries:

    Furthermore, we were not able to retrieve viral genomes closely related to Yaravirus in 8,535 publicly available metagenomes spanning diverse habitats around the globe. The Yaravirus genome also contained six types of tRNAs that did not match commonly used codons.[72]
    Click to expand...

    This oddity strongly suggests that Yaravirus is not from Earth but from space originally.

    Another scientific data suggesting that virus initially from space is virtually perfect match between the optical signature of a mix Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the optical signature of GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7[73]:

    The solid curves in Figure 10 combine the effects of two types of biological material: viral type particles typified by the laboratory data for TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) and it desiccated bacterium represented by the data for E-coli. [74]
    Click to expand...


    © Wickramasinghe
    Normalized optical depths for E. coli - TMV mixtures over the 3.3-3.6 J-Lm waveband (curves). The points are similarly normalized data for GC-IRS6 and GC-IRS7    ​


    [1] See Lescaudron, 2014 chapter 18: Comets or Asteroids?
    [2] Part III : Viruses are the Drivers of Life
    [3] There’s no scientific consensus about what an organic molecule is. They generally contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds
    [4] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Organic compound” Wikipedia
    [5] Baeshen NA et al. (2014) “Cell factories for insulin production” Microb Cell Fact
    [6] Mohd Azhar SH et al. (2017) “Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: A review”. Biochem Biophys Rep.
    [7] Field, CB et al. (1998) "Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components" Science 281 (5374): 237–40
    [8] Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (2018) “The biomass distribution on Earth” PNAS 115(25):6506-6511
    [9] Andrew Alverson (2014) "The Air You're Breathing? A Diatom Made That" Live Science
    [10] Wikipedia contributors (2022) "Diatom" Wikipedia
    [11] Wikipedia contributors (2022) "Vitalism" Wikipedia
    [12] B. Hoyle, N.C. Wickramasinghe (2000) “Astronomical Origins of Life” Springer
    [13] T. C. Chamberlin and R. T. Chamberlin (1908) “Early Terrestrial Conditions That May Have Favored Organic Synthesis” Science 28, 897
    [14] Hoyle, 2000
    [15] J. Oro (1961) ‘’ Comets and the Formation of Biochemical Compounds on the Primitive Earth’’ Nature 190, 389
    [16] Chyba, C. et al. (1990) “Cometary Delivery of Organic Molecules to the Early Earth” Science, 249(4967), 366–373
    [17] Paul Davies (2006) “The Origin of Life” Penguin Books Limited, p. 136
    [18] Hoyle, 2000
    [19] Ibid
    [20] Cronin, J.R. et al. (1983) “Amino acids in meteorites” Advance in Space Research, Volume 3, Issue 9, Pp 5-18
    [21] Lopez MJ et al. (2021) “Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids” StatPearls Publishing
    [22] Wagner I et al.(1983) "New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids" Angewandte Chemie, 22 (11): 816–828
    [23] Hoyle, 2000
    [24] J. R. Cronin et al. (1988) “Meteorites and the Early Solar System” Univ. of Arizona Press, pp. 819-857
    [25] Botta O. et al. “Relative amino acid concentrations as a signature for parent body processes of carbonaceous chondrites” Orig Life Evol Biosph
    [26] Oba, Y. et al. (2022) “Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucleobases in carbonaceous meteorites” Nature Communication 13, 2008
    [27] Cronin, J.R. et al. (1976) "Amino acids of the Nogoya and Mokoia carbonaceous chondrites" Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 40, no. 7, 853-857
    [28] E. T. Arakawa et al. (1989) Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 21,-940
    [29] Furukawa Y. et al. (2019) “Extraterrestrial ribose and other sugars in primitive meteorites” PNAS
    [30] V. Vanysek, N.C. Wickramasinghe (1975) “Formaldehyde Polymers in Comets” Astrophys. Space Sci. 33, L 19-L28
    [31] Sakata, A. et al. (1977) “Spectroscopic evidence for interstellar grain clumps in meteoritic inclusions” Nature 266, 241 (1977).
    [32] Hoyle, F. Wickramasinghe, N.C. (1984) “From Grains to Bacteria” Cardiff Press.
    [33] Hoyle, 2000
    [34] Wickramasinghe, N.C. et al. (1990) “An integrated 2.5–12.5 μm emission spectrum of naturally-occurring aromatic molecules” Astrophys Space Sci 166, 333–335
    [35] Wickramasinghe N., Hoyle F. (1998) “Miller-Urey Synthesis in the Nuclei of Galaxies” Astrophysics and Space Science 259, 99–103
    [36] Hoyle, 2000
    [37] Wikipedia contributors (2022) "Chandra Wickramasinghe" Wikipedia
    [38] Hoyle F., Wickramasinghe N. (1999) “On a Possibly Fundamental Principle in Chemistry as Viewed in a Cosmogonic Context” Astrophysics and Space Science 268, 21–31
    [39] McKay, David et al. (1996) "Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001" Science, 273 (5277): 924–930
    [40] McSween, H. Y. (1997) "Evidence for life in a Martian meteorite?" GSA Today, 7 (7): 1–7
    [41] Gibson, Carl et al. (2010) “The Imperatives of Cosmic Biology” Research Gate
    [42] Hoyle, 2000
    [43] Hoyle, F. et al. (1984) “The Spectroscopic Identification of Interstellar Grains” Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 98, Issue 2, pp.343-352
    [44] Wickramasinghe, Chandra et al. (2013) “Diseases From Space: Astrobiology, Viruses, Microbiology, Meteors, Comets, Evolution” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [45] David S. McKay et al. (2009) "Life on Mars: new evidence from Martian meteorites" Proc. SPIE 7441
    [46] Wickramasinghe, 2013
    [47] Hoover, Richard (2011) "Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteorites: Implications to Life on Comets, Europa, and Enceladus" Journal of Cosmology 15: 6249
    [48] Hoover, Richard (2007). "Microfossils of Cyanobacteria in the Orgueil Carbonaceous Meteorite" NASA
    [49] Hoover, Richard (1997) "Fossilized Life Forms in the Murchison Meteorite". panspermia.org
    [50] Hoover, Richard (1997) “Meteorites, microfossils, and exobiology” Optics & Photonics
    [51] Jamie Wallis et al. (2013) "The Polonnaruwa meteorite: oxygen isotope, crystalline and biological composition" Journal of Cosmology 22 (2): 10004
    [52] Wickramasinghe, N.C. et al. (2019) “Cosmic biology in perspective” Astrophys Space Sci 364, 205
    [53] Hoyle, 2000
    [54] Hoyle, 2000
    [55] Hoover et al. (1986) “Diatoms On Earth, Comets, Europa And In Interstellar Space” Earth, Moon, and Planets 35, 19-45
    [56] Wickramasinghe et al. (2010) “Bacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dust” Proc SPIE 7819
    [57] Hoyle, 2000
    [58] Hoover, Richard B. et al. (2018) “Diatoms in the Orgueil Meteorite” Paleontological Journal 52 : 1647-1650
    [59] Wikipedia contributors (2022) "Chandra Wickramasinghe" Wikipedia
    [60] About 260 mph
    [61] Yury Slinko (2014) “Space plankton will not deter mission to Mars” Russia Beyond
    [62] Wickramasinghe, Chandra et al. (2013) “Diseases From Space: Astrobiology, Viruses, Microbiology, Meteors, Comets, Evolution” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [63] Diffen editors (2022) ‘’ Bacteria vs. Virus” Diffen
    [64] Wikipedia contributors (2022) "Bacteriophage" Wikipedia
    [65] Proctor, L.M. et al. ( 1993) “Calibrating estimates of phage-induced mortality in marine bacteria: Ultrastructural studies of marine bacteriophage development from one-step growth experiments” Microb Ecol 25, 161–182
    [66] Prescott L (1993) “Microbiology” Brown Publishers
    [67] Frada MJ et al. (2014) “Zooplankton may serve as transmission vectors for viruses infecting algal blooms in the ocean” Curr Biol. 24(21):2592-7
    [68] Pflug, H.D. (1984) “Ultrafine structure of the organic matter in meteorites” Univ. College Cardiff Press, pp 24-37
    [69] Wickramasinghe NC et al. (2020) “Experiments to prove continuing microbial ingress from Space to Earth” Adv Genet. 106:133-143
    [70] Zhou Y. et al. (2021) “A widespread pathway for substitution of adenine by diaminopurine in phage genomes” Science 372(6541):512-516
    [71] Ibid
    [72] Boratto PVM et al. (2020) “Yaravirus: A novel 80-nm virus infecting Acanthamoeba castellanii” PNAS 14;117(28):16579-16586
    [73] Two stars in our galaxy
    [74] Wickramasinghe N., Hoyle F. (1998) “Infrared Evidence for Panspermia: An Update” Astrophysics and Space Science 259, 385–401","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044852,"date":"2022-08-11T19:55:57+0200","text":"Pdf of chapter 23 in attachment.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 23.pdf
    Chapter 23.pdf
    876.7 KB· Views: 127
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14181,"user":"Wandering Star","id":1044884,"date":"2022-08-11T22:01:23+0200","text":"Just this afternoon I was thinking as I looked around at the people around me, "How strange, the enormous and incredible complexity of our body, to use it like that!"

    You know what almost all people do in their daily lives, not excluding myself to some extent and in fact when I was young I couldn't exclude myself at all.

    It's amazing.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":1739,"user":"anartist","id":1044905,"date":"2022-08-12T00:43:37+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    In the context of my research I'm looking for the Kindle version of "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism And The Foundation Of Life". Unfortunately it's not available on Amazon. I downloaded pdf versions and converted them but they don't allow highlighting or changing font size.
    Has anyone a real Kindle version of this book?
    Click to expand...
    Disregard, I see you have arrived at a solution with some help!
    I found it here on Amazon

    The Body Electric: Electromagnetism And The Foundation Of Life eBook : becker, Robert, Selden, Gary: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store

    The Body Electric: Electromagnetism And The Foundation Of Life eBook : becker, Robert, Selden, Gary: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store
    www.amazon.ca
    If it is not available to you in France, may I get it and somehow send it to you?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1044969,"date":"2022-08-12T09:03:17+0200","text":"
    anartist said:
    Disregard, I see you have arrived at a solution with some help!
    Click to expand...
    Yes I have. Thank you though! It might useful to other members to know that The Body Electric is available in Kindle format in Amazon Canada.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1044978,"date":"2022-08-12T10:59:49+0200","text":"Un Grand MERCI Pierre pour ce chapitre que je viens de copier en Français...
    Vous nous faites un beau cadeau très apprécié... Mille MERCIS

    A big THANK YOU Pierre for this chapter that I just copied in French...
    You are giving us a great gift that is very much appreciated... A thousand THANKS","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1046847,"date":"2022-08-20T08:40:48+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    For comparison, the human body can only produce 20[21] different amino acids, while about 500[22] naturally occur on the whole planet.
    Click to expand...
    Possibly a mistake. From Wiki:

    An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1046854,"date":"2022-08-20T09:17:50+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Lawless (1972) concluded that the Orgueil meteorite, it Type I chondrite which fell in France in 1864 contained several amino acids of extraterrestrial origin. Using gas chromatography, they isolated the D-isomers of alanine, proline and aspartic acid. (It is well known that virtually all amino acids produced by terrestrial life forms are the L-isomer.) They also found isomers of several unusual amino acid analogues: cr- aminoisohutyric acid, f -anlinoisohutyric acid, N-methylglycine, N-methylalanilie, and others, which are not found in proteins and are seldom associated with living plants and animal tissues
    Click to expand...
    Here is the correct quote taken from the paper:

    Lawless et al. (1972) concluded that the Orgueil meteorite, a Type I chondrite which fell in France in 1864, contained several amino acids of extraterrestrial origin. Using gas chromatography to separate the D, L enantiomers, they isolated the D-isomers of alanine, proline and aspartic acid. (It is well known that virtually all amino acids produced by terrestrial life forms are the L-isomer.) They also found isomers of several unusual amino acid analogues; α-aminoisobutyric acid, β-aminoisobutyric acid, N-methylglycine, N-methylalanine, and others, which are not found in proteins and are seldom associated with living plant and animal tissues.
    Click to expand...

    The paper with searchable text is attached.","attachments":["
  • 1986EM+P___35___19H.pdf
    1986EM+P___35___19H.pdf
    504.5 KB· Views: 79
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1046855,"date":"2022-08-20T09:56:50+0200","text":"
    Altair said:
    Possibly a mistake. From Wiki:
    Click to expand...
    My mistake. Thank you for pointing it out!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1046857,"date":"2022-08-20T10:27:39+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Space is populated by interstellar dust / grain. The estimated number of comets is 1014 and their tails can reach millions of km making them the major contributors of interstellar dust[32]:
    Click to expand...

    1014 -> 1014

    Pierre said:
    The sources of biological particles in interstellar clouds are […] an individual comet is a rather insubstantial object. But our solar system possesses so many of them, perhaps more than a hundred billion of them, that in total mass they equal the combined masses of the outer planets Uranus and Neptune, about 1029 grams. If all the dwarf stars in our galaxy are similarly endowed with comets, then the total mass of all the comets in our galaxy, with its 10ll dwarf stars, turns out to be some 1040 grams, which is just the amount of all the interstellar organic particles..[33]
    Click to expand...
    1029 -> 1029
    10ll -> 1011
    1040 -> 1040

    You can use sub and sub codes for superscript and subscript. For example:

    Carbon dioxide (CO2):

    Code:
    CO[sub]2[/sub]

    Uranium-238 (238U):

    Code:
    [sup]238[/sup]U
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1046862,"date":"2022-08-20T10:35:08+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    The sources of biological particles in interstellar clouds are […] an individual comet is a rather insubstantial object.
    Click to expand...
    The sources of biological particles in interstellar clouds are comets […] an individual comet is a rather insubstantial object.

    Probably better not to omit the word. See here.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1046938,"date":"2022-08-20T18:25:05+0200","text":"
    Altair said:
    The sources of biological particles in interstellar clouds are comets […] an individual comet is a rather insubstantial object.
    Click to expand...

    All the suggested corrections have been integrated in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1047017,"date":"2022-08-21T10:35:01+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Many of the organized elements resemble Chrysophytes (related to diatoms) and Hystricho- spheres (fossilized dinollagellates, cysts and spore cysts of dinoflagellates).
    Click to expand...
    -> dinoflagellates

    Pierre said:
    It is estimated there are more than 1031 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined.
    Click to expand...
    -> 1031","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1048965,"date":"2022-08-31T17:18:21+0200","text":"How much fine cosmic dust might settle per year per km2, and at what altitude is it generated
    Today, I saw an FB post about meteorite dust, which led me to some calculations:

    If the Earth receives about 5200 tons per year (source: https://www.syfy.com/.../is-it-dusty-in-here-or-is-it...), and the area of the Earth is 510072000 km2, then if one km2 is 1000000 m2, and one ton is 1000000 gram, then the relation is preserved in grams per m2 if we divide 5200 by 510072000 which is 5.2/510072 or roughly 1/100000 of gram/m2 At this point it got much more complicated, because then one has to look at many other factors, including that the sizes of these dust particles are not uniform, so 1/100000 gram/m2 is a rough idea. Perhaps it is easier to remember if one translates the previous number into gram/km2. Then I get 10 grams per km2 per year. And if a year has 8,765.82 Hours, then one can divide the 10 grams per km2 by 10000 and find one may not be exaggerating if one says 10/10000 or 1 milligram of cosmic dust per hour per km2,

    That was about the extent of the calculation. Now, if one wants to find the dust settling time, one issue is that meteoric dust particles are not of a uniform size:
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7639854_Meteoric_dust_from_the_atmospheric_disintegration_of_a_large_meteoroid
    Much of the mass of most meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere is consumed in the process of ablation. Larger meteoroids (> 10 cm), which in some cases reach the ground as meteorites, typically have survival fractions near 1-25 per cent of their initial mass. The fate of the remaining ablated material is unclear, but theory suggests that much of it should recondense through coagulation as nanometre-sized particles. No direct measurements of such meteoric 'smoke' have hitherto been made. Here we report the disintegration of one of the largest meteoroids to have entered the Earth's atmosphere during the past decade, and show that the dominant contribution to the mass of the residual atmospheric aerosol was in the form of micrometre-sized particles. This result is contrary to the usual view that most of the material in large meteoroids is efficiently converted to particles of much smaller size through ablation. Assuming that our observations are of a typical event, we suggest that large meteoroids provide the dominant source of micrometre-sized meteoritic dust at the Earth's surface over long timescales.
    Click to expand...
    Another challenge is that the dust from meteorites is generated at different altitudes, depending on speed, angle and composition:
    \"earthsky.org\"

    | EarthSky

    How high up are meteors when they begin to glow? Meteors begin to glow almost as soon as they hit Earth's atmosphere,.
    \"earthsky.org\"earthsky.org
    How high up are meteors in Earth’s atmosphere when they become incandescent and begin to glow?

    Meteors light up almost as soon as they hit Earth’s atmosphere. On average, when you see a meteor, you’re looking at a piece of dust burning bright about 50 to 75 miles (80 to 120 km) in altitude above Earth’s surface. But the height at which they entirely burn up in the atmosphere varies.

    Some meteors, such as August’s Perseids, burn up in the atmosphere at about 60 miles (100 km) above Earth’s surface. Other meteors, such as the Draconids in October, fall to about 40 miles (70 km) before they heat up enough to glow and vaporize.

    The difference is that the Draconids are much slower meteors than the Perseids. The height in the atmosphere at which a meteor begins to glow depends on its arrival speed. Meteoroids dive into the atmosphere at speeds ranging from 25,000 to 160,000 miles per hour (11 and 72 km per second).
    [...]
    Here are some meteor arrival speeds:

    Leonids: 44 miles (71 km) per second
    Perseids: 38 miles (61 km) per second
    Orionids: 42 miles (67 km) per second
    Lyrids: 30 miles (48 km) per second
    Geminids: 22 miles (35 km) per second
    Fall Taurids: 19 miles (30 km) per second
    Delta Leonids: 14 miles (23 km) per second
    Draconids: 14 miles (23 km) per second

    By the way, the length of a meteor’s path across the sky doesn’t depend entirely on the meteor’s arrival speed. It depends mostly on the angle at which the particle of dust slices through the atmosphere. If the particle arrives at a low angle, it enters the atmosphere more gradually, heats up more slowly, and cuts a longer swath across the sky, than if it barrels in at a steep angle.

    The size, composition and density of the dust particle probably also affect the length of the path, but scientists still aren’t sure exactly how. Bottom line: How high up are meteors when they begin to glow? Meteors start glowing almost as soon as they hit Earth’s atmosphere, but tend to vaporize at varying altitudes.
    Click to expand...
    For the above reasons, there are many factors involved when considering how fast cosmic dust settles, and how long time it takes. If one settles for a certain amount of time, it will probably come with a ± sign, say two years plus-minus a year, or about two years plus-minus half a year, depending on altitude, size, and composition, and assuming the speed slows down quickly when a dust particle is small. To make it more complicated, if one has the same size, form, composition and altitude for a group of dust particles; on the way to settling there are both up drafts and down drafts, different wind systems, with some particles perhaps catching a ride on a grain of hail, an ice crystal, a particle of volcanic ash, or settle on the snowy top of a high mountain peak.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1049011,"date":"2022-08-31T20:46:14+0200","text":"This post is different from most I have posted in this thread, but I came to think of two Indian stories while writing the last post, and both stories can be related to the topic of mass extinctions, viruses and, if you like, the intriguing question what people before the modern era might have known or suspected.

    "The Creator of the world within a rock" and "Kartkati" are found in the sanskrit poem, Yoga Vasistha, 6th CE or 7th CE — 14th CE or 15th CE. The Wiki about the book includes:
    Vasishta Yoga Samhita (Sanskrit: योग-वासिष्ठ, IAST: Yoga-Vāsiṣṭha; also known as Maha-Ramayana, Arsha Ramayana, Vasiṣṭha Ramayana,[1] Yogavasistha-Ramayana and Jnanavasistha.[2]) is a historically popular and influential[3][4] syncretic philosophical text of Hinduism, dated to the 6th CE or 7th CE — 14th CE or 15th CE. It is attributed to Maharishi Valmiki, but the real author is unknown.[3] The complete text contains over 29,000 verses.[3] The short version of the text is called Laghu Yogavasistha and contains 6,000 verses.[5][6]

    The text is named after sage Vasistha who is mentioned and revered in the seventh book of the Rigveda, and who was called as the first sage of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy by Adi Shankara.[7] The text is structured as a discourse of sage Vasistha to Prince Rama.
    Click to expand...
    And:
    Evolving text theory[edit]
    Mainkar states that Yoga Vasistha probably evolved over time. The first work, states Mainkar, was the original ancient work of Vasistha that was an Upanishad with Brahamanical ideas, a work that is lost.[18] This text was, suggests Mainkar, was expanded into Moksopaya in or after 6th-century, which is now commonly known as Laghu-Yogavasistha.[18] The Laghu (shorter) version was then expanded into the full editions, over time, in the centuries that followed the completion of Laghu-Yogavasistha.[18] The syncretic incorporation of Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism ideas happened in the Laghu-Yogavasistha edition, states Mainkar, while ideas from Kashmiri Shaivism, particularly the Trika school, were added to the growing version by the 12th-century.[18] Similar serial expansion, revisions and interpolation is typical in Indian literature. Peter Thomi has published additional evidence in support Mainkar's theory on Yoga Vasistha's chronology.[17]

    The oldest surviving manuscript of the Moksopaya (or Moksopaya Shastra) has been dated to have been composed in Srinagar in the 10th century AD.[19][20][21]
    Click to expand...
    And:
    The Yoga-vasistha is throughout a philosophical work, in the form of popular lectures, and the same idea is often repeated again and again in various kinds of expressions and poetical imagery. But the writer seems to have been endowed with extraordinary poetical gifts. Almost every verse is full of finest poetical imagery; the choice of words is exceedingly pleasing to the ear. — Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Cambridge University Press[24]​
    ​
    The Yoga Vasistha is a syncretic work, containing elements of Vedanta, Yoga, Samkhya, Jainism, Pratyabhijña, and Mahayana Buddhism, thus making it, according to Chapple, "a Hindu text par excellence, including, as does Hinduism, a mosaic-style amalgam of diverse and sometimes opposing traditions".[8][25]
    Click to expand...
    After having written the main text of the post, I found an online translation of the mentioned Laghu Yoga Vasistha, It has the second story about Karkati, but I did not find the first story, which is:

    "The Creator of the world within the rock"
    This tale has hints about mass extinction and earth changes. It is around page 552 in the red numbers, or 556 in this PDF, of Vasistha’s Yoga translated by Swami Venkatesananda published by STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS, 1993.
    VI.2:71 VASISTHA* continued:

    Having said this, the Creator (of the world in the rock) entered into the deep and final state of meditation. He uttered OM and contemplated on the last phase of its intonation. His mind was utterly calm. He remained as if he were a painted picture. Vasana * (the embodiment of the psychological conditioning in the form of the lady) also followed the Creator and entered into deep meditation. She attained the form of space. I too entered into deep meditation and witnessed all these, having become the omnipresent, infinite consciousness.

    As the notions in the cosmic mind of the Creator began to die down, at that very moment itself the earth with its mountains, continents and oceans began to disappear.

    The grass and the trees ceased to be. The earth is one of the limbs of the cosmic person, the Creator. Hence, when the cosmic person withdrew his awareness from it, the earth ceased to be, even as in a state of paralysis when our awareness of a limb is withdrawn, it withers away and disintegrates.

    The earth was hit at the same time by numerous natural catastrophes. The evildoers were burnt by fire and they headed for hell. The earth had lost all its charm and its fruitfulness. The women had become immoral and men had lost their selfrespect. A dense duststorm arose veiling the sun. The people were distressed by the pairs of opposites which in their foolishness they subjected themselves to. On account of floods and famine, wars and pestilence, humanity had been decimated. On account of numerous sufferings, people had become uncivilised and uncultured.

    Because of the suddenness with which all these terrible things happened, the noble people of the earth perished and there was hue and cry everywhere. There was scarcity of water and people began to dig deep wells. There was indiscriminate mixing between men and women and the social order broke down. Everyone lived by trade. Women lived (earned their living) by exhibiting the beauty of their hair. Kings followed the dictum 'might is right'. There was unrighteousness everywhere. The leaders were devoted to intoxicating drinks. They harassed and tortured the learned and the saintly men. People resorted to other ways of living or other faiths than that which was natural to them. The learned men became subject to violence and aggressiveness. Temples were looted. Even the holy ones abandoned the performance of the religious rites on account of laziness.

    The cities had been burnt down by the fire that showered from the skies. Seasons became erratic. Thus had the earthelement reached its destruction, since the Creator had merged himself in the infinite consciousness.

    VASISTHA* continued:
    Once the earthelement had thus been absorbed in the infinite consciousness and had transcended its limitation, the waterelement turned towards its own dissolution. When the water got agitated, it exceeded its own natural bounds and the oceans transgressed their bounds, overflowing in all directions. Making dreadful sounds, the waves lashed at the forests and began to destroy them.

    These mighty waves mingled with the clouds in the space and it became one mass of water. All the mountains were submerged under water. The aquatic creatures were in panic and ran helterskelter in an attempt to escape from the calamity. When the waves destroyed the mountain caves, lions ran out of them, destroyed other creatures and were eventually themselves destroyed. The tumult raised by all this reached even the region of the sun.

    It appeared as if the oceans had invaded the regions of the gods themselves and had occupied them. On account of the destruction of the forests and mountains caused by the power of the tidal waves, it looked as if the whole space were a big forest of trees and mountains. The great mountains were being dissolved in the waters of the ocean. At one stage it looked as though the mountains were laughing with their teeth bared, because, washed by the tidal waters, the precious and semiprecious stones that remained underground had become exposed on the mountain sides.

    It looked as though even the celestial bodies were affected by this. The earthmountains fell on some of them, making a loud noise. Even the fires of cosmic destruction appeared to be afraid of being put out by these tidal waves. At one stage there was terrible warfare between the earthelephants and seaelephants!

    The single ocean shone with a supernatural radiance at that time when so many earthly objects were getting drowned in it. Then it looked as if the space itself were falling into the waters of cosmic dissolution. The firmament with all its light and its precious jewels fell into the flood.

    Flames of fire spread out in all directions, consuming all that existed in space. Since the Creator had withdrawn his realisation of the world, the demons and others were let loose to cause what havoc they pleased. All the gods (Indra, etc., who are the deities presiding over the natural elements to maintain order among them) had been overpowered by the demons. There was chaos. Even the abodes of Siva *, etc., were shaken and disturbed. The stars and planets collided with one another and there was cosmic destruction.
    Click to expand...


    One story from the Yoga Vasishtha, frequently interpreted to include the idea of a virus, is the story of Karkati, which can also be seen to include hyper-dimensional elements. Karkati is a demoness, that is very hungry, she does penance and becomes as a needle that causes sickness in people. Through experience and penance, she is gradually transformed. The following is from page 92 in red letters and 101 in this PDF. While it is quite a bit of the story, it is not the whole, but enough to explain why the story has been associated with the idea of a virus. And I ought to add, a virus as a destructive force, but also a virus that

    The Story of Karkati*
    III:68, 69
    VASISTHA* continued:
    In connection with this, O Rama*, there is an ancient legend which I shall now narrate to you.

    There once lived to the north of the Himalaya* mountain a terrible demoness known as Karkati *. She was huge, black and dreadful to look at. This demoness could not get enough to eat, and she was ever hungry.

    She thought, ''If only I can eat all the people living in Jambudvipacontinent* in one meal, then my hunger will disappear even as a mirage disappears after a heavy rain. Such a course of action is not inappropriate, since it is appropriate to preserve one's life. However, since the people of Jambudvipa* are pious, charitable, devoted to god, and endowed with a knowledge of herbs, it is inappropriate to harass these peaceloving people. Let me engage myself in penance, for through penance is attained that which would otherwise be extremely difficult to attain."

    Karkati* then went up one of the snowpeaks and commenced her penance, standing on one leg. She was as firm as a marble statue and did not even notice days and months pass by. In course of time, she had grown so thin that it looked as if she was a skeleton clad in transparent skin. Thus she remained for one thousand years.

    After a thousand years had passed, the creator Brahma* appeared before her, pleased with her penance: by intense penance one can attain anything—even poisonous fumes are extinguished. She bowed to him mentally, and began to wonder what boon she should ask of him. "Ah, yes," she thought, "I shall request that I should become a living steel pin (Sucika*), an embodiment of disease. With this boon I shall simultaneously enter the hearts of all beings and fulfil my desire and appease my hunger." When Brahma* said to her, "I am pleased with your penance; ask a boon of your choice," she expressed her wish.

    BRAHMA*. said: So be it; you shall also be Visucika*. Remaining a subtle thing, you will inflict pain on those who eat the wrong food and indulge in wrong living, by entering their heart. However, one can attain relief by the use of the following mantra:

    himadrer* uttare parsve* karkati* nama* raksasi*
    visucikabhidhana* sanamna* 'py anyayabadhika*
    om* hram* hrim* srim* ram*
    visnusakttaye* namo bhagavati visnusaktti* ehi enam* hara hara daha daha hana hana paca paca
    matha matha utsadaya* utsadaya* dure* kuru kuru svaha* visucike*
    tvam* himavantam* gaccha gaccha jivasara* candramandalam* gato 'si svaha*

    One who is proficient in this mantra should wear it on his left arm and, thinking of the moon, pass that hand over the patient who will be cured at once.

    Immediately, O Rama*, the demoness with the mountainous body began to shrink gradually to the size of a pin. She became so subtle that her existence could only be imagined. She was like the extremely subtle susumna* nadi* that links the base of the spine with the crown of the head. She was like the alayaconsciousness* described by the Buddhists. She was constantly followed by her other form known as Visucika* (cholera).

    Though she was extremely subtle and unseen, her demoniacal mentality underwent no change at all. She had gained the boon of her choice; but she could not fulfil her desire to devour all beings! That is because she was of the size of a needle!! How strange: the deluded ones do not have foresight. The selfish person's violent efforts to gain his selfish ends often lead to other results, even as a person is unable to see his face when he runs to the mirror puffing and panting—his own breath mists the mirror.

    Significantly, again, the demoness who had a huge form gave up that body, died to it, in order to fulfil her ambition to become a needle: even death becomes desirable when one is keen on some selfish gain and when one is possessed by excessive craving.

    Visucika* was radiant and was as subtle as the aroma of flowers. Dependent upon the lifeforce of others, she' was devoted to her own work.

    With her twofold form of Sucika* and Visucika*, the demoness roamed the world afflicting all the people. By her own wish she had become small: indeed, people become what they intensely wish to be. Meanminded people even pray for trivia; just as the demoness prayed to be transformed into a cruel needle. One's inborn nature is not easily counteracted even by penance.

    Sucika* entered into the physical bodies of people who, on account of previous illness had been greatly debilitated or had become obese, and transformed herself into Visucika* (cholera). Sucika* entered into the heart of even a healthy and intelligent person, and perverted his intellect. In some cases, however, she left that person when the latter underwent a healing treatment either with the aid of the mantra or with drugs.

    Thus, the demoness roamed the earth for many many years.

    VASISTHA* continued:
    Sucika* had her numerous hiding places. Among them were: dust and dirt on the ground, (unclean) fingers, threads in a cloth, within one's body in the muscles, dirty skin covered with dust, unclean furrows on the palms and on other parts of the body (due to senility), places where flies abound, in a lustreless body, in places full of decaying leaves, in places devoid of healthy trees, in people of filthy dress, people of unhealthy habits, in treestumps caused by deforestation in which flies breed, in puddles of stagnant water, in polluted water, in open sewers running in the middle of roads, in rest houses used by travellers, and in those cities where there are many animals like elephants, horses, etc.

    Being Sucika * (a sewing needle), she wore dirty pieces of cloth thrown on the roads, sewn together; and she roamed freely in the bodies of sick people. Even as a sewing needle which has been well used by a tailor feels fatigued and falls to the ground to take some rest, as it were, Sucika* also got tired of her destructive activity. Just as sewing (piercing) is the natural function of a needle, cruelty was the nature of Sucika*. Just as the needle keeps on swallowing the thread that passes through it, Sucika* continued to claim her victims.

    It is seen in the world that even wicked and cruel people are sometimes moved to pity when they see others who have been povertystricken and miserable for a long time. Even so, Sucika* saw the endless thread that had passed through her in the cloth (her own karma) in front of her. This worried her. She fancied that this dark cloth, which had been woven by her (as Sucika* or sewing needle) was covering her face and that she was blindfolded. She wondered "How shall I tear this veil?" She (the needle) passed through soft cloth (good people) as also hard cloth ( the wicked ones), for what fool or wicked person discriminates between what is good and what is not?

    Unharmed and unprovoked by others, Sucika* works for the destruction and death of others: bound by this thread, she is dangling perilously. Known also as Jivasucika*, she moves in all beings as the lifeforce with the help of prana* and apana*, subjecting the jiva* to sorrow, by causing terribly sharp pain (of gout, rheumatism) which makes one lose his mind. She enters into the feet (like a needle) and drinks blood. Like all wicked people, she rejoices in others' sorrow.

    (As Vasistha* was saying this, the sun set and another day came to an end. The assembly adjourned for prayers.)
    Click to expand...
    III:71, 72
    VASISTHA* continued:

    After living in this manner for a long long time, the demoness Karkati* was thoroughly disillusioned and repented her foolish desire to devour people, which entailed severe penance for a thousand years and the degraded existence as a needle (and cholera virus). She thus bewailed her own selfinflicted misfortune:

    "Alas, where is my mountainous body and where is the form of a needle? Sometimes I fall into mud and filth, I am trampled upon by people. Alas, I am lost. I have no friends, no one takes pity upon me. I have no fixed abode, nor have I a body worth the name. I have surely lost my mind and my senses! The mind that is heading towards calamity first creates delusion and wickedness: and these themselves later expand into misfortune and sorrow. I am never free, ever at the mercy of others. I am in the hands of others and do what they make me do. I desired to appease the goblin of a desire to devour all; but that has led to a remedy worse than the disease, and a greater goblin has arisen. Surely, I am a brainless fool; hence, I threw away such a great and gigantic body and deliberately chose this despicable body of a virus (or a needle). Who is now going to liberate me from this miserable existence as a being smaller than a worm? The very thought of such a vicious creature as I am may not even arise in the heart of sages. Ah, when will I again be as large as a mountain and drink the blood of large beings? ... Let me become an ascetic again and perform penance as I did before."

    At once Karkati * abandoned all wish to devour living beings, and went to the Himalayas* for doing intense penance again. Standing as if on one foot, she began her penance. The fire of penance generated smoke from the crown of her head, and that too became another Sucika*, a helpmate. Her shadow became yet another Sucika*, yet another friend.

    Even the trees and creepers of the forest admired Sucika's* penance and radiated their pollens for her to eat. But she would not consume anything at all. She stood firmly on her resolve. The god of heaven also sent small particles of meat to where she stood; but she would not even let them touch her. Thus she stood for seven thousand years, utterly motionless, unmoved by wind, rain, or forestfire.

    Karkati's* whole being became completely purified by this penance. All her sinful tendencies had been washed away by the penance and she gained the highest wisdom. The energy of her penance set the Himalayas* on fire, as it were. Indra the king of heaven learnt from the sage Narada* of Karkati's* unprecedented undertaking.

    III:73
    In answer to Indra's request, SAGE NARADA* narrated the story of Karkati*:

    This despicable goblin Karkati* became a living needle embodied in a metal needle. As such she entered into the bodies of sinful people and afflicted their muscles, their joints and their blood. She entered these bodies like wind, and caused stabbing and pricking pains. She inflicted such pain on those bodies which had been nourished on impure food like meat, etc.
    Click to expand...
    The story continues, but I hope the above gives an idea of what can be found in this often beautiful and sometimes mind-blowing work. For instance, there is a tale named: "The Story of the Sage from Outer Space" which indicates that there are more than viruses and microscopic organisms out there in our cosmic neighbourhood.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1049122,"date":"2022-09-01T15:20:00+0200","text":"Hello Pierre
    Many thanks for this chapter, once again fascinating.
    Here is the chapter 23 in PDF in French.
    It's a bit late but I went to France in August to visit my son, on vacation and to find a house and I was very sick for 3 weeks.
    Back home, I'm trying to recover my strength and this is the first subject I was able to read yesterday, without being exhausted.
    So, a lot to catch up on reading on the forum!!!
    Is my translation still of interest to some?
    Please let me know.

    To all of you, good luck!
    Channa

    Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":5809,"user":"Breo","id":1049921,"date":"2022-09-06T00:03:30+0200","text":"Thank you so much, Pierre for your generosity to publish the chapters for download. I read it now. It's so interesting and well written. Thank you for this thrilling research.

    To learn that "viruses seem more fundamental than even life itself", and that it is the relation between viruses and host (immunity) what it's all about, this is such a game changer for understanding disease and the meaning of relations. What a paradigm shift. I am very grateful to be able to read your work.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11429,"user":"trytofly","id":1050652,"date":"2022-09-09T15:22:47+0200","text":"
    Channa said:
    Hello Pierre
    Many thanks for this chapter, once again fascinating.
    Here is the chapter 23 in PDF in French.
    It's a bit late but I went to France in August to visit my son, on vacation and to find a house and I was very sick for 3 weeks.
    Back home, I'm trying to recover my strength and this is the first subject I was able to read yesterday, without being exhausted.
    So, a lot to catch up on reading on the forum!!!
    Is my translation still of interest to some?
    Please let me know.

    To all of you, good luck!
    Channa

    Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
    Click to expand...
    I hope you are doing better now. Yes, your translations are valuable as far as I am concerned. In this regard, chapter 23 in PDF in French does not appear in your post.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1050692,"date":"2022-09-09T18:52:21+0200","text":"Yes, I am talking about chapter 23...
    And I will continue the translation, with pleasure
    Take care of yourselves
    Channa","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1052551,"date":"2022-09-18T20:54:33+0200","text":"

    Chapter 24: Upper Atmosphere Microorganisms​


    The discovery of microorganisms - including viruses – in the higher atmosphere was unexpected to mainstream science because microorganisms cannot normally be transported from the lower atmosphere to the upper one because of the tropopause barrier:

    The tropopause acts a barrier to the free movement of particles above 17km thereby making such transfer from Earth to the stratosphere very difficult.[1]
    Click to expand...



    The troposphere, the tropopause and the stratosphere​

    One of the few documented event able to pierce up the tropopause and possibly carry surface micro-organisms to the stratosphere is very large volcanic eruptions[2].

    But the large volcanic eruption hypothesis was dismissed when two of the papers reporting the presence of microorganisms in the stratosphere were conducted two years or more after the last major volcanic eruptions[3]. Knowing that in two years or less, all the volcanic dust drops to the lower atmosphere[4].


    © Guiseppe Famiani
    The 2015 Etna eruption. The most violent in 20 years.
    The plume reaching the tropopause was blocked hence the characteristic anvil shape    ​

    So, not only microorganisms, including viruses, are present in cometary material as shown in the previous chapter, they are also pervasive in Earth’s the upper atmosphere. The first discoveries date back to the 1930’s, almost one century ago:

    [In 1936] a manned US high-altitude balloon, Explorer II, became the first air sampling mission to reach the stratosphere (up to 21 km ASL), and several viable microbes were isolated within the genera Bacillus, Macrosporium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus [5]
    Click to expand...

    Notice that this experiment already used autoclaved collection tubes discarding de facto the possibility terrestrial contamination.

    In the 1960’s, the air balloons flew even higher - 30 km and above – and they kept returning positive identification of microorganisms:

    Although microbiological techniques available at the time were rather primitive compared to the present, there were already some intriguing indications of the presence of extraterrestrial microbes in air samples collected at heights of 30 km and above (Bruch, 1967). Positive detection of microorganisms at 39 km and a population density that increased with height pointed to a possible extraterrestrial[6]
    Click to expand...

    In the 1970’s, the discovery of microorganisms was confirmed once again by the analysis of dust collected during stratospheric flights made by the U2 spy planes:

    In the 1970s, high altitude flights (U2 aircraft) were used to collect them from the lower stratosphere, 18-20km altitude, on oiled sheets exposed outside aircraft flying at ~200m/s. This method suffered from the problem of contamination as well as breakage of the particles and a bias against small light ones (which tend to divert with the air stream). Moreover genuine interplanetary particles have to be diligently separated from terrestrial contaminants.
    These so-called Brownlee particles, which were mostly in the form of fluffy aggregates of siliceous dust, have been found to contain extraterrestrial organic molecules, with a complexity and diversity approaching that recently reported for the Murchison meteorite. In a few instances microbial morphologies were discovered within individual Brownlee particles.[7]
    Click to expand...


    © Whickramasanghe
    Micron-sized carbonaceous structure in a Brownlee particle compared with a microbial fossil    ​

    It is in the 1970’s also that the highest elevation was reached when Imshenetsky and his research team collected air sample up to 85 km[8] elevation – higher than the upper boundary of the stratosphere - from which they isolated bacteria and fungus:

    In the 1970s, A. A. Imshenetsky and colleagues collected samples of air from even higher elevations, from the stratosphere to the mesosphere (48-85 km ASL), using γ-radiation sterilized meteorological rockets and investigated the characteristics of the bacterial and fungal strains isolated.[9]
    Click to expand...

    A similar experiment was conducted in 2001 in the stratosphere above India. It identified three microorganisms: two bacterial and one fungal species:

    An Indian and British team of researchers led by Chandra Wickramasinghe reported on 2001 that air samples over Hyderabad, India, gathered from the stratosphere by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on January 21, 2001, contained clumps of living cells. Wickramasinghe calls this "unambiguous evidence for the presence of clumps of living cells in air samples from as high as 41 km, above which no air from lower down would normally be transported". Two bacterial and one fungal species were later independently isolated from these filters which were identified as Bacillus simplex, Staphylococcus pasteuri and Engyodontium album respectively.[10]
    Click to expand...

    In 2005, air samples were collected at altitudes of more than 40 km[11]. The results were unexpected, not only 15 different known species of microorganisms were identified but also three bacteria species[12] unknown on Earth until then:

    In 2005 an improved experiment was conducted by ISRO. On April 20, 2005, air samples were collected from the upper atmosphere at altitudes ranging from 20 km to more than 40 km. The samples were tested at two labs in India. The labs found 12 bacterial and 6 different fungal species in these samples. The fungi were Penicillium decumbens, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria sp. and Tilletiopsis albescens. Out of the 12 bacterial samples, 3 were identified as new species and named Janibacter hoylei (after Fred Hoyle), Bacillus isronensis (named after ISRO) and Bacillus aryabhattai (named after the ancient Indian mathematician, Aryabhata). These three new species showed that they were more resistant to UV radiation than similar bacteria[13]
    Click to expand...

    The following year, air samples were collected, once again, above in India. Not only the stratospheric air sample led to the identification of four more unknown bacteria species but some of collected microorganisms were viable despite the added stress induced by the cryosampling and the use of a very narrow range of nutrients:

    Cryosampling of the stratosphere above Hyderabad (India), resulted in the isolation of four new species from the genus Bacillus: B. aerius sp. nov., B. aerophilus sp. nov., B. stratosphericus sp. nov., and B. altitudinis sp. nov. In many studies, such as this one, the selection of microbes cultivated was dependent on the method of collection (cryotubes were flushed with buffer that was then spread on culture media) in this case and the medium used (e.g. Luria-Bertani agar or Nutrient agar), and effectively allowed for the recovery and cultivation only of specific microbes.[14]
    Click to expand...

    The number of bacteria, archaea[15] and fungi strains found the stratosphere and above is so impressive that DasSama et al. compiled a non-extensive list:


    © DasSama
    List of microorganisms found in the stratosphere    ​

    Notice that the experiments described above collected air samples with increasingly sterile procedures:

    Balloon flights launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from the 1990s initially reached heights of ~30 km for sampling stratosphere CFCs, collecting frozen air in steel cylinders with all-metal valves (remotely controlled) immersed in liquid neon. The more recent flights reached heights of 40-45 km with all equipment ultra-clean and sterile to reduce contamination. In January 2001 this technique was used to collect pristine cometary dust aseptically using cryoprobes flown aboard balloons to heights of 41km[16]
    Click to expand...

    In summary, we have, on one hand, meteorites directly carrying new microorganisms, including virus as demonstrated in the previous chapter and, on the other hand, the Earth’s high atmosphere laden with microorganisms as shown in the present chapter. Could the latter be a consequence of the former? Are the Earth in-bound meteorites enabling the deposition of microorganisms in the atmosphere?

    Coincidentally or not, it’s in the mesosphere - where microorganisms have been repeatedly found - where meteors begin to fragment:

    A variety of microbes have been discovered in the upper atmosphere, including those who are radiation resistant, and at heights ranging from 41 km to 77 km[17] and thus in both the stratosphere and the mesophere which is extremely dry, cold (−85 C (−121.0 F), and lacking oxygen. It is the mesophere where meteors first begin to fragment as they speed to Earth.[18]
    Click to expand...
    One might object that microbes at such altitude would be destroyed by the ambient cold, vacuum and radiation, but it appears that some microbes are anaerobic[19] and resistant to freezing[20]:



    © S. Grossmann
    Microscope picture of psychrophilic (cold-loving) bacteria.    ​

    Some microorganisms are also resistant to radiation[21], more than that, they thrive in such an extreme environment. Here is a striking example:

    In 1960, Fowler et al. reported a species of Pseudomonas living in a research nuclear reactor where the average dose was estimated to be more than a million rads[22][23]​
    Click to expand...

    Likewise, viruses have been shown repeatedly to survive extraterrestrial conditions including cold temperature, microgravity, vacuum and intense radiations[24].

    So it seems that some microorganisms are perfectly able to survive space conditions. The debate about viability of stratospheric microorganisms was seemingly put to an end when metabolically active microbes were launched into the stratosphere and returned to Earth. These cells retained their viability[25] after their stratospheric journey.

    Now that we know that some microorganisms their space journey the next question is: how many them fall on Earth? The estimate of the daily input of cometary debris is massive:

    With a daily input of cometary debris averaging some 500 tons, the possibility of detecting infalling microbes must surely exist. [26]
    Click to expand...

    Correlated with the substantial infalling of cometary debris, the deposition of microorganisms on Earth is also massive:

    Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 109 to 7 × 109 m2 per day. These deposition rates were 9–461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 107 to 8 × 107 m2 per day[27]
    Click to expand...

    You read it right. Everyday there are about one billion viruses falling from the sky for every single square meter[28]. To give a more commensurable example, in a country like Canada, this astounding deposition rate translates into 25 viruses that fall from the sky daily per inhabitant:

    "Every day, more than 800 million viruses are deposited per square meter above the planetary boundary layer -- that's 25 viruses for each person in Canada," said University of British Columbia virologist Curtis Suttle, one of the senior authors of a paper in the International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal that outlines the findings.[29]
    Click to expand...

    Now that we know that microorganisms, including viruses, are present in both cometary material and in the higher atmosphere the questions that are arises is: where do these viruses come from? What is their origin?

    The next chapter aims to provide some answers to these questions.


    [1] Wickramasinghe, Chandra et al. (2013) “Diseases From Space: Astrobiology, Viruses, Microbiology, Meteors, Comets, Evolution” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [2] Pitari, Giovanni et al. (2016) “Impact of Stratospheric Volcanic Aerosols on Age-of-Air and Transport of Long-Lived Species” Atmosphere 7. 149. 10.3390
    [3] Wickramasinghe, 2013
    [4] Aerosol particles' lifetime (such as those from volcanic eruptions) in the stratosphere, has been calculated to be 1 to 2 years
    [5] DasSarma P. et al. (2020) “Earth's Stratosphere and Microbial Life” Curr Issues Mol Biol. 38:197-244
    [6] Burdyuzha, 2006
    [7] Wickramasinghe et al. (2010) “Bacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dust” Proc. SPIE 7819
    [8] 53 mi
    [9] DasSarma P., 2020
    [10] Wikipedia contributors (2022) “Panspermia” Wikipedia
    [11] 25 mi
    [12] Shivaji, S. et al. (2009) "Janibacter hoylei sp. nov., Bacillus isronensis sp. nov. and Bacillus aryabhattai sp. nov., isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from upper atmosphere" International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (Pt 12): 2977–86
    [13] Ibid
    [14] DasSarma P. et al. (2020) “Earth's Stratosphere and Microbial Life” Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2020;38:197-244
    [15] A group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria
    [16] Wickramasinghe, Chandra et al. (2010) "Bacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dust" Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIII, vol. 7819, pp. 299-315
    [17] 25 to 48 mi
    [18] Joseph R. (2010) “Comets and Contagion: Evolution, Plague, and Diseases From Space” Research Gate
    [19] Díaz EE. et al. (2006) “Phenotypic properties and microbial diversity of methanogenic granules from a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor treating brewery wastewater” Appl Environ Microbiol. 72(7):4942-9
    [20] Torosian S. et al. (2009) “A refrigeration temperature of 4 °C does not prevent static growth of Yersinia pestis in heart infusion broth” Canadian journal of microbiology 55. 1119-24. 10.1139
    [21] Singh, O. and Gabani, P. (2011) “Extremophiles: radiation resistance microbial reserves and therapeutic implications” Journal of Applied Microbiology 110: 851-861
    [22] Hoover, R.B. et al. (1986) “Diatoms on earth, comets, Europa and in interstellar space” Earth Moon Planet 35, 19–45
    [23] For comparison a dose of 1,000 rad is almost invariably fatal for humans
    [24] Pavletić B et al. (2022) “Spaceflight Virology: What Do We Know about Viral Threats in the Spaceflight Environment?” Astrobiology 22(2):210-224
    [25] DasSarma, S. and DasSarma, P. (2018) “Survival of microbes in Earth's stratosphere” Current Opinion in Microbiology 43, 24-30
    [26] Vladimir Burdyuzha (2006) “The Future of Life and the Future of our Civilization” Springer
    [27] Isabel Reche et al. (2018) “Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer” The ISME Journal
    [28] 10 sqft
    [29] Ibid","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1052552,"date":"2022-09-18T20:56:07+0200","text":"Attached is the pdf for chapter 24.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 24.pdf
    Chapter 24.pdf
    766.5 KB· Views: 118
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1052586,"date":"2022-09-18T23:40:13+0200","text":"Thank you Pierre
    Here is the French pdf ch 24
    Good reading to all.
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Chapitre 24.pdf
    Chapitre 24.pdf
    317.1 KB· Views: 72
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4717,"user":"Jones","id":1052606,"date":"2022-09-19T03:16:36+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Now that we know that microorganisms, including viruses, are present in both cometary material and in the higher atmosphere the questions that are arises is: where do these viruses come from? What is their origin?

    The next chapter aims to provide some answers to these questions.
    Click to expand...

    This is super interesting. Am looking forward to the next chapter \":-)\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":882,"user":"latulipenoire","id":1052649,"date":"2022-09-19T13:31:20+0200","text":"
    Jones said:
    This is super interesting. Am looking forward to the next chapter \":-)\"
    Click to expand...
    Yes, me too. The lastest chapter, chapter 24, really got me thinking. I mean, 25 viruses each day falling on our heads? That explains a lot! \":lol:\"

    Seriously, though, I thought I had seen it all, after reading some of Laura's and Pierre's previous books about our multifaceted reality. But to consider how viruses and other life-forms are capable of withstanding such conditions and most incredibly of all, IMO, how they make life possible, and, may we say it now, up-to-date...

    Thank you Pierre for your efforts and all this superb research, really appreciated.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1052650,"date":"2022-09-19T13:33:47+0200","text":"
    latulipenoire said:
    The lastest chapter, chapter 24, really got me thinking. I mean, 25 viruses each day falling on our heads? That explains a lot!
    Click to expand...
    And it is an average of 25 viruses daily per person!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":114,"user":"genero81","id":1052658,"date":"2022-09-19T15:08:54+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Now that we know that some microorganisms (survive?) their space journey the next question is: how many (of) them fall on (to) Earth? The estimate of the daily input of cometary debris is massive:
    Click to expand...

    Some possible text corrections.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1053981,"date":"2022-09-26T16:50:42+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Positive detection of microorganisms at 39 km and a population density that increased with height pointed to a possible extraterrestrial[6]
    Click to expand...
    extraterrestrial origin?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11705,"user":"Tuatha de Danaan","id":1054043,"date":"2022-09-26T20:36:49+0200","text":"Thank you Pierre for this astounding information. You've left us with a cliff hanger again but the wait is certainly worth it.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4470,"user":"Mari","id":1054070,"date":"2022-09-26T22:27:17+0200","text":"Fascinating Pierre!!! Thank you very much for sharing your research! \":flowers:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1074986,"date":"2023-01-08T18:46:08+0100","text":"

    Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Pulses (EMP)​


    The two facts developed above: 1/ viruses carried by comets and 2/ viruses in the upper atmosphere being carried to Earth in the wake of cometary bodies don’t totally clarify the origin of viruses: how did viruses ended up in comets or how high concentration of viruses are found in the upper atmosphere? Ultimately where do viruses come from?

    A few scientists attempted to elucidate this point by proposing an extra-terrestrial origin for viruses. The hypothesis they developed is called panspermia, positing that life in the form of virus came from other planet:

    What we currently know of viruses is that we are most likely to encounter them on other life-bearing planets; that while some are exquisitely host-specific, many viruses can utilize hundreds of different host species; that viruses are known to exist in our planet's most extreme environments; and that while many do not survive long outside their hosts, some can survive for extended periods, especially in the cold. In our quest for extraterrestrial life, we should be looking for viruses; and while any encountered may pose no risk, the possibility of an encounter with a virus capable of accessing multiple cell types exists, and any prospective contact with such an organism should be treated accordingly.[1]
    Click to expand...

    A sub-category of “panspermia”[2] is coined “lithopanspermia”, the theory according to which life came to Earth specifically via meteorites-bound microorganisms:

    Also, if shielded against solar UV, spores of Bacillus subtilis were capable of surviving in space for up to 6 years, especially if embedded in clay or meteorite powder (artificial meteorites). The data support the likelihood of interplanetary transfer of microorganisms within meteorites, the so-called lithopanspermia hypothesis.[3]
    Click to expand...

    The above quote takes the example of a bacteria but it also apply to virus. According to Wickramasinghe, viruses come from old planets and were subsequently transported to Earth by cometary bodies seeding life on Earth:

    virus particles have been found in association with clusters of an extensive array of microfossils similar to methanogens and archae in the Murchison meteorite; a meteorite so old it predates the origin of this solar system and may have originated on a planet that orbited the parent star which gave birth to our own.[4]
    Click to expand...

    If Wickramasinghe or Dale Griffin hypothesis about the origin of viruses is older planets, it only shift the question about the origin of viruses one step further, from Earth to older planets. The fundamental question remains: how did viruses appear on old planets in the first place?

    Now, a second problem posed by the lithopanspermia hypothesis is that, according to estimates, Earth receives each day between 5[5] and 300[6] tons of cosmic dust, of which a significant proportion is cometary dust[7].

    If comets via their dust were the carriers of various viruses, evolution should not proceed by leaps synchronous with cometary impact but rather be linear, following the daily deposit of cometary dust and their accompanying virus.

    So what differentiates daily drop of cometary dust – inducing no evolutionary leap – from cometary impacts - inducing evolutionary leap?

    One of the major differences is ElectroMagnetic Pulses (EMP). When a cometary body approaches the Earth, usually it partly or integrally disintegrates this disintegration is the source of EMPs.

    The hypothesis exposed below could also explain the apparition of new viruses concomitant with cometary encounters and the ultimate origin of viruses without referring to an infinite regression.

    Does the EMP generated by comet enable the creation of viruses? This question might seem outlandish at first. Please hold your judgement until you read this following sub-chapter.

    Strange phenomena around EMP​


    EMP stands for ElectroMagnetic Pulse. It is encountered in cometary events, nuclear explosions and other man-made experiments involving high electrical current.

    Kurchatov experiment:

    One of these experiments was conducted by a team of Russian scientists[8] located at the Kurchatov Institute. These scientists discovered various new elements after violent electric discharges. Mass-spectra analysis of the samples obtained in more than 200 experiments revealed that “alien” elements which were absent in the original material.

    The spectral analysis revealed that the most abundant “alien” elements were as follow:



    © Kurchatov Institute
    Percent composition of atoms of "alien" elements in the sample[9]​

    One peculiarity shown by this series of experiments was that the micro explosions induced by the EMP strongly resembles the shape of a comet, in the very words of the scientists:

    […] the track strongly changes and the trace becomes "comet"-like in shape.[10]
    Click to expand...





    © Kurchatov Institute
    The "comet"-like trace

    ​

    Tornadoes:

    The experiment above is not an isolated case. Nature provides also examples of strange events triggered by EMPs. One case in point is tornadoes. Oftentimes intense lightning bolts have been witnessed within and/or around tornadoes. For reference, one single lightning bolt generate on average 300 million Volts and 30,000 Amperes[11].



    © Vasin Lee
    A tornado surrounded by lightning bolts​

    By themselves tornadoes are highly electrical phenomena whether they are accompanied by lightning bolts or not. Electric fields reaching more than 20 kV /m[12] have measured at the base of one tornado. Coincidently or not in the aftermath of tornadoes, phenomena defying physics have been witnessed:

    A small pebble punctures a glass like a bullet without forming fractures. One board penetrates the other without shattering it. A timber house wall is found punctured by an old charred plank, with its porous tip staying undamaged. A clover leaf was found pressed into a hard stucco wall. A 1.5 inches gate frame was found punctured by a piece of wood.[13]


    Hutchinson effect:

    The Hutchinson Effect was discovered accidentally by John Hutchinson during attempts to study Tesla’s longitudinal waves of back in 1979. The Hutchinson Effect occurs as the result of radio wave interferences in a volume radiated by two or more high voltage sources.

    This is possibly the most puzzling phenomenon in physics. The Hutchison effect induces physical objects of different composition to become inexplicably embedded in each other once these objects when blasted with electromagnetic waves[14].

    The fusion of dissimilar materials, which is exceedingly remarkable, indicates clearly that the Hutchinson Effect has a powerful influence on intermolecular forces. Dissimilar substances such as steel and copper or wood can simply “come together,” yet the individual substances do not dissociate. A block of wood can simply “sink into” a metal bar, yet neither the metal bar nor the block of wood come apart or carbonise.[15]



    © hutchisoneffect.com
    Fusion of dissimilar materials such as metal and wood without heating​


    Schwindler effect    :

    This effect refers to the spontaneous creation of an electron–positron pairs when exposed to a very strong electric field corresponding to roughly 10^18 V/m. Although theorized as early as the 1930’s[16] it has never been observed during a lab experiment due to the extremely voltage required, however in January 2022 researchers at the National Graphene Institute reported the observation of an analog process[17].


    © Matteo Ceccanti and Simone Cassandra
    Artist's impression of the electron–positron pair creation in a powerful electric field​



    Coral Castle:

    Coral Castle covers 4 hectares[18] encompassing several buildings and monuments. The “Polaris telescope", carved out of a single solid piece of coral is estimated to weigh 25 tons[19]:


    © Coral Castle
    The Polaris telescope aligned with the Moon​


    Even better, the "moon fountain" is the heaviest piece in the park, weighting an astounding 30 tons[20] [21]. For comparison it has been estimated that the Great Pyramid of Egypt at Giza was build with blocks averaging 2,5 tons[22] [23].

    The "moon fountain" is a complex sundial carved out of a single piece of rock, calibrated to noon of the summer and winter solstices, and claimed to be accurate to within two minutes.



    © Dreamstime
    The Moon fountain sundial​

    How could Edward Leedskalnin 150 centimeters[24] tall and weighing 43 kilograms[25] move up and shape block of coral weighing up to thirty tons?

    Furthermore, no heavy machinery was found in his workshop. Leedskalnin didn't even own a car, he had solely a bicycle[26]. However, plenty of electrical equipment found in his workshop amongst which copper wires, magnets, and welding rods[27].

    Eyewitnesses claimed that Leedskalnin spent all his free time in the local library, where he studied books on the construction of the Great Egyptian pyramids[28]:

    Even during his lifetime, Edward Leedskalnin claimed to have solved the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids. He managed to master the laws of anti-gravity, which is confirmed by eyewitnesses who watched huge blocks floating freely in the air.[29]
    Whether these allegations are true or false, one thing is certain; Leedskalnin had an uncanny interest for electricity. He wrote three books dedicated to magnetic current[30] .
    Click to expand...


    © bnpublishing
    Cover of “Magnetic Current” one of the three books written by Leedskalnin about electromagnetism​



    But Leedskalnin interest was not only for electromagnetism theory; he applied also his theoretical knowledge as exemplified by the following picture:




    © Stansfield
    Edward Leedskalnin and his home-made electric generator

    ​
    Impossible crystal during nuclear explosion:

    The first nuclear explosion occurred in 1945, also known as Trinity test, it created unknown quasicrystals considered as ‘impossible’ to scientists[31]:

    Quasicrystals contain building blocks made up of arrangements of atoms that — unlike those in ordinary crystals — do not repeat in a regular, brickwork-like pattern. Whereas ordinary crystal structures look identical after being translated (shifted along certain directions), quasicrystals have symmetries that were once considered impossible: for example, some have pentagonal symmetry, and so look the same if rotated by one-fifth of a full twist.[32]
    Click to expand...




    © Luca Bindi, Paul J. Steinhardt
    The new mineral red trinitite with its impossible quasicrystal​


    In the previous paragraphs we have described quite a number of the experiments and observations, namely: the Kurchatov experiment, tornadoes, the Hutchinson effect, the Swindler effect, Coral Castle, or red trinitite.

    Each of them has one causal factor in common: intense electromagnetic field a.k.a electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and they also have similar effects: creation/transmutation/translocation of matter.

    The last example – an unknown element, trinitite, with an “impossible” geometry created by an atomic explosion - is particularly interesting because nuclear detonations and cometary events are quite similar as far as electromagnetism is concerned.

    Nuclear explosions and comets have similar EM signature​


    Actually nuclear detonations are so similar to meteorites explosions that he took a full investigation by NATO and the US army to determine what was thought at first as the nuclear explosion and was in fact a meteoritic event.

    This case is known as the Vela incident when an unidentified double flash of light was detected by an American Vela Hotel satellite on 22 September 1979 over the Indian Ocean.


    © United States Government
    Light patterns detected by the Vela satellite 6911​


    At first, the US army believed or at least made believe through an official report published only a few weeks after the incident that the cause was a secret nuclear test carried out by Israel and South Africa[33].

    It took months of investigations to establish that there was no radioactive debris, and no seismic or hydro-acoustic data[34] corroborating the nuclear explosion hypothesis; the Vela satellite recorded the signature of a meteoroid event.

    Here are excerpts of the “ad hoc panel[35]” report on the September 22 event (Vela event) published eight months after on the May 23, 1980:

    […] on our experience in related scientific assessments, it is our collective judgment that the September 22 signal was probably not from a nuclear explosion.[…] At present a meteoroid impact with the VELA satellite appears to·be the best candidate for a nonnuclear origin of the signal.[36]
    Click to expand...

    The Vela incident was not the first cometary event to have produced a strong electromagnetic signature; more than one century ago, the Tunguska event generated a similar effect including a double spike:

    During 7 hours before the explosion of the Tunguska space body, the geomagnetic field was very calm. At 0 h 20 min GMT, that is 6 min after this body exploded, the intensity of the geomagnetic field abruptly increased by 4 nT and remained at that level for about 2 min. This was the initial phase of the local geomagnetic storm (called the “first entry”). Then began a second phase – “the rise phase.” In the course of 18 min it rose 20 nT more. The geomagnetic field reached its maximum intensity at 0 h 40 min GMT, and remained at the same level for the next 14 min. It then began to drop, the amplitude decreasing by some 70 nT. It returned to its initial undisturbed level only 5 hours later.[37]
    Click to expand...

    In fact, like nuclear explosions, cometary fragments are known to generate so much EMP that they are considered a hazard for spacecraft with several electrical failures directly attributed to the electromagnetic perturbations generated by meteoroids:

    Several reported spacecraft anomalies are suggestive of an electrical failure associated with meteoroid impact. We present a theory to explain plasma production and subsequent electric fields occurring when a meteoroid strikes a spacecraft, ionizing itself and part of the spacecraft. This plasma, with a charge separation commensurate with different specie mobilities, can produce a strong electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at broad frequency spectra, potentially causing catastrophic damage if the impact is relatively near an area with low shielding or an open umbilical. Anomalies such as gyrostability loss can be caused by an EMP without any detectable momentum transfer due to small (<1 μg) particle mass. Subsequent plasma oscillations can also emit significant power and may be responsible for many reported satellite anomalies.[38]
    Click to expand...

    Not only nuclear explosion and meteorite impact have virtually the same electromagnetic signature but like project Manhattan and its red trinitite, new minerals - never before seen on Earth - have also been discovered in meteorites[39]:



    © Nick Gessler/Duke University
    El Ali meteorite contains two minerals never before seen on Earth​


    The mainstream media’s response to the increase in earthbound space rocks has been similar to its response to the other cosmically-induced Earth changes; they downplay the magnitude of the phenomenon and blame it on human activity i.e. nuclear explosions.

    Sadly for the authorities, the proliferation of mobile phones equipped with cameras has provided extensive evidence that some fairly large-sized meteors are raining down on Earth, with fresh accounts of spectacular fireballs now being reported on a daily basis.

    With outright denial of the phenomenon no longer possible for them, it has become imperative that the media find rational explanations to ease the inevitable apprehension people feel about what they are seeing.

    So the authorities now regularly claim to be conducting bizarre, and previously unannounced, ‘missile tests’[40] and dealing with equally outlandish ‘accidents’[41] to account for ‘sonic booms’[42] and ‘explosive earthquakes’[43] that are often accompanied by eyewitness reports and video footage of fireballs[44] turning night into day over densely populated areas.

    This media cover-up of the increase in cometary activity by conflating it with military missiles and/or space junk lends an almost prophetic tone to the following text written in 1996:

    [...] the Christian, Islamic and Judaic cultures have all moved since the European Renaissance to adopt an unreasoning anti-apocalyptic stance, apparently unaware of the burgeoning science of catastrophes. History, it now seems, is repeating itself: it has taken the Space Age to revive the Platonist voice of reason but it emerges this time within a modern anti-fundamentalist, anti-apocalyptic tradition over which governments may, as before, be unable to exercise control. ¼ Cynics (or modern sophists), in other words, would say that we do not need the celestial threat to disguise Cold War intentions; rather we need the Cold War to disguise celestial intentions! [45]
    Click to expand...

    The problem is that, unlike conventional missiles, cometary bodies, because of their electric activity, have a strong electromagnetic signature that can fry electrical devices over a wide area.

    One naturally wonders if this is related to the media frequently reporting, since around 2008[46], the development of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons by the USA,[47] Israel,[48] China,[49] South Korea[50], the usual suspect, Iran[51] and of course the devil incarnate, Russia[52] and all the hype about WW3 and the use by Russia of nuclear weapons.

    The EMP generated by an incoming asteroid could, of course, be blamed on the Russian EMP/nuclear bombs. In addition to ‘disguising celestial intentions’, a cover story about Russian EMP/nuclear weapons would provide a perfect casus belli for the US to attack Russia.

    Why all this fuss about half a dozen countries suddenly developing EMP bombs at the same time that such a dramatic increase in comets and fireballs is being recorded? Why then do the media depict EMP bombs as a ‘newly discovered’ weapon?

    Put simply, nuclear weapons are EMP weapons. This fact has been known for almost 70 years. This effect was already suspected by the time the Manhattan Project’s Trinity Test in the desert of New Mexico on July 16th, 1945 detonated the first atomic bomb. The electronic equipment had been shielded[53] because project scientist Enrico Fermi had predicted that an EMP would accompany the explosion. By the 1960s, the EMPs generated by nuclear explosions and their disruptive effects on electronic and electric equipment was being extensively measured and documented.[54]

    US experimentations are not isolated cases. Likewise Russia has been conducting nuclear/EMP blast tests for at least 60 years:

    Nuclear Test 184 confirmed definitively for the Soviets in 1962 what the United States concluded independently by extrapolation from the U.S. STARFISH PRIME and other nuclear test results (conducted over the Pacific Ocean), and from experiments conducted over 50 years using EMP simulators and by computer modeling[55]
    Click to expand...




    © Metatech
    Theoretical electric field induced by a high-altitude EMP. Burst height is 75 km.​

    The “smile” shape in the picture above in due to the Earth’s magnetic field being more intense at the low latitudes.

    In summary, we have seen how cometary impacts like nuclear explosions and other EMP-generating events can cause the creation/transmutation/translocation of matter. But all the examples described above concern “dead” matter. What about organic matter like viruses?

    Quantum teleportation[56] was first theorized in 1993[57] and proven experimentally in 1997[58]. The first experiments involved only photons over short distance.

    Since then the quantum teleportation distances have increased dramatically reaching 1,400 km[59] using a satellite for space-based[60] quantum teleportation.

    Likewise the quantum objects have been growing bigger and bigger. The following quote report a successful experiment of entangling two ytterbium ions. The ytterbium is composed of 104 neutrons and 70 protons/electrons. Notice that this experiment was enabled by the use electromagnetic fields:

    The JQI team set out to entangle the quantum states of two individual ytterbium ions so that information embodied in the condition of one could be teleported to the other. Each ion was isolated in a separate high-vacuum trap, suspended in an invisible cage of electromagnetic fields and surrounded by metal electrodes[61]
    Click to expand...

    The molecule of ytterbium is comparable in size to some viruses[62]. Even more impressive in 2010 researchers manage to create a quantum mechanical resonator, which was 3 angstrom long and 74 angstrom thick, so the mechanical resonator is about 30 times larger than the bursal disease virus.

    No wonder that those discovery led researchers to posit that the quantum teleportation of viruses should happen very soon, so much that an experiment protocol is already available:

    The most striking feature of quantum mechanics is the existence of superposition states, where an object appears to be in different situations at the same time. The existence of such states has been tested with small objects, like atoms, ions, electrons and photons, and even with molecules. More recently, it has been possible to create superpositions of collections of photons, atoms, or Cooper pairs. Current progress in optomechanical systems may soon allow us to create superpositions of even larger objects, like micro-sized mirrors or cantilevers, and thus to test quantum mechanical phenomena at larger scales. Here we propose a method to cool down and create quantum superpositions of the motion of sub-wavelength, arbitrarily shaped dielectric objects trapped inside a high--finesse cavity at a very low pressure. Our method is ideally suited for the smallest living organisms, such as viruses, which survive under low vacuum pressures, and optically behave as dielectric objects. This opens up the possibility of testing the quantum nature of living organisms by creating quantum superposition states.[63]
    Click to expand...

    So does it still seem so far-fetched that cometary events with their documented EMPs might create organic matter like viruses?


    [1] Griffin, Dale (2013) “The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life: What About the Viruses?” Astrobiology 13. 774-783.
    [2] See chapter “Panspermia vs. Spontaneous Generation”
    [3] Wikipedia contributors (2021) “Panspermia” Wikipedia
    [4] Chandra Wickramasinghe et al. (2013) “Diseases from Space: Astrobiology, Viruses, Microbiology, Meteors, Comets” Cosmology Science Publishers
    [5] Atkins, Nancy (2012), “Getting a Handle on How Much Cosmic Dust Hits Earth”, Universe Today
    [6] Royal Astronomical Society (2012) “CODITA: measuring the cosmic dust swept up by the Earth” UK-Germany National Astronomy Meeting
    [7] C. Engrand (2011) “Meteorites and cosmic dust: Interstellar heritage and nebular processes in the early solar system”. EPJ Web of Conferences, 18 05001
    [8] Urutskoev, L., & Tsinoev, V.I. (2001) “Observation of transformation of chemical elements during electric discharge” arXiv: Plasma Physics
    [9] B (Bore), Na (Sodium), Mg (Magnesium), Al (Aluminum), Si (Silica), P (Phosphorus), Cr (Chromium), Fe (Iron), Cu (Copper), Zn (Zinc)
    [10] Urutskoev, 2001
    [11] NOAA Editors (2022) ‘’How Powerful Is Lightning?’’ NOAA
    [12] Winn, W. et al. (2000) ‘’Electric field at the ground in a large tornado’’ Journal of Geophysical Research 105. 20145-20153
    [13] A.N. Dmitriev et al. “Electrogravidynamic Concept of Tornadoes” Rus.Acad.Sci.
    [14] Pitkanen, M. (2004) “Hutchison effect and classical Z0 force” Research Gate
    [15] MR Cybernetics Editors (2022) “The Hutchinson Effect” RM Cybernetics
    [16] Heisenberg, W. et al. (1936) "Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" Zeitschrift für Physik 98 (11–12): 714–732
    [17] Isabelle Dumé (2022) “Schwinger effect seen in graphene” Physics World
    [18] 10 acres
    [19] Stansfield, William (2006) “The Enigma of Coral Castle” Sceptics
    [20] 34,000 pounds
    [21] Stansfield, 2006
    [22] Linse, Pat (2000) "The Mystery of the Pyramids" Junior Skeptic V.8, No. 2,97
    [23] 5,000 pounds
    [24] 5 feet
    [25] 95 pounds
    [26] Stansfield, 2006
    [27] Stansfield, 2006
    [28] Stansfield, 2006
    [29] Tourism.com Editors (2022) “Coral castle in Florida and its secret” Tourism.com
    [30] Stansfield, 2006
    [31] D. Castelvecchi 2021 “First nuclear detonation created 'impossible' quasicrystals” Nature 593(7860):487
    [32] Ibid
    [33] Amato, Ivan (2001) “ Pushing the Horizon” Naval Research Laboratory
    [34] National Security Council 1979, p. 2
    [35] Dr. Jack Ruina, Chairman Department of Electrical Engineering, MIT
    Dr. Luis Alvarez, Department of Physics, Berkeley
    Dr. William Donn, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Columbia University
    Dr. Richard Garwin, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, IBM
    Dr. Riccardo Giacconi, Harvard/Smithsonian Center for astrophysics
    Dr. Richard Muller, Department of Physics, Berkeley
    Dr. Wolfgang Panofsky, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
    Dr. Allen Peterson, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University
    Dr. F. Williams Sarles, Lincoln Laboratory, MIT
    [36] Ruina, Jack (1980) “Ad hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event” Released by FOIA request
    [37] Rubtsov, Vladimir (2012) “Reconstruction of the Tunguska Event of 1908: Neither an Asteroid, Nor a Comet Core” arXiv:1302.6273
    [38] Colestock et al. (2010) “Electromagnetic pulses generated by meteoroid impacts on spacecraft” Journal of Geophysical Research. 115. 10.1029
    [39] Adrianna MacPherson (2022) “New minerals discovered in massive meteorite may reveal clues to asteroid formation” University of Alberta
    [40] Bradley, N. (2012) “Incoming! Meteor or Comet Fragment Explodes Above Southwestern US, Prompting US Army 'Missiles' Cover-up’” Signs of the Times
    [41] Quinn, J. (2012) “Meteorite Impacts Earth in Minden, Louisiana - Media and Government Cover It Up”, Signs of the Times
    [42]YNN Editors (2012) “‘Another ‘booming’ earthquake this time near Niagara Falls: Earthquake causes early morning ‘boom’’ YNN
    [43] Werthmann, M. (2012) “‘Thousands reported bang, rumble of Maine quake in Massachusetts’” Boston
    [44] LMHB Editors (2012) “California Fireball Meteor 17 October” Lunar Meteorite Hunters blog
    [45] Clube, V. (1996) The Hazard to Civilization from Fireballs and Comets
    [46] ENews issue (2008) “Iran Developing EMP Weapon” Koinonia House
    [47] JAM Editors (2013) “Doomsday For Iran? U.S. Tests EMP Bomb”, Jewish Awareness Ministries
    [48] Geertz, B. (2012) “Report: Possible EMP Strike on Iran?” Washington Free Beacon
    [49] Geertz, B. (2011) “Report: China building electromagnetic pulse weapons for use against U.S. carriers” Washington Times
    [50] Shah, D. (2011) “South Korea develops Electromagnetic Pulse Bomb” fareastgizoms
    [51] Shamah, D. (2012) “An electromagnetic pulse attack — the ‘other’ Iranian nuclear threat’” Times of Israel
    [52] Peter Vincent Pry (2021) “Russia: EMP threat” Task Force on National and Homeland Security
    [53] Bainbridge, K.T. (1976) “Report LA-6300-H”, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory p. 53
    [54] Glasstone, S. & Dolan, P. (1977) “The Effects of Nuclear Weapons” US Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration, p.514
    [55] Jerry Emanuelson (2019) “Soviet Test 184” Futurescience
    [56] The name of quantum teleportation was inspired by teleportation. However, in quantum teleportation, only information is teleported. If you want to know more on information and its crucial role more fundamental than matter, see Lescaudron, 2014.
    [57] Bennett, Charles et al. (1993) "Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels" Physical Review Letters 70 (13): 1895–1899
    [58] Boschi, D. et al. (1998) “Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels” Physical Review Letters 80. 1121-1125. 10.1103
    [59] 870 mi
    [60] Ren, Ji-Gang et al. (2017) "Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation" Nature 549 (7670): 70–73
    [61] JQI editors (2009) “First Teleportation Between Distant Atoms” Joint Quantum Institute
    [62] One ion of Ytterbium is 1angstrom (10-10 meter) in diameter while, for example the infectious bursal disease virus is 2.6 angstrom in diameter
    Garriga D. et al. (2006) “The 2.6-Angstrom structure of infectious bursal disease virus-derived T=1 particles reveals new stabilizing elements of the virus capsid” J Virol. 80(14):6895-905
    [63] Romero-Isart et al. (2010) ‘’Toward Quantum Superposition of Living Organisms’’ New Journal of Physics","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1074988,"date":"2023-01-08T18:48:43+0100","text":"Here is the pdf for chapter 25.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 25.pdf
    Chapter 25.pdf
    1.6 MB· Views: 116
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":12829,"user":"ryu","id":1074994,"date":"2023-01-08T19:01:54+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Here is the pdf for chapter 25.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you Pierre! And I am really am happy to see you are well enough to write again! \"💫\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14181,"user":"Wandering Star","id":1075019,"date":"2023-01-08T20:05:07+0100","text":"Absolutely fascinating Pierre.

    Thank you.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1075030,"date":"2023-01-08T20:44:35+0100","text":"
    Wandering Star said:
    Absolutely fascinating Pierre.
    Click to expand...
    In a nutshell, chapter 25 suggests that cometary bodies via the EMPs they generate enable the materialization of viruses.

    It's an highly speculative idea, even though it is not impossible as shown by similar phenomena: the Kurchatov experiment, tornadoes, the Hutchinson effect, the Swindler effect, Coral Castle, red trinitite and, off course, the quantum teleportation demonstrated for objects far larger than viruses.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1075052,"date":"2023-01-08T23:01:19+0100","text":"Hello Pierre
    I just put chapter 25 in PDF in French.
    It's the first chapter I put in French while being now in my new home in France
    It's still a bit strange for me but it makes me feel good.
    Thank you for this really interesting text.
    And the best for your health.
    Good reading for you all
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Chapter 25.pdf
    Chapter 25.pdf
    1.6 MB· Views: 99
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":12453,"user":"Abats","id":1075054,"date":"2023-01-08T23:06:32+0100","text":"It's still in english Channa ! you must have got the wrong attachment","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11007,"user":"Bluegazer","id":1075230,"date":"2023-01-09T15:31:50+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    In a nutshell, chapter 25 suggests that cometary bodies via the EMPs they generate enable the materialization of viruses.
    Click to expand...

    It makes sense, added to a lot of what is known here on the forum. However, I think something needs to be added about viruses: How can an EMP encode complex instructions? That is, what a virus does, how it does it and why. Could it be that an EMP is both a means and a technique to interact with the information field and encode data?

    Quantum teleportation could offer an answer, if we use the teleporter from Star Trek as an analogy, in the series to transport matter, whether organic or inorganic, the information on the state of each atom is stored in a buffer as if it were a photo. The information of each atom at its maximum resolution is captured instantly, as if frozen in time. That information is compressed, goes to the buffer and is then emitted to the destination point where it is rematerialized. Could it also be that in events where an EMP appears it is a natural form of TDRAM?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1075235,"date":"2023-01-09T15:45:19+0100","text":"PDF in French, sorry","attachments":["
  • Chapitre 25 Français.pdf
    Chapitre 25 Français.pdf
    690.5 KB· Views: 78
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17432,"user":"Honzap","id":1075282,"date":"2023-01-09T19:10:04+0100","text":"
    It makes sense, added to a lot of what is known here on the forum. However, I think something needs to be added about viruses: How can an EMP encode complex instructions? That is, what a virus does, how it does it and why. Could it be that an EMP is both a means and a technique to interact with the information field and encode data?
    Click to expand...
    First thoughts on this...

    What is an EMP? A pulse of energy. Rather large amount of energy, right? Could it be possible to generalize in a way that anything present is made out of energy, including information.
    What is a virus? An information. But in the end all information translates to energy, still right?

    So here comes the SWAG (super wild ass guess) \":-)\"
    Perhaps we should be looking at virus distribution to our environment as a favorite (tried and true) way of introducing virii from 4d to 3d?? Something like system patching, speaking IT terms. This virus thing could also be a patching of sorts. Fixing vulnerabilities, closing gaps in the code (information) already available. And sometimes the system patch takes a form of an upgrade or a complete system code replacement. Hmmm.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14181,"user":"Wandering Star","id":1075298,"date":"2023-01-09T20:09:02+0100","text":"
    Bluegazer said:
    It makes sense, added to a lot of what is known here on the forum. However, I think something needs to be added about viruses: How can an EMP encode complex instructions?
    Click to expand...
    At the moment, what seems most logical to me is the very intense electromagnetic field, it opens a portal that could allow viruses to arrive from another place (another dimension or density), accidentally or intentionally. Although I believe that there are few accidental things.

    There are materials that are not fusionable, in the intense electromagnetic field they can merge in an inexplicable way for our physics, but explainable perhaps for fourth-density physics, for example.

    At the moment, my hypothesis is not that the electromagnetic field creates the viruses, but that they come from another "site".","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4383,"user":"Maat","id":1075316,"date":"2023-01-09T20:46:17+0100","text":"Well, it seems it's a complex topic

    \"link.springer.com\"

    Effects of electromagnetic waves on pathogenic viruses and relevant mechanisms: a review - Virology Journal

    Pathogenic viral infections have become a serious public health issue worldwide. Viruses can infect all cell-based organisms and cause varying injuries and damage, resulting in diseases or even death. With the prevalence of highly pathogenic viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome...
    \"link.springer.com\"link.springer.com
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3770,"user":"sid","id":1075321,"date":"2023-01-09T20:59:02+0100","text":"This is excellent, thanks @Pierre. Didn’t think of the EMP being a main factor behind viruses but then again, how else would information transition from 4D to 3D. Probably saves the 4D some effort in generating such powerful forces artificially.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14181,"user":"Wandering Star","id":1075330,"date":"2023-01-09T21:27:03+0100","text":"
    Maat said:
    Well, it seems it's a complex topic

    \"link.springer.com\"

    Effects of electromagnetic waves on pathogenic viruses and relevant mechanisms: a review - Virology Journal

    Pathogenic viral infections have become a serious public health issue worldwide. Viruses can infect all cell-based organisms and cause varying injuries and damage, resulting in diseases or even death. With the prevalence of highly pathogenic viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome...
    \"link.springer.com\"link.springer.com
    Click to expand...
    Taking these effects into account, I wonder if "someone" took advantage of a cometary event with an associated intense electromagnetic field, to "encode" a virus already present in people.

    STS virus from space.

    Lots of possibilities, including maybe some STO virus too, that "triggers" some funny thing in some people.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":203,"user":"thorbiorn","id":1075519,"date":"2023-01-10T12:35:37+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Here is the pdf for chapter 25.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you Pierre, for this enlightening chapter.

    Observations:
    Actually nuclear detonation are so similar to meteorites explosions that he took a full investigation by NATO and the US army to determine what was thought at first as the nuclear explosion and was in fact a meteoritic event.
    Click to expand...

    Oftentimes intense lightning bolts have been witnessed within and/or around tornadoes. For reference, one single lightning bolt generate on average 300 million Volts and 30,000 Amperes11.
    Click to expand...
    Perhaps the range in power could be mentioned.

    Different power leads to different effects
    Some strikes apparently produce gamma rays: How Gamma-Rays from Lightning Produce Radioisotopes and Positrons
    x-rays: Lightning Captured by X-Ray Camera—A First

    In this article in Windpowerengeneering.com they claim:
    From articles in Windpower Engineering & Development, we learn that lightning bolts carry from 5 kA to 200 kA and voltages vary from 40 kV to 120 kV. So if we take some averages, say, 100 kA and 100 kV, this bolt would carry this much power, P:
    Click to expand...
    That is one estimate. Here is from the insurance industry:

    How Lightning Damage Affects Insurance Markets - NARDAC

    Robert Bates, Head of Claims, investigates the numerous impacts of lightning on renewable energy projects. Q: What causes lightning? Lightning … How Lightning Damage Affects Insurance Markets Read More
    \"nardac.com\"nardac.com
    The typical lightning strike produces 55 kWh of energy. According to a recent investigation, lightning strikes may have more power than previously thought. Significant strikes can be multiples of the average. This means that a powerful lightning strike could be 20 times more powerful than an average one.
    Click to expand...
    20 times 55kWh is 1100 kWh!

    And there was this:
    On March 4, 2019, a single lightning event in Argentina split the sky for a whopping 16.73 seconds, more than doubling the previous record of 7.74 seconds in southern France. And on Halloween last year, October 31, 2019, a single megaflash in southern Brazil stretched for more than 435 miles (700 km) between its two most distant points, branching and snaking all over the place along the way. Again, this extraordinary number more than doubled the previous record – a 199.5-mile (321-km) flash recorded in Oklahoma in 2007.
    Click to expand...
    In this page, I found an image which looks at the lightning strike as a series of different stages, each with a duration.


    Theoretical electric field induced by a high-altitude EMP. Burst height is 75 km.
    Click to expand...
    If one did a high altitude test, one might move the thin air at that altitude, but this mass of air also has electric charge. Could part of the effect from such an explosion be the moved air in the atmosphere?
    Anyway, here are some data about estimated breakup altitudes from the Wiki on Meteor air burst

    In 2022, there were two listed events higher than 3kT in total impact energy.
    2022-02-07 20:06:2628.7S11.4E26.513.1-8.9-7.3-6.3348.0e107
    2022-03-11 21:22:4670.0N9.1W33.317.2-11.5-5.3-11.7185.1e104
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15484,"user":"Olivierlejardinier","id":1077364,"date":"2023-01-17T14:34:21+0100","text":"Source :

    A new method of lightning removal using a laser has been developed​

    14:20 17.01.2023 Science



    A group of French, Swiss and German scientists from the University of Geneva, the Ecole Polytechnique and other research centers have developed a new lightning rod using a laser. This technology allows you to reflect lightning for tens of meters, even in bad weather. The findings of the work are described in the journal Nature Photonics.

    Existing lightning rods are tall metal piles that are limited in size. For example, a ten meter structure will only be able to cover an area with a radius of ten meters. Because of this, there are certain difficulties in protecting objects over a large area, such as an airport or a nuclear power plant.

    A laser lightning rod creates channels of ionized air and directs lightning along its beam. In addition, the laser is able to expand upwards, which allows you to create the desired coverage area.

    As a result of the experiments, a laser with a power of one kilowatt and one joule per pulse was used, which lasted a picosecond. It was tested on the top of Santi, which is located at an altitude of 2502 meters. The device was designed to protect a 124-meter telecommunications tower, which regularly suffers from lightning strikes. The laser was also equipped with special sensors and instruments for observing lightning.

    After a year of data analysis, experts concluded that the discharge could follow the beam for almost 60 meters before reaching the tower, which means that the laser increased the radius of the protective surface from 120 to 180 meters. Moreover, such a lightning rod is able to work even in difficult weather conditions, for example, in fog.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1078954,"date":"2023-01-23T06:56:01+0100","text":"Hi Pierre! My alerts didn't alert me that these new chapters were here. And now I'm a little embarrassed to say, I'm back. \":-[\" Another really good chapter! Thanks for sharing it!

    Chapter 23:

    Pierre said:
    So far we’ve seen that cometary events were the cause of most, if not all, mass extinctions and probably of the two most severe pandemics recorded in history.
    Click to expand...
    - ...for...

    Pierre said:
    Knowing the central role played by virus in the genetic code of life-forms...
    Click to expand...
    - ...viruses...

    Pierre said:
    For reference, the total annual primary production of biomass is estimated be over 100 billion tons per year[7] of which as significant amount...
    Click to expand...
    - ...a...

    Pierre said:
    The presence of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil, which are the five amino acids[26] constituting of DNA and RNA, have been reported.
    Click to expand...
    - ...constituting DNA...

    Aromatic material extracted from the Murchison meteorite shows absorption at ~2011 Angstroms [31]
    Click to expand...
    - In the PDF version, the tilde is in the upper register. I don't know if that matters.

    If all the dwarf stars in our galaxy are similarly endowed with comets, then the total mass of all the comets in our galaxy, with its 10ll dwarf stars, turns out to be some 1040 grams, which is just the amount of all the interstellar organic particles..[33]
    Click to expand...
    - There are 2 periods.

    Pierre said:
    The list of organics found comets and interstellar grain (comet dust) keeps increasing:
    Click to expand...
    - ... found in comets...

    Pierre said:
    Remember this quote by the same Wickramasinghe and Hoyle:
    Click to expand...
    - I wonder if you are trying to draw attention to the fact that this quote is in two different publications (see footnotes 12 & 38)? I would write this a bit differently. As it is, it makes me think that the authors were writing under a pseudonym or something. Or just remove "the same".

    Pierre said:
    Since the “biological systems” are the only ones able the produce organic material in massive quantities and since organic materials are found in substantial quantities in comets, the obvious question is “Do comets carry “biological systems”, especially microorganisms?
    Click to expand...
    - ...able to produce...

    and

    - “Do comets carry 'biological systems', especially microorganisms?"

    Pierre said:
    Several researchers[39] [40]including NASA’s head of astrobiology Richard Hoover have published numerous papers showing the presence of bacteria, fossilized or not, in meteoritic material.
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a comma and space after [40] and a comma after Hoover.

    Pierre said:
    The diagram below shows a comparison between the spectra of bacteria E. Coli and the carbonaceous component of the Murchison meteorite.[42]It displays...
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a space after [42].

    Pierre said:
    In addition to cyanobacteria and to E-coli, the examination...
    Click to expand...
    - Delete 'to'.

    Pierre said:
    However, 13 years later, the same David McKay, published a paper tackling these arguments one by one, confirming the presence of bacteria in ALH84001, and cherry on the cake, showing...
    Click to expand...
    - Move comma to after 'and'.

    Many of the organized elements resemble Chrysophytes (related to diatoms) and Hystricho- spheres (fossilized dinollagellates, cysts and spore cysts of dinoflagellates).
    Click to expand...
    - Delete space.

    Pierre said:
    This approach also kept the original structures of the microfossils intact and the results, once again confirmed the presence of microorganism in meteoritic material:
    Click to expand...
    - ...microorganisms...

    Pierre said:
    In 2018, R.B. Hoover, founder and head of NASA astrobiology research corroborated Pflug's findings of diatom inside the Orgueil meteorite[58].
    Click to expand...
    - ...diatoms...

    Pierre said:
    A few months later, in 2013, during an experiment called "Test", Russian cosmonauts Oleg Artemyev and Alexander Skvortsov identified a marine-type alga (phytoplankton) collected from the windows of the International Space Station, which is at a height of 420[60] kilometers[61]
    Click to expand...
    - Add period. Also (and this is a bit messy) I might move the '[61]' to behind "Test" or 'Station'. The reference is more relevant this way. But then the [61] becomes [60] and vice versa, also needing to be fixed in the footnotes.

    Pierre said:
    Actually, Hoover found of a whole slew of them associated with ancient cosmic dust:
    Click to expand...
    - Delete 'of'.

    Pierre said:
    An indirect evidence of virus in comet is the positive identifications – as described above - of bacteria, which are eagerly colonized by virus (bacteriophages):
    Click to expand...
    - Support for indirect evidence of viruses in comets is found in the positive identification - as described above - of bacteria which are eagerly colonized by viruses (bacteriophages):

    Pierre said:
    It is estimated that up to 31%[65] bacteria are infected by bacteriophages.
    Click to expand...
    - ...31%[65] of bacteria...

    Pierre said:
    Besides the indirect evidence listed above and despite the difficulties of identifying fossilized virus, direct evidence also exist.
    Click to expand...
    - ...viruses..., ...exists.

    Pierre said:
    Fossilized viral particles have been found in meteoritic material first by H.D. Pflug in 1984[68] and his finding was confirmed twenty years later by NASA head of astrophysics Richard Hoover[69]:
    Click to expand...
    - ...1984[68]. His... by the head of NASA astrophysics...

    Pierre said:
    To strengthen the viruses-meteorites connection,
    Click to expand...
    - ...virus-meteorite...

    The Z base has been unambiguously identified in a carbonaceous meteorite and proposed as a nucleobase that could have been available for the origin of life[71]
    Click to expand...
    - Add period.

    Pierre said:
    Another scientific data suggesting that virus initially from space is virtually perfect match between the optical signature of a mix Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the optical signature of GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7[73]:
    Click to expand...
    - Another scientific (study?) suggesting that a virus, initially from space, is a virtually perfect match between the optical signatures of a mix of Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the optical signatures of GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7[73]:

    This is a difficult sentence. Here is a reorganised version for comparison as I understand the infomation (which I could be wrong about):

    - Another scientific (study?)[73] shows that the optical signatures of mixed Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the stars GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7 are a virtual perfect match suggesting that those viruses were initially from space:

    The solid curves in Figure 10 combine the effects of two types of biological material: viral type particles typified by the laboratory data for TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) and it desiccated bacterium represented by the data for E-coli. [74]
    Click to expand...
    - ...and (its?) desiccated... Check original text.

    Pierre said:
    [60] About 260 mph
    Click to expand...
    - ...260 miles. You were making a conversion of distance rather then speed.


    \":thup:\" I'm glad there are two more chapters uploaded so I can binge read.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1078991,"date":"2023-01-23T10:51:17+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    And now I'm a little embarrassed to say, I'm back.
    Click to expand...
    Don't be embarrassed, your corrections are useful. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1079084,"date":"2023-01-23T19:52:43+0100","text":"Thank you for the chapter! 25 viruses a day per person! It feels so personalized somehow. I guess they're 'flooding the market' trying to find what sticks. \":lol:\"

    Looks like a few others have already found some of these.

    Chapter 24:


    Pierre said:
    The discovery of microorganisms - including viruses – in the higher atmosphere was unexpected to mainstream science because microorganisms cannot normally be transported from the lower atmosphere to the upper one because of the tropopause barrier:
    Click to expand...
    - 'Because' was used earlier in the sentence. You could substitute 'due to' for variety.

    The tropopause acts a barrier to the free movement of particles above 17km...
    Click to expand...
    - ... acts as a...

    Pierre said:
    One of the few documented event able to pierce up the tropopause and possibly carry surface micro-organisms to the stratosphere is very large volcanic eruptions[2].
    Click to expand...
    - ... events... pierce up through the... microorganisms (it's hyphenated in the pdf version)

    Pierre said:
    So, not only microorganisms, including viruses, are present in cometary material as shown in the previous chapter, they are also pervasive in Earth’s the upper atmosphere.
    Click to expand...
    - Delete 'the'.

    Pierre said:
    Notice that this experiment already used autoclaved collection tubes discarding de facto the possibility terrestrial contamination.
    Click to expand...
    -... possibility of terrestrial...

    Positive detection of microorganisms at 39 km and a population density that increased with height pointed to a possible extraterrestrial[6]
    Click to expand...
    - Unfinished quote. (...possible extraterrestrial origin?)

    Pierre said:
    It is in the 1970’s also that the highest elevation was reached when Imshenetsky and his research team collected air sample up to 85...
    Click to expand...
    - Different (and better written) in the pdf version, but needs a comma after "Still in the 1970's". In the PDF 'and' is 'at' though this may have been corrected already.
    -... samples...

    Pierre said:
    Not only the stratospheric air sample led to the identification of four more unknown bacteria species but some of collected microorganisms...
    Click to expand...
    - ... of the collected...

    Pierre said:
    In summary, we have, on one hand, meteorites directly carrying new microorganisms, including virus as demonstrated...
    Click to expand...
    -... viruses...

    Pierre said:
    © S. Grossmann
    Microscope picture of psychrophilic (cold-loving) bacteria.
    Click to expand...
    - In the PDF, the image is on one page and this description is on another.

    In 1960, Fowler et al. reported a species of Pseudomonas living in a research nuclear reactor where the average dose was estimated to be more than a million rads[22][23]
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a period. Needs a space between the numbers in the PDF version. The second number is italicized.

    Pierre said:
    Now that we know that some microorganisms their space journey the next question is: how many them fall on Earth?
    Click to expand...
    -... microorganisms survive their... many of them...

    Pierre said:
    Now that we know that microorganisms, including viruses, are present in both cometary material and in the higher atmosphere the questions that are arises is:
    Click to expand...
    - Add comma after 'atmosphere'. Delete 'are'.

    Pierre said:
    [23] For comparison a dose of 1,000 rad is almost invariably fatal for humans
    Click to expand...
    - Add comma after 'comparison'.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3900,"user":"Voyageur","id":1079155,"date":"2023-01-24T05:23:21+0100","text":"
    Olivierlejardinier said:
    A group of French, Swiss and German scientists from the University of Geneva, the Ecole Polytechnique and other research centers have developed a new lightning rod using a laser. This technology allows you to reflect lightning for tens of meters, even in bad weather. The findings of the work are described in the journal Nature Photonics.
    Click to expand...

    Only in the lab so far, apparently. Here is a video discussion and here is the Nature Photonics paper.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1079173,"date":"2023-01-24T08:50:43+0100","text":"Thank you Pierre! I really enjoyed reading this chapter. Sending you good waves to finish the next one!

    Chapter 25:

    Pierre said:
    ...how did viruses ended up in comets or how high concentration of viruses are found in the upper atmosphere?
    Click to expand...
    -... and why high concentrations of viruses exist in the upper atmosphere? (?)

    Pierre said:
    The hypothesis they developed is called panspermia, positing that life in the form of virus came from other planet:
    Click to expand...
    -... planets:

    virus particles have been found in association with clusters of an extensive array of microfossils
    Click to expand...
    - Capitalise?

    Pierre said:
    If Wickramasinghe or Dale Griffin hypothesis about the origin of viruses is older planets,...
    Click to expand...
    - If Wickramasinghe's or Dale Griffin's hypothesis about the origin of viruses is from older planets,...

    Pierre said:
    ...following the daily deposit of cometary dust and their accompanying virus.
    Click to expand...
    -... viruses.

    Pierre said:
    So what differentiates daily drop of cometary dust...
    Click to expand...
    -... differentiates the daily...

    Pierre said:
    When a cometary body approaches the Earth, usually it partly or integrally disintegrates this disintegration is the source of EMPs.
    Click to expand...
    - When a cometary body approaches the Earth, it usually, partly or integrally, disintegrates and this disintegration is the source of the EMP.

    Pierre said:
    Does the EMP generated by comet enable the creation of viruses?
    Click to expand...
    -... comets...

    Pierre said:
    Kurchatov experiment:
    Click to expand...
    - In the PDF version, the spacing on this page and the next are difficult.

    Pierre said:
    Mass-spectra analysis of the samples obtained in more than 200 experiments revealed that “alien” elements which were absent in the original material.
    Click to expand...
    - Delete 'which'.

    Pierre said:
    The spectral analysis revealed that the most abundant “alien” elements were as follow:
    Click to expand...
    -... follows:

    Pierre said:
    Nature provides also examples of strange events triggered by EMPs.
    Click to expand...
    -... also provides...

    Pierre said:
    For reference, one single lightning bolt generate on average 300 million Volts and 30,000 Amperes[11].
    Click to expand...
    -... generates...

    Pierre said:
    A tornado surrounded by lightning bolts
    Click to expand...
    - I can't actually see a tornado or funnel cloud anywhere in the image. Is it behind the lightning? It looks like there is one in the centre but I think that's just lightning-lit rain. Also, what city is this? A tornado in downtown where? Was it in the news?

    Pierre said:
    Electric fields reaching more than 20 kV /m[12] have measured at the base of one tornado.
    Click to expand...
    -... have been measured...

    Pierre said:
    The Hutchinson Effect was discovered accidentally by John Hutchinson during attempts to study Tesla’s longitudinal waves of back in 1979.
    Click to expand...
    - Delete 'of'.

    Pierre said:
    The Hutchison effect induces physical objects of different composition to become inexplicably embedded in each other once these objects when blasted with electromagnetic waves[14].
    Click to expand...
    -... were...

    Pierre said:
    Although theorized as early as the 1930’s[16] it has never been observed during a lab experiment due to the extremely voltage required,
    Click to expand...
    -... extremely high voltage...

    Pierre said:
    For comparison it has been estimated that the Great Pyramid of Egypt at Giza was build with blocks averaging 2,5 tons[22] [23].
    Click to expand...
    -... 2.5...

    Pierre said:
    But Leedskalnin interest was not only for electromagnetism theory; he applied also his theoretical knowledge...
    Click to expand...
    -... Leedskalnin's... also applied...

    Pierre said:
    The first nuclear explosion occurred in 1945, also known as Trinity test, it created unknown quasicrystals considered as ‘impossible’ to scientists[31]:
    Click to expand...
    - The first nuclear explosion, known as the Trinity test, occurred in 1945 which created unknown quasicrystals that were considered 'impossible' to scientists:

    Pierre said:
    ...the Kurchatov experiment, tornadoes, the Hutchinson effect, the Swindler effect, Coral Castle, or red trinitite.
    Click to expand...
    -... and red trinitite.

    Pierre said:
    The last example – an unknown element, trinitite, with an “impossible” geometry created by an atomic explosion
    Click to expand...
    - In the PDF version, there are no commas around the word 'trinitite'.

    Pierre said:
    Actually nuclear detonations are so similar to meteorites explosions that he took a full investigation by NATO and the US army to determine what was thought at first as the nuclear explosion and was in fact a meteoritic event.
    Click to expand...
    - Actually, nuclear detonations [pl. missing in PDF] are so similar to meteorite explosions that it once took a full investigation by NATO and the US Army to determine, what was at first thought to be a nuclear explosion, was in fact a meteoric event.

    Pierre said:
    Light patterns detected by the Vela satellite 6911
    Click to expand...
    - In the PDF version, 'by' is missing.

    Pierre said:
    At first, the US army believed or at least made believe through an official report published only a few weeks after the incident that the cause was a secret nuclear test carried out by Israel and South Africa[33].
    Click to expand...
    - At first, the US army believed, or at least had convinced themselves, as shown in an official report published only a few weeks after the incident, that the cause...

    Pierre said:
    Here are excerpts of the “ad hoc panel[35]” report
    Click to expand...
    -... panel"[35]...

    Pierre said:
    ...more than one century ago, the Tunguska event generated a similar effect including a double spike:
    Click to expand...
    - In the PDF version, 'a' is missing.

    Pierre said:
    Not only nuclear explosion and meteorite impact have virtually the same electromagnetic signature but like project Manhattan and its red trinitite, new minerals - never before seen on Earth - have also been discovered in meteorites[39]:
    Click to expand...
    -... explosions... impacts... but,...

    This is a really difficult sentence. Here's a rewritten version for consideration. I'm not sure if I was successful:

    - Nuclear explosions and meteorite impacts share virtually the same electromagnetic signature. Another shared trait is found in the Manhattan Project which created the new mineral red trinitite, whereas other new minerals - also never before seen on Earth - have be discovered in meteorites.

    Pierre said:
    The mainstream media’s response to the increase in earthbound space rocks...
    Click to expand...
    In the PDF version, the font changes at this point until "In summary, we have seen how cometary impacts like nuclear explosions...".

    Pierre said:
    The first experiments involved only photons over short distance.
    Click to expand...
    -... distances.

    Pierre said:
    The following quote report a successful experiment of entangling two ytterbium ions.
    Click to expand...
    -... reports...

    Pierre said:
    Even more impressive in 2010 researchers manage to create a quantum mechanical resonator,
    Click to expand...
    -... impressive,...

    Pierre said:
    No wonder that those discovery led researchers to posit that the quantum teleportation of viruses should happen very soon, so much that an experiment protocol is already available:
    Click to expand...
    -... discoveries... so much so that...

    Here we propose a method to cool down and create quantum superpositions of the motion of sub-wavelength, arbitrarily shaped dielectric objects trapped inside a high--finesse cavity at a very low pressure.
    Click to expand...
    - One to many hyphens.

    Pierre said:
    [33] Amato, Ivan (2001) “ Pushing the Horizon” Naval Research Laboratory
    Click to expand...
    - Delete space.

    Pierre said:
    [56] The name of quantum teleportation was inspired by teleportation. However, in quantum teleportation, only information is teleported. If you want to know more on information and its crucial role more fundamental than matter, see Lescaudron, 2014.
    Click to expand...
    -... 'quantum teleportation'... more about... role being more...

    Pierre said:
    [62] One ion of Ytterbium is 1angstrom (10-10 meter) in diameter while, for example the infectious bursal disease virus is 2.6 angstrom in diameter
    Click to expand...
    -... 1 angstrom... example,...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3998,"user":"Bastian","id":1079378,"date":"2023-01-25T02:21:27+0100","text":"
    Pierre said:
    And it is an average of 25 viruses daily per person!
    Click to expand...
    Well... not at all. You read the citation too quickly, and misunderstood it.

    According to the article that you cited :
    "Every day, more than 800 million viruses are deposited per square meter above the planetary boundary layer -- that's [the equivalent of] 25 viruses for each person in Canada [on each square meter]," said University of British Columbia virologist Curtis Suttle, one of the senior authors of a paper in the International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal that outlines the findings.
    Click to expand...

    Source : Viruses-lots of them-are falling from the sky
    (Please note @Pierre that this link doesn't appear in your note #29, but it should.)

    So what this virologist from UBC said is that, above the planetary boundary layer,
    To avoid aerosol deposition from the part of the troposphere directly influenced by the Earth’s surface (i.e., local sources of aerosol), both collectors were installed in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Spain) on a concrete platform above the atmospheric boundary layer. In this area, the boundary layer is located at 1.7 ± 0.5 km above sea level (asl) [23] and discriminates between the local (below this layer) and the long-range (above this layer) transported aerosol.
    Click to expand...
    Source : Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer - The ISME Journal
    each day, around 800 million viruses are deposited for each square meter (around 10.7 sqft).

    Now let's say that someone stays above the described layer (on some mountains).
    According to this article :

    Body surface area - Wikipedia

    \"en.wikipedia.org\"en.wikipedia.org
    for a male adult, the mean whole body area is around 2 square meter.
    So I guess that while :
    - lying, an adult body "horizontal area" is around 0.5 to 1 square meter
    - standing, a adult body "horizontal area" is around 0.05 to 0.1 square meter
    Then, if you would keep lying for a day, you might receive 400 to 800 million viruses.
    And while standing for a day, you can divide this by around ten : 40 to 80 million viruses.
    Not 25 : a lot more !    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3998,"user":"Bastian","id":1079381,"date":"2023-01-25T02:41:04+0100","text":"PS : IIRC, each time we breathe in, we inhale around 50,000 bacteria...

    So if there is around 10 to 500 times more viruses than bacteria (according to Nature's article cited before), it means that we also inhale half a million to 25 million viruses. Each inhalation !

    Afraid of microbes ? Stop breathing : you'll get rid of them... definitively ! \":lol:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":18191,"user":"Uperios","id":1079421,"date":"2023-01-25T07:38:00+0100","text":"
    Bastian said:
    PS : IIRC, each time we breathe in, we inhale around 50,000 bacteria...

    So if there is around 10 to 500 times more viruses than bacteria (according to Nature's article cited before), it means that we also inhale half a million to 25 million viruses. Each inhalation !

    Afraid of microbes ? Stop breathing : you'll get rid of them... definitively ! \":lol:\"
    Click to expand...
    When Fauci came with the recommendation of using 2 masks: I was telling to people that the best way to be protected is to stop breathing :D (and was, IMO, a clue that authorities don't want us living.)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3998,"user":"Bastian","id":1080121,"date":"2023-01-28T14:02:17+0100","text":"Another data to get conscious of how much we are surrounded by "viruses" : in one liter of sea water, there are 100 billion virions (!) according to this article (in French) :
    \"www.encyclopedie-environnement.org\"

    Virus des océans - Encyclopédie de l'environnement

    Comme tous les écosystèmes de la planète, l’océan contient de très nombreux virus. Découvrez-les à travers ce focus !
    \"www.encyclopedie-environnement.org\"www.encyclopedie-environnement.org

    NB : a virion, also called a "virus particle", is a kind of spore, or seed, of a virus.
    It contains the genetic code of the virus, but this is not a living (or event "dormant") cell, able independantly to produce energy (with mitonchondria or chloroplasts) and to reproduce.
    (So spore/seed are not the best metaphor, because these are living, or dormant, cells.)

    Pr. Jean-Michel Claverie, one of the top French virologists, suggests in a conference that to be clearer we should distinguish virions and virus, and call virus only the living cells "colonized" by the virions, where a specific "virion factory" was built to produce other virions — the famous process of virus infection/reproduction.

    For those among you understanding French and interested by the subject, this is a highly interesting conference about viruses :
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":8092,"user":"zak","id":1080664,"date":"2023-01-30T23:09:28+0100","text":"
    Bastian said:
    Well... not at all. You read the citation too quickly, and misunderstood it.

    According to the article that you cited :


    Source : Viruses-lots of them-are falling from the sky
    (Please note @Pierre that this link doesn't appear in your note #29, but it should.)

    So what this virologist from UBC said is that, above the planetary boundary layer,
    Source : Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer - The ISME Journal
    each day, around 800 million viruses are deposited for each square meter (around 10.7 sqft).

    Now let's say that someone stays above the described layer (on some mountains).
    According to this article :

    Body surface area - Wikipedia

    \"en.wikipedia.org\"en.wikipedia.org
    for a male adult, the mean whole body area is around 2 square meter.
    So I guess that while :
    - lying, an adult body "horizontal area" is around 0.5 to 1 square meter
    - standing, a adult body "horizontal area" is around 0.05 to 0.1 square meter
    Then, if you would keep lying for a day, you might receive 400 to 800 million viruses.
    And while standing for a day, you can divide this by around ten : 40 to 80 million viruses.
    Not 25 : a lot more !
    Click to expand...

    After reading your post, Bastian, I wondered how virologist Curtis Suttle could calculate the number of 25 viruses per person in Canada.
    I took the number of inhabitants in Canada in 2017 (36,708,083) one year before the writing of the article, as well as for the same year the density (3.66 person/km2).
    If I divide 800,000,000 viruses by 36,708,083 canadians, I get 21,793 viruses per capita.
    To get the number of 25 viruses/capita, we would have had to have 800,000,000 : 25 = 32,000,000 inhabitants that year in Canada, which was not the case, the remaining variable would be density.
    If there are any mathematicians around?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3998,"user":"Bastian","id":1081386,"date":"2023-02-03T00:38:19+0100","text":"
    zak said:
    After reading your post, Bastian, I wondered how virologist Curtis Suttle could calculate the number of 25 viruses per person in Canada.
    I took the number of inhabitants in Canada in 2017 (36,708,083) one year before the writing of the article, as well as for the same year the density (3.66 person/km2).
    If I divide 800,000,000 viruses by 36,708,083 canadians, I get 21,793 viruses per capita.
    To get the number of 25 viruses/capita, we would have had to have 800,000,000 : 25 = 32,000,000 inhabitants that year in Canada, which was not the case, the remaining variable would be density.
    Click to expand...
    To me it looks like a simple mistake.
    I guess that he remembered that the population in Canada is around 32 millions (which was indeed the case in 2005 to 2007, maybe the last time he has learned it or checked it ?).
    This quotation is from a "popularization of science" article, of a Canadian university.
    As the number of 800 million viruses (by square meter and by day) is a huge number, I guess that he probably wanted to give to his Canadian readers a better "feeling" of how many that means.

    And the experiment was on mountains in Spain, above the "planetary boundary layer".
    I believe that most Canadians are below this altitude, inside this "boundary layer".
    So we don't know how many viruses go there, from the experience results.     I would guess : more.

    (When I go sufficiently high in the Pyrenees, at least 1km high, I'm able to see a "brown" layer air over the plains either in France or Spain, full of dust, soil particles taken by the wind, etc. I would estimate the vertical width of this layer to around 400 m. Each time I see it, I regret living down there...)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":3998,"user":"Bastian","id":1081389,"date":"2023-02-03T00:55:04+0100","text":"In another French science popularization article, the same Dr. Curtis Sutlle is quoted saying (my translation) :
    In a tablespoon of sea water, there are generally more viruses than inhabitants in Europe.
    "We swallow more than a billion viruses each time we go and swim [in the sea].
    We are flooded by viruses."
    Click to expand...
    Next we learned also that :
    An article of 2011 published in Nature Microbiology estimated that there are more than 10³⁰ (a nonillion in short scale / English, a quintillion in long scale / French, cf. this WP article) viruses on Earth.
    Put them end-to-end, and they would extend on 100 millions light-years, so a thousand times the width of [our galaxy] the Milky Way.
    Click to expand...
    That's an astronomical number ! \":wow:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16011,"user":"jcsmalz","id":1092854,"date":"2023-03-21T09:23:32+0100","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Chapter 23:

    - ...for...
    Click to expand...
    Hey Benjamin. Go back and read this passage again. The word for does not replace the word of. Careful with these edits; Pierre has a certain style of writing that is not incorrect. You're providing a wonderful service with spelling mistakes and the like but sometimes adding more words to a sentence does not equate to proper or better language structure. Pierre writes with the style and tone that you would in an academic paper.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16011,"user":"jcsmalz","id":1096847,"date":"2023-04-07T09:52:17+0200","text":"Quite illuminating. This EMP business has me thinking about the electrical phenomenon created by "shorn rocks" that can be used as a sort of portal or wormhole perhaps to other planets or perhaps this time around 4th density. As well as the implications for viruses and their role with individual concious evolution. It seems to me that in order to get the STO benefits from these viruses we must first be able to survive them. The consciousness bit comes from awareness of how to survive the viruses which can only be done first by awareness and second by application of the methods.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1097006,"date":"2023-04-08T01:38:37+0200","text":"
    jcsmalz said:
    Hey Benjamin. Go back and read this passage again. The word for does not replace the word of. Careful with these edits; Pierre has a certain style of writing that is not incorrect. You're providing a wonderful service with spelling mistakes and the like but sometimes adding more words to a sentence does not equate to proper or better language structure. Pierre writes with the style and tone that you would in an academic paper.
    Click to expand...

    Thanks jcsmalz.

    On these edits, it's not my intention to 'put words in Pierre's mouth', so to speak, and I'm pretty sure that he hasn't adopted all the changes that I've suggested, which I'm glad he didn't. I'd prefer not making any changes at all. I would also hope that, before the final print, this book gets proof read again for final edits, which may affect my edits, and I couldn't be happier about that. I don't think I've changed Pierre's tone or style, which I am quite fearful of doing even if I'm not aware of it. However, I think Pierre is stable enough and knows his own material well enough to be able to deflect any derailment attempt from me.

    Also, if or when a new chapter comes out, please feel free to post corrections if/when you find them, like myself and others have done. All I'm doing is going through with a fine toothed comb and finding all the small stuff. I will make errors, I'm sure. In the example you present, you could just say that you didn't believe the 'of/for' needed to be changed. Ultimately, Pierre has final say over his exemplary work. \"👍\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16011,"user":"jcsmalz","id":1097019,"date":"2023-04-08T03:03:20+0200","text":"I probably shouldn't have said anything! You've done a great job editing the book.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1097043,"date":"2023-04-08T07:50:51+0200","text":"
    jcsmalz said:
    I probably shouldn't have said anything! You've done a great job editing the book.
    Click to expand...

    Weeell, I shouldn't have used the word 'edit' because I'm not actually an editor. I'm just a proofreader. (I wanted to say that earlier but I just couldn't think of the word. \"🙄\" )","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16011,"user":"jcsmalz","id":1097045,"date":"2023-04-08T07:56:18+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Weeell, I shouldn't have used the word 'edit' because I'm not actually an editor. I'm just a proofreader. (I wanted to say that earlier but I just couldn't think of the word. \"🙄\" )
    Click to expand...
    True \"😅\" it happens","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17307,"user":"Asa","id":1097515,"date":"2023-04-10T12:06:57+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Good idea. Here are the 3 first chapters in PDF format.
    Click to expand...
    Awesome so far, many thanks for sharing this information. I have purchased most of the red pill literature, and this would have been added to the collection. So I'm grateful for this.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4383,"user":"Maat","id":1100327,"date":"2023-04-23T06:25:25+0200","text":"When listening to this, I couldn't help to think of what Pierre wrote, that is same idea seen under another perspective or with different words alltogether

    The man after man, in french with english subtitles :

    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1101617,"date":"2023-04-29T15:43:17+0200","text":"

    Chapter 26: Panspermia vs. Abiogenesis​


    Panspermia from derived the Greek pan (all) and sperma (seed). According the panspermia theory life exists throughout the Universe. A subdivision of the panspermia hypothesis is the lithopanspermia theory that posits that life exists throughout the Universe AND is distributed by comets[1], meteorites[2] or space dust[3].

    Conversely, the abiogenesis theory proposes all life on Earth started from inorganic molecules. Although very similar, the abiogenesis theory is not to be mistaken with the spontaneous generation theory.

    Like the germ theory and the theory of evolution, the abiogenesis theory came to prominence fairly recently in the 1960’s. All of three supplanted the previous theories namely terrain theory, saltationism and panspermia by imposing a more materialistic paradigm.

    Like the terrain theory and saltationism, panspermia of one form or another was the dominating theory for centuries:

    Robert Temple has pointed out that the antecedents of the panspermia theory go back in ancient Egypt to the Old Kingdom in the third millennium BCE. […]The Egyptian texts and depictions suggest that the whole cosmos is full of seeds and that life on Earth originated from them.[4]
    Click to expand...

    In ancient Greece the first known mention of “panspermia”[5] is found in the works of Anaxagoras[6] [7] in the 5th century BC.



    © Public domain
    Details of a fresco by Eduard Lebiedzki, showing Anaxagoras. University of Athens (circa 1888)​

    It was followed Aristarchus of Samos[8] about one century later who posited that seeds of life “spermata” are an ever-present attribute of the Universe[9].

    The idea was not lost during Roman time. For example Lucrecius[10] wrote the following in his poem titled De Rerum Naturae:

    “Nothing in the universe is unique and alone, and therefore in other regions there must be other Earths inhabited by different tribes of men and breeds of beasts” [11]​
    Click to expand...

    The ancient idea was further theorized in the 19th Century by prominent several scientists. In the 1830s Jöns Jacob Berzelius[12] found carbon compounds in certain meteorites. This discovery of organic compounds combined with the reading Camille Flammarion[13] led Hermann Richter[14] to be the first in modern science to conceptualize panspermia. It occurred only six years after Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was published:

    Our common ancestors, consisting of microscopic life, he argued, had arrived on Earth aboard a meteorite. Richter envisioned a universe where life was deposited from planet to planet, like a bee fertilizing flowers. At some point, he said, a meteor would pass close to our atmosphere and scoop up microbes for delivery to another world, where they would be the seeds for life that would evolve and adapt to a new environment.[15]
    Click to expand...

    Facing the numerous fail attempts to produce of organisms from non-living matter, Hermann von Helmholtz [16] confirmed Richter idea, here is we wrote about panspermia in 1874:

    It appears to me to be fully, correct scientific procedure, if all our attempts fail to cause the production of organisms from non-living matter to raise the question whether life is not as old as matter itself and whether seeds have not been carried from one planet to another and have developed everywhere that they have found fertile soil.”[17]​
    Click to expand...

    Svante Arrhenius[18] Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903 noted that microorganisms have unearthly properties and could, on the contrary, survive the cold of space:

    Microorganisms possess unearthly properties, properties that cannot be explained by natural selection against a terrestrial environment. The example for which Arrhenius himself was responsible for taking seeds down to temperatures close to 0K[19], and of then demonstrating their viability when reheated with sufficient care.[20]
    Click to expand...


    © Public Domain
    Photogravure of Svante Arrhenius by Meisenbach Riffarth & Co​

    Furthering Arrhenius’ observation Lord Kelvin[21] noticed that life only come life, so life antecedes Earth. Following his reasoning, he asks the next logical question: how life reached Earth?

    [Lord Kelvin] expanded on Pasteur's paradigm: “Dead matter cannot become living without coming under the influence of matter previously alive. This seems to me as sure a teaching of science as the law of gravitation ... So if life had preceded the Earth, how had it arrived here and where had it come from? [22]
    Click to expand...

    Lord Kelvin answers his own question in a similar way as his predecessors. For him “seed-bearing meteoric stones” is the only solution to this enigma:

    [W]e must regard it as probable in the highest degree that there are countless seed-bearing meteoric stones moving about through space. If at the present instance no life existed upon this earth, one such stone falling upon it might, by what we blindly call natural causes, lead to its becoming covered with vegetation.[23]
    Click to expand...

    The notoriety of the scientists mentioned above is the best testimony to the credit, attention and work the panspermia theory was getting in the 19th Century.

    Panspermia didn’t lose its appeal in the 20th Century, quite the contrary. Amongst the scientists who supported this theory and augmented it, are for example, famed scientist Carl Sagan[24] who speculated, in 1966, that life on Earth may have been seeded through directed panspermia[25].

    Likewise, in 1973 acclaimed scientist Francis Crick[26] stated that he found it impossible that the complexity of DNA could have evolved naturally[27] and proposed his own theory of panspermia[28].



    © Marc Lieberman
    Francis Crick, discoverer structure of the DNA and a proponent of panspermia​

    Even including Stephen Hawking[29] don't rule out the possibility the panspermia[30].

    Last but not least, the hypothesis that life came from outer space and more particularly from comets is associated Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe who wrote dozen of papers on this topic[31] over the past 50 years, accumulating an impressive array of biological, biophysical and astrophysical data consistent with the panspermia theory.

    Panspermia is gained traction to the point that the scientists are spending millions of dollars to detect DNA on Mars:

    A team of prominent scientists at MIT and Harvard are sufficiently convinced in the plausibility of panspermia that they have spent a decade, and a fair amount of NASA and other funding, to design and produce an instrument that can be sent to Mars and potentially detect DNA or more primitive RNA.[32]
    Click to expand...

    The stronger argument for panspermia is certainly the numerous discoveries of fossilized microorganism of meteorites and live microorganisms in upper atmosphere where no updraft wind can reach, as described in details in two previous chapters[33].

    There is another recent discovery for giving further credence to the panspermia theory. The oldest evidence of lifeforms on Earth is fossilized microorganisms that are about 4 billion years old[34].

    Evidence for the most ancient bacterial life on Earth has recently been discovered in the form of carbon globules trapped within crystals of the mineral zircon and deposited in rocks that formed 4.1 to 4.2 billion years ago during the so-called Hadean epoch. At that time Earth was being relentlessly bombarded by comets[35]
    Click to expand...

    The graph below lists some of cometary impacts[36] that occurred during the Hadean epoch:


    © Simone Marchi
    Spatial distribution and sizes of craters formed during the Hadean epoch​

    The Hadean - from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld - refers the hellish conditions prevailing on Earth at this time; the planet was very hot, volcanism was prevalent, furthermore radioactive elements and noxious gases were abundant[37].

    How come, of all times, life on Earth started during the most inauspicious one? We know that microorganisms, including viruses, resist challenging conditions[38] like the ones that prevailed during the Hadean epoch. We know as well that comets provide of virus and other microbes, therefore it makes sense that the apparition of the first microbes, particularly viruses, coincides with times of intense cometary bombardments.

    In contrast, spontaneous generation - later replaced by abiogenesis - posits that the apparition of life on Earth comes from inorganic molecules[39]. Their subsequent “evolutions” is, once again, tentatively theorized by Darwin:

    Darwin was extremely reticent on the subject of the origins of life though he did famously speak of “a warm little pond with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts present”, a place where “a protein compound was chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes”. This shows that Darwin was at least firmly committed to the idea that life developed ‘spontaneously’ without the need for supernatural intervention or planning. [40]
    Click to expand...

    Spontaneous generation theory has been decisively rejected in the 19th century [41], abiogenesis replaced it in the beginning the 20th Century. Conducted in the beginning of the 50’s, the Urey-Miller experiments showed how amino acids and nucleotides might form from a mixture of inorganic gases. These experiments were the cornerstone of the abiogenesis theory.





    © Commons
    Miller–Urey experiments​

    At first, it seemed to partly confirm the abiogenesis theory. But after initial optimism closer investigations have revealed at least six major flaws in the Miller-Urey experiments and abiogenesis theory it was supposed to demonstrate:

    1/ Recent evidence suggests that Earth's Hadean atmosphere had a composition different from the gas used in the Urey-Miller experiments[42].

    2/ Chemical equilibria are usually unfavorable (they are "energetically uphill") for the formation of small biomolecules and for their synthesis into larger biomolecules.[43]

    Besides the necessary basic organic monomers, compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were also formed in high concentration during the abiogenesis experiments[44].

    3/ The most challenging part is yet to come: The simplest "living system" involves hundreds of components interacting in an organized way to achieve energy production and self-replication, would be virtually impossible to assemble by undirected natural process[45]:

    What is relevant for the origin of life is not just the formation of the chemical building blocks, but the emergence of highly specific arrangements of these molecules into structures such as enzymes. It is the latter process that presents a taunting enigma to scientists of the present day. Recent studies of Mushegian and Koonin (1996) involving the sequencing of bacterial genomes have shown that a gene set coding for some 256 proteins may be regarded as a minimal set needed for cellular life. Using our earlier argument (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, 1980) which gave a chance of random assembly of a single enzyme from its components of about one part in 10^20 we now arrive at a probability of assembly of the minimal enzyme set of one part in 10^5120 [46]
    To give you an idea of this ridiculous low probability, the number of protons, neutrons and electrons[47] in the known universe is estimated to be between 10^80 and 10^90.
    Click to expand...

    To make matter worse, this incommensurable low probability is only for the random assembly of a single and simple enzyme which is incomparably more rudimentary than the simplest living cell.

    4/ Irreducible complexity: most biological systems have a multiple of interacting parts that would not function if one of the parts were removed, so they could not have evolved by successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems through natural selection. Indeed natural selection favors the fittest, not lamest hindered by cumbersome and non-functional biological machineries[48].

    The mousetrap is an example of irreducible complexity. It consists solely of five interacting pieces namely the base, the catch, the spring, the hammer, and the hold-down bar. All of these must be in place for the mousetrap to work, likewise, the biological systems require multiple parts working together in order to function.


    © Unknown
    A mousetrap and its five interacting parts​

    Note that the mouse trap is a good illustrative example; nevertheless it doesn’t convey the fundamental fact that, usually, the biological machineries involve much more than five interacting parts.

    5/ DNA are required for protein synthesis, but protein is required for DNA synthesis. In other words, abiogenesis faced, and is still facing a major chicken and egg problem.

    6/ Let’s not forget that since Darwin’s times, all of experiments have failed[49] to demonstrate that life - even the simplest unicellular lifeforms- could stem from non-living material:

    The Urey-Miller experiments (Urey, 1952; Miller, 1953) of the mid-1950's showed how amino acids and nucleotides might form from a mixture of inorganic gases (Oparin, 1953; Haldane, 1929), but such experiments do not come remotely near the desired goal of producing life from non-life. Nor do other more recent experiments such as those of Imai et al. (1999) who reported the production of hexaglycine under conditions thought to occur in terrestrial hot springs. Nor the experiments of Bernstein et al. (1999) who showed that ultraviolet irradiation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water ice leads to the production of some 'biologically relevant' molecules such as alcohols, quinones and ethers.[50]
    Click to expand...

    For all the reasons described above the abiogenesis theory has progressively lost credit to the point that it’s now qualified as an “obsolete theory”[51]. It has been supplanted by the RNA world theory[52], according to which life on Earth evolved from RNA.




    © Sott.net adapted from Koonin
    Viruses as the precursors of all life-forms​


    Coincidently or not, we know that the main purveyors of functional RNA - if not the only source - are microorganisms, especially viruses. So the RNA world theory is not only compatible of the Panspermia theory, but the latter provides a proven source of viruses carried by cometary material to the former.


    © Commons
    Artist’s rendition of the Panspermia theory​

    [1] Chandra Wickramasinghe (2011) "Bacterial morphologies supporting cometary panspermia: a reappraisal" International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (1): 25–30
    [2] Chan et al. (2018) "Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals" Science Advances
    [3] Arjun Berera (2017) "Space dust collisions as a planetary escape mechanism" Astrobiology 17 (12): 1274–1282
    [4] Hoyle, 2000
    [5] Margater O'Leary (2008) “Anaxagoras and the Origin of Panspermia Theory” iUniverse Publishing Group
    [6] G. Horneck et al. (2010) "Space Microbiology" Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74 (1): 121–156
    [7] (c. 510 – 428 BC) Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who pioneered a number of explanations relating to natural phenomena: panspermia, eclipses, rainbows, meteors, and Sun.
    [8] (c. 310 – c. 230 BC) He presented the first known heliocentric model. He is considered one of the greatest astronomers of antiquity and one of the greatest thinkers in human history. See:
    NASA Editors (1997) “Aristarchus' Unbelievable Discoveries" NASA
    [9] ISPA Editors (2023) “Definition: What is Panspermia?” ISPA
    [10] (ca. 99 – c. 55 BC) Roman poet and philosopher
    [11] John Mason Good (1870) “On the Nature of Things” by Titus Lucretius Carus Bell and Daldy
    [12] (1779 – 1848) Swedish chemist, one of the founders of modern chemistry. Discoverer of cerium, selenium, silicon and thorium
    [13] (1842 – 1925) French astronomer who write more than fifty books including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction novels
    [14] (1808–1876) German physician
    [15] Mark Strauss (2014) “Why 19th Century Scientists Believed That Life Originated In Space” Gizmodo
    [16] (1821 –1894) German physicist, creator of several theories on the conservation of energy and thermodynamics
    [17] Sebastian Hayes (2014) “Panspermia and the Enigma of the Black Death” Academia
    [18] (1859 – 1927) Swedish scientist, one of the founders of physical chemistry. He was the first to demonstrate the greenhouse effect
    [19] -273 C or -459 K
    [20] N.C. Wickramasinghe (2004) “The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life” Cryobiology 48(2):113-25
    [21] William Thomson also known as Baron Kelvin (1824 –1907) is an Irish scientist. Because of his the major works in mathematics, thermodynamics and electricity he was the first British scientist to join the House of Lords
    [22] N.C. Wickramasinghe (2021) “Comets, Panspermia, Culture, and Prejudice” Asia Pacific biotech news
    [23] N.C. Wickramasinghe (2021) “Comets, Panspermia, Culture, and Prejudice” Asia Pacific biotech news
    [24] (1934 – 1996) Polymath having published more than 600 papers and more than 20 books.
    [25] I. S. Shklovskii, C. Sagan (1966) “Intelligent life in the universe” Dell
    [26] (1916 – 2004) British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discoveries of DNA
    [27] Gabrielle Joshtine Angoluan (2021) “Theory Of Panspermia” College of the Immaculate Conception
    [28] F. H Crick, L. E. Orgel (1973) "Directed panspermia" Icarus 19 (3): 341–346
    [29] (1942 – 2018) he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the Cambridge, viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world
    [30] Mark Strauss (2014) “Why 19th Century Scientists Believed That Life Originated In Space” Gizmodo
    [31] Sebastian Hayes (2014) “Panspermia and the Enigma of the Black Death” Academia p.3
    [32] NASA Editors (2017) “In Search of Panspermia” NASA
    [33] Chapter 23: Life in Comets? and Chapter 24: Upper Atmosphere Microorganisms
    [34] M. Dodd et al. (2017) “Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates” Nature 543, 60–64
    [35] Chandra Wickramasinghe (2019) “Our Cosmic Ancestry in the Stars: The Panspermia Revolution and the Origins of Humanity” Bear & Co
    [36] NASA editors (2014) “New NASA Research Shows Giant Asteroids Battered Early Earth” NASA
    [37] Opengeology editors (2023) “Earth’s Oldest Rocks” Opengeology
    [38] See Chapter 23: Life in Comets
    [39] K. Rogers (2023) "abiogenesis" Encyclopedia Britannica
    [40] Sebastian Hayes (2014) “Panspermia and the Enigma of the Black Death” Academia
    [41] Samanthi (2020) “Difference Between Abiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation” Differencebetween
    [42] Bada et al. (2013) "New insights into prebiotic chemistry from Stanley Miller's spark discharge experiments" Chemical Society Reviews 42 (5): 2186–96
    [43] Craig Rusbult (1998) “The Origin of Life by Chemical Evolution?” ASA
    [44] Joan Oró et al. (1962) "Synthesis of purines under possible primitive earth conditions” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 96 (2): 293–313
    [45] Craig Rusbult (1998) “The Origin of Life by Chemical Evolution?” ASA
    [46] B. Hoyle, N.C. Wickramasinghe (2012) “Astronomical Origins of Life: Steps Towards Panspermia” Springer
    [47] E.J. Steele et al (2018) “Hoyle-Wickramasinghe Panspermia is Far More Than a Hypothesis” viXra
    [48] Michael J. Behe (1996) “Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution” Free Press p.39
    [49] K. Rogers (2021) “Abiogenesis” Encyclopedia Britannica
    [50] B. Hoyle, N.C. Wickramasinghe (2012) “Astronomical Origins of Life: Steps Towards Panspermia” Springer
    [51] Dr.Samanthi (2020) “Difference Between Abiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation” Differencebetween
    [52] See Chapter 12: Anteriority of Viruses","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1101618,"date":"2023-04-29T15:50:13+0200","text":"Here is the pdf file for chapter 26.","attachments":["
  • Chapter 26.pdf
    Chapter 26.pdf
    881.2 KB· Views: 113
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":1652,"user":"SeekinTruth","id":1101750,"date":"2023-04-30T09:10:47+0200","text":"Thanks for another great chapter.

    Some typo corrections below:

    Very first sentence: "Panspermia from derived the Greek pan (all) and sperma (seed). According the panspermia theory life exists throughout the Universe." --> should be: Panspermia derived from (derived and from are rearranged in order).

    Again reverse word order: "All of three supplanted the previous theories namely terrain theory, saltationism and panspermia by imposing a more materialistic paradigm." --> All three of...

    Word order should be reversed again: "The ancient idea was further theorized in the 19th Century by prominent several scientists." --> by several prominent scientists {is better}

    "Facing the numerous fail attempts to produce of organisms from non-living matter, Hermann von Helmholtz [16] confirmed Richter idea, here is we wrote about panspermia in 1874" --> "fail attempts" --> failed attempts; "to produce of organisms" --> omit of --> to produce organisms; "confirmed Richter idea" --> confirmed Richter's idea; "here is we wrote about" --> here is what he wrote about

    "Furthering Arrhenius’ observation Lord Kelvin[21] noticed that life only come life, so life antecedes Earth." --> Arrhenius' observation, Lord Kelvin; "life only come life" --> life only comes from life (not sure, just a suggestion)

    "Even including Stephen Hawking[29] don't rule out the possibility the panspermia[30]." --> doesn't rule out the possibility of panspermia

    "Last but not least, the hypothesis that life came from outer space and more particularly from comets is associated Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe who wrote dozen of papers on this topic[31] over the past 50 years, accumulating an impressive array of biological, biophysical and astrophysical data consistent with the panspermia theory." --> associated with Fred Hoyle; "wrote dozen of papers" --> wrote dozens of papers

    "Panspermia is gained traction to the point that the scientists are spending millions of dollars to detect DNA on Mars:" --> Panspmeria has gained

    "The Hadean - from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld - refers the hellish conditions prevailing on Earth at this time; the planet was very hot, volcanism was prevalent, furthermore radioactive elements and noxious gases were abundant[37]." --> refers to the hellish (add to between "refers" and "the")

    "To make matter worse, this incommensurable[...]" --> To make matters worse, this... or To make the matter worse, this... (whichever you prefer).

    In the footnotes: "[13] (1842 – 1925) French astronomer who write more than fifty books including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction novels" --> wrote

    "[21] William Thomson also known as Baron Kelvin (1824 –1907) is an Irish scientist. Because of his the major works in mathematics, thermodynamics and electricity he was the first British scientist to join the House of Lords" --> "is" should be changed to was; "his the major works" --> his major works ("the" should be omitted).","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1101791,"date":"2023-04-30T14:43:44+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Hi Pierre! My alerts didn't alert me that these new chapters were here. And now I'm a little embarrassed to say, I'm back. \":-[\" Another really good chapter! Thanks for sharing it!

    Chapter 23:


    - ...for...


    - ...viruses...


    - ...a...


    - ...constituting DNA...


    - In the PDF version, the tilde is in the upper register. I don't know if that matters.


    - There are 2 periods.


    - ... found in comets...


    - I wonder if you are trying to draw attention to the fact that this quote is in two different publications (see footnotes 12 & 38)? I would write this a bit differently. As it is, it makes me think that the authors were writing under a pseudonym or something. Or just remove "the same".


    - ...able to produce...

    and

    - “Do comets carry 'biological systems', especially microorganisms?"


    - Needs a comma and space after [40] and a comma after Hoover.


    - Needs a space after [42].


    - Delete 'to'.


    - Move comma to after 'and'.


    - Delete space.


    - ...microorganisms...


    - ...diatoms...


    - Add period. Also (and this is a bit messy) I might move the '[61]' to behind "Test" or 'Station'. The reference is more relevant this way. But then the [61] becomes [60] and vice versa, also needing to be fixed in the footnotes.


    - Delete 'of'.


    - Support for indirect evidence of viruses in comets is found in the positive identification - as described above - of bacteria which are eagerly colonized by viruses (bacteriophages):


    - ...31%[65] of bacteria...


    - ...viruses..., ...exists.


    - ...1984[68]. His... by the head of NASA astrophysics...


    - ...virus-meteorite...


    - Add period.


    - Another scientific (study?) suggesting that a virus, initially from space, is a virtually perfect match between the optical signatures of a mix of Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the optical signatures of GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7[73]:

    This is a difficult sentence. Here is a reorganised version for comparison as I understand the infomation (which I could be wrong about):

    - Another scientific (study?)[73] shows that the optical signatures of mixed Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the stars GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7 are a virtual perfect match suggesting that those viruses were initially from space:


    - ...and (its?) desiccated... Check original text.


    - ...260 miles. You were making a conversion of distance rather then speed.


    \":thup:\" I'm glad there are two more chapters uploaded so I can binge read.
    Click to expand...
    All corrections added to the master file. Thank you!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1101816,"date":"2023-04-30T17:24:08+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Thank you for the chapter! 25 viruses a day per person! It feels so personalized somehow. I guess they're 'flooding the market' trying to find what sticks. \":lol:\"

    Looks like a few others have already found some of these.

    Chapter 24:



    - 'Because' was used earlier in the sentence. You could substitute 'due to' for variety.


    - ... acts as a...


    - ... events... pierce up through the... microorganisms (it's hyphenated in the pdf version)


    - Delete 'the'.


    -... possibility of terrestrial...


    - Unfinished quote. (...possible extraterrestrial origin?)


    - Different (and better written) in the pdf version, but needs a comma after "Still in the 1970's". In the PDF 'and' is 'at' though this may have been corrected already.
    -... samples...


    - ... of the collected...


    -... viruses...


    - In the PDF, the image is on one page and this description is on another.


    - Needs a period. Needs a space between the numbers in the PDF version. The second number is italicized.


    -... microorganisms survive their... many of them...


    - Add comma after 'atmosphere'. Delete 'are'.


    - Add comma after 'comparison'.
    Click to expand...

    All corrections saved in the master file. Thanks!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":2508,"user":"dugdeep","id":1101842,"date":"2023-04-30T20:40:20+0200","text":"Chapter 26, footnote 19 says "-273 C or -459 K".
    Should say "-273 C or -459 F"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1101850,"date":"2023-04-30T21:28:28+0200","text":"MERCI beaucoup PIERRE pour tous vos partages si intéressants...

    THANK YOU very much PIERRE for all your sharing so interesting...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1102611,"date":"2023-05-04T17:06:40+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Schwindler effect:
    Click to expand...

    Pierre said:
    the Hutchinson effect, the Swindler effect, Coral Castle, or red trinitite.
    Click to expand...
    -> Schwinger effect (Wiki)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1103084,"date":"2023-05-06T17:45:44+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Thank you Pierre! I really enjoyed reading this chapter. Sending you good waves to finish the next one!

    Chapter 25:

    -... and why high concentrations of viruses exist in the upper atmosphere? (?)
    Click to expand...

    The corrections have been added to the master file. Thank you!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1104617,"date":"2023-05-15T00:49:29+0200","text":"Great chapter, Pierre! Thanks!

    As for the fixes, some of these have already been mentioned by other members. (Thanks guys!) I didn't feel like seperating them all out so I just did my usual.

    Pierre said:
    Panspermia from derived the Greek pan (all) and sperma (seed). According the panspermia theory...
    Click to expand...
    - Panspermia is derived from the Greek...

    - According to the...

    Pierre said:
    All of three supplanted the previous theories namely terrain theory, saltationism and panspermia by imposing a more materialistic paradigm.
    Click to expand...
    - All three... (or) All of these...

    - theories- namely terrain theory, saltationism and panspermia- by...

    Pierre said:
    It was followed Aristarchus of Samos[8] ...
    Click to expand...
    - ...followed by Aristarchus...

    Pierre said:
    The ancient idea was further theorized in the 19th Century by prominent several scientists.
    Click to expand...
    -...by several prominent scientists.

    Pierre said:
    This discovery of organic compounds combined with the reading Camille Flammarion
    Click to expand...
    -... writings of...

    Pierre said:
    Facing the numerous fail attempts to produce of organisms from non-living matter, Hermann von Helmholtz [16] confirmed Richter idea, here is we wrote about panspermia in 1874:
    Click to expand...
    - ... failed... delete 'of'... Richter's idea, (as he revealed?) in 1874:

    It appears to me to be fully, correct scientific procedure, if all our attempts fail to cause...
    Click to expand...
    - This quote follows the previous line. Is this portion written correctly? It reads a bit odd.

    Pierre said:
    Furthering Arrhenius’ observation Lord Kelvin[21] noticed that life only come life, so life antecedes Earth.
    Click to expand...
    -... observation, Lord...

    -... life only begets life...

    Pierre said:
    Amongst the scientists who supported this theory and augmented it, are for example, famed scientist Carl Sagan...
    Click to expand...
    -... it are, for...

    Pierre said:
    Francis Crick, discoverer structure of the DNA and a proponent of panspermia
    Click to expand...
    -... discoverer of the structure of DNA... (caption under the photo of Francis Crick)

    Pierre said:
    Even including Stephen Hawking[29] don't rule out the possibility the panspermia.
    Click to expand...
    -... Even Stephen Hawking didn't rule out the possibility of panspermia.

    Pierre said:
    Last but not least, the hypothesis that life came from outer space and more particularly from comets is associated Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe who wrote dozen of papers on this topic.
    Click to expand...
    -... space, and more particularly (specifically?) from comets, is associated with Fred... wrote dozens of...

    Pierre said:
    Panspermia is gained traction...
    Click to expand...
    -... gaining...

    Pierre said:
    The stronger argument for panspermia is certainly the numerous discoveries of fossilized microorganism of meteorites and live microorganisms in upper atmosphere where no updraft wind can reach, as described in details in two previous chapters
    Click to expand...
    -... microorganisms in... in the upper... detail...

    Pierre said:
    The Hadean - from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld - refers the hellish conditions prevailing on Earth at this time; the planet was very hot, volcanism was prevalent, furthermore radioactive elements and noxious gases were abundant.
    Click to expand...
    -... refers to the... and furthermore...

    Pierre said:
    We know as well that comets provide of virus and other microbes,
    Click to expand...
    -...the viruses...

    Pierre said:
    But after initial optimism closer investigations have revealed at least six major flaws in the Miller-Urey experiments and abiogenesis theory...
    Click to expand...
    -... optimism, closer... and the abiogenisis...

    Pierre said:
    The simplest "living system" involves hundreds of components interacting in an organized way to achieve energy production and self-replication, would be virtually impossible...
    Click to expand...
    -... self-replication which would...

    Pierre said:
    To make matter worse, this incommensurable low probability...
    Click to expand...
    -... incommensurably...

    Pierre said:
    In other words, abiogenesis faced, and is still facing a major chicken and egg problem.
    Click to expand...
    -... facing, a...

    Pierre said:
    6/ Let’s not forget that since Darwin’s times, all of experiments have failed...
    Click to expand...
    ... Darwin's time, all (of the) experiments...

    Pierre said:
    So the RNA world theory is not only compatible of the Panspermia theory...
    Click to expand...
    -... with...

    Footnotes:

    Pierre said:
    [13] (1842 – 1925) French astronomer who write more than fifty books including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction novels
    Click to expand...
    -... wrote... and several...

    Pierre said:
    [19] -273 C or -459 K
    Click to expand...
    -... -459 F

    Pierre said:
    [21] William Thomson also known as Baron Kelvin (1824 –1907) is an Irish scientist. Because of his the major works in mathematics, thermodynamics and electricity he was the first British scientist to join the House of Lords
    Click to expand...
    -... his major... electricity, he...

    Pierre said:
    [29] (1942 – 2018) he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the Cambridge, viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world
    Click to expand...
    -... at Cambridge...

    Pierre said:
    [41] Samanthi (2020) “Difference Between Abiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation” Differencebetween
    Click to expand...
    -... Differencebetween.com

    Pierre said:
    [51] Dr.Samanthi (2020) “Difference Between Abiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation” Differencebetween
    Click to expand...
    -... Differencebetween.com

    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1105829,"date":"2023-05-20T17:33:06+0200","text":"

    Conclusion​



    In this book we’ve seen how comet-generated viruses are pervasive, ancient, and, in the most cases beneficial. More than that, we have discovered how viruses punctate evolutionary leaps but on a civilizational level and more fundamentally on a speciation level. In this sense, viruses are more than life; they are the drivers of life and its evolution.

    At this point one obvious question emerges: “How does viral DNA manage to shape new complex life forms?” It will be central topic my fourth book titled “DNA, biophotons and the Information Field”.

    Mainstream science postulates that DNA is the code that controls the synthesis of proteins – the building blocks of life.

    Different DNA → different proteins → different morphology. It’s straightforward process, but is it true?

    How can this process explain that in one organism every single cell carries the same DNA, however these cells follow different developmental paths. One becomes muscle cell, another one a neuron, a third one a bone cell.

    How to explain that when a salamander loses a limb, it grows a perfect replica of it? Where is template, where is the blueprint of the whole limb?[1]. Given that the cells have the same DNA, it be must something else that guides their differentiated and harmonious development.



    © Whited
    Steps in salamander limbs regeneration​

    Here is another example:

    There’s a young student at this university who has an IQ of 126, has gained a first-class honors degree in mathematics, and is socially completely normal. And yet the boy has virtually no brain [...]When we did a brain scan on him, we saw that instead of the normal 4.5-centimeter thickness of brain tissue between the ventricles and the cortical surface, there was just a thin layer of mantle measuring a millimeter or so. His cranium is filled mainly with cerebrospinal fluid.[2]
    Click to expand...

    An individual virtually devoid of any brain and being fully functional intellectually and socially suggest that our ideas, thoughts, memories might be non-local instead of stored/created in our brain as usually assumed.



    © Lorber
    A horizontal scan shows the ventricles as narrow slits in a normal individual (left)
    and large cavities in a hydrocephalic patient (right)​



    Telepathy is another topic give credence to an information field that transcends both time and space. It has been the topic of six meta-analyses[3] and a recent ‘meta-meta-analysis’.[4] That is what was required for the scientific community to finally recognize that telepathy was real and scientifically proven.[5]

    In similar vein, precognition has been demonstrated in hundreds of studies. There is such a massive body of evidence that a meta-analysis[6] was conducted, covering 309 precognition experiments made between 1935 and 1987. The cumulative probability associated with the overall results was 1 in 10^24.

    But, mainstream science is that virtually ignore information. That is why, according the second law of thermodynamics, any system tends towards a state of maximum entropy, i.e. maximum disorder.[7] Thus any given entity is supposed to tend towards disorder and decay. That’s why scientists predict the ‘running down’ of the universe and all its constituents, ultimately leading to entropic death and complete randomization.[8]




    © Hyperphysics
    Order is highly improbable according to the laws of thermodynamics.
    Information can make the improbable happen​

    As pointed out by Stonier[9], there is way to reduce the entropy of a system: by increasing its information content. Despite the second law of thermodynamics, living forms become increasingly complex, and more organized over time. Instead of following the path of entropic death with an ever-increasing level of disorder, they follow the opposite path, exhibiting an ever-higher level of organization and complexity.[10]

    While mainstream science posits the existence of only one kind of entropy, solely driven by energy, for engineer Bryant M. Shiller, there are two kinds of entropy: energy-driven entropy and information-driven entropy. While non-living forms are exclusively controlled by energy-driven entropy and tend to lose energy and decay over time, living forms are subjected to both kinds of entropy.

    While energy-driven entropy tends to increase with time (usual decay process), information-driven entropy can decrease over time if sufficient information or intelligence is present inside the system.[11] Hence the increase in complexity noticed among numerous living forms despite the energy-driven entropy that pushes them towards increased disorder:


    © Sott.net, adapted from Stonier
    Information (I) as a function of entropy (S)​


    Not only is information a prime constituent of the Universe and the core driver of living forms and creation, it also intimately interacts with matter and energy:


    © Sott.net, adapted from Stonier
    Information, energy and matter: Three interrelated constituents​


    The image above shows three different forms of interactions:

    1) A mixture of energy and matter, devoid of information, is represented, for example, by boiling water: energetic and disorganized water molecules.

    2) A mixture of matter and information, devoid of energy, is exemplified by a crystal at absolute zero, a highly organized and non-energetic ice crystal.

    3) A mixture of information and energy, involving no matter, could be illustrated by light travelling in space: photons are energetic, massless particles moving in an orderly way and carrying information.[12]

    That is a quick summary of the concept of information field presented in Part I: “The information Field”.

    If information, including morphic information is non-local, and the acquisition of new viral DNA enables morphologically more complex life-forms, so virus/proteins must be able somehow to modulate the connection of life-forms to the Information Field. How?

    Viruses are DNA and DNA recently revealed all the feature of a fractal antenna when exposed to electromagnetic fields[13]. DNA codes for proteins that act as a tuner to specific information within the Information Field. Biophotons seem to be the messenger between the information field and the virus / proteins:




    © Sott.net
    Geometry modifies light properties that modifies the informational content
    that in turn modifies chemical properties​



    Logically as a group, photons can communicate much more information than an individual photon. In addition, this information carrying capacity is de-multiplied if the group of photons behaves in a coherent manner. A Laser is a coherent flow of light that is why it can carry tremendous amount of information - 622 megabits of data, enough to carry 30 HDTV channels[14].

    According several papers[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] biophotons display coherence like Lasers do.

    Living organisms could appear like a dynamic liquid crystal is because all of the molecules in the tissues and cells including especially the water molecules are not only globally aligned as liquid crystals, but also moving coherently together as a whole Like Laser lights.

    Here is a picture made by Mae Wang Ho[20]. It shows how water in a live being is a liquid crystal; it diffracts light like a solid crystal prism. In addition, when the lens of the microscope is rotated the colors of the same body part of daphnia change:





    © Mae-Wan Ho
    Daphnia appearing liquid crystal​

    The daphnia is not an exception. Virtually any live creature contains structured water and emits biophotons[21].

    Likewise In 2019, for the first time, scientists managed to produce fractal light patterns from lasers, i.e. coherent photons[22]. In addition they've shown the fractal light could be created in 3D rather than just in 2D:





    © Wits University
    Fractal light created by Laser​



    Likewise, live creatures, through their biophotons emissions, generate fractal[23] patterns, which are a specific kind coherent state[24].

    Let’s take one example: two proteins have exactly the same composition; they only differ in handedness. The difference in chirality leads to different biophotons emissions enabling connections the different area of the Information Field, that in turn confer the two molecules with two different informational content i.e. chemical properties:





    © Sott.net
    2 molecules same composition but different geometries (chirality)​

    We can represent the breadth and depth of the Information Field depending biophotons fractal types and depth:



    © Sott.net
    Biophotons fractal types

    ​
    A new viral sequence provides new proteins emitting biophotons acting as specific connecting to the Information Field, thus providing the host with an augmented information receivership capability.

    More specifically, virally-altered DNA might lead to upgraded proteins that emit biophotons which have the capacity because of their higher fractal dimension of deepening the connection with the information Field. Similarly, virus-altered DNA can produce new proteins which, through their new biophotons emissions acting as supplementary tuners – providing access to a broader selection of “FM stations” or specific/topical information. Here is a textbooks analogy:



    © Sott.net
    Breadth and depth of the Information Field​


    The above is a quick summary of the main ideas and developed in Part II: Information Field, Viruses, DNA and Proteins.

    At this point, at least two questions were left: will we have the same fate as the dinosaurs? Will the survivors constitute the initiators of a new species?

    All the ingredients are present for a 6th extinction to occur: the cyclical nature of mass extinctions, the 6th extinction that has already started, the human immunity that is weaker than ever, the ever increasing fireball activity and of course the tampering of DNA via “vaccines”.

    The convention in mainstream science is that our planet has entered its 6th mass extinction that has and will obliterate numerous species, including human beings. Mainstream science also claims that the 6th extinction, unlike its predecessors is anthropogenic: global warming, destruction of natural habitat, overexploitation of resources, pollution…

    While those human activities have certainly negative impacts on life, including human life, it might the vaccine that is supposed to protect human life that will take the biggest toll far ahead of man-made global warming and the likes.

    Off course, for a long time, the PTB are aware of the power of the viruses and in particular their capacity to modulate our connection to the information field.

    If you can properly modify someone's genetic code, you can change the way they think 'at the source' so to speak. And one of the best ways to profoundly and durably modify human DNA is viruses:

    'Profound changes in behaviour are observed following infection of the central nervous system by some viruses. Irritability, insomnia, hyperactivity and learning disability are some of the behavioural disturbances that have been described in both humans and animals with central nervous system infection." [25]
    Click to expand...

    Since viruses are the active component of vaccines, it is no surprise that changes in human social behavior have been observed in response to a vaccine.[26]

    Officially, the first engineered DNA molecule was made in 1972 by Paul Berg[27]. Berg combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. That was almost 50 years ago.

    By the 1950s, Fort Detrick was already experimenting with a large number of viruses and other germs:

    "Operation Harness, a less than successful experimental program involving teams of American, British, and Canadian microbiologists who sprayed virulent agents like anthrax, brucellosis and tularemia over the Bahamas, Antigua and New Hebrides. [...] Other lesser known SOD projects undertaken prior to the formalization of a relationship with the CIA involved testing the effects of salmonella poisoning, botulinum toxin sprays, kala-azar (a parasitic disease), lymphogranuloma inguinal (a herpes-like virus), yaws and, perhaps most ominous of all, developing 'the ability to induce cancer through covert means'[28]
    Click to expand...

    [MKULTRA] activities that were concerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behavior.

    This association is confirmed by documentation of experiments associating infectious disease and human behavior, conducted as early as 1959:

    Milwaukee (AP) - The CIA recruited University of Wisconsin scientists for two experiments between 1959 and 1962, the Milwaukee Journal reported in today's edition. Documents obtained by the newspaper indicate university administrators may not have been informed of CIA involvement in the research projects. However, the documents show researchers knew about CIA sponsorship and the objects of the research. The experiments involved Infectious disease and human behavior. [29]
    Click to expand...

    So for at least 60 years, but both the CIA and Fort Detrick have been experimenting with viruses to alter human behavior. Today, Fort Detrick thrives as the US army's principal base for biological research and mind control, employing nearly 8,000 people in 600 buildings on 13,000 acres[30]. Over the last 70 years it has invested billions of dollars in mind control and engineered viruses



    © Creative common
    A part of Fort Detrick​


    Over the past years part research were very focused in Fort Detrick, in 2016 they involved in research concerning the use of bats[31] and the viruses they carry as bioweapons. In 2018, Fort Detrick conducted research[32] on the MERS coronavirus, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2.

    Fort Detrick also uses an advanced technology called CRISPR-Cas9 to extract specific genetic sequences from viruses. According to a paper[33] published in 2017, Fort Detrick teams used this technology for extracting viral sequences coding for a "cleavage furin site". Coincidentally, or not, according to some researchers[34], it is the unexpected cleavage furin site found in SARS-CoV-2 that provides its unusually high virulence and proves that it is man-made.

    To the question: "Wasn't the coronavirus natural?" Montagnier, Nobel prize, replied:

    No, it was not natural, it was the work of professionals, of molecular biologists, it's a very precise work, we could call it a watchmaker's work. [35]
    Click to expand...

    Artificial additions of HIV[36] [37] and malaria sequences, an engineered furin-like cleavage[38], amino acids added by design[39], a modified control room[40], extraordinary adaptation to humans[41]; all these pieces of evidence point to a man-made virus.

    We know some of the specificities of a likely man-made SARS-CoV-2 compared with its relatives MERS, SARS, and to a lesser extent, influenza. Therefore we can deduce what were the objectives of the virus designers. The table below recapitulates our main findings:



    © Sott.net
    SARS-CoV-2 compared with MERS, SARS and influenza​

    SARS-CoV-2 was definitely not engineered to kill; quite the contrary, carriers had to stay alive (low fatality rate). More than that, carriers were supposed to be invisible (low pathogenicity) and the virus was to spread widely (high transmissibility).

    Published research[42] has revealed that in enhanced brain MRIs performed on COVID-19 patients, frontotemporal hypoperfusion was noted in every single patient. It suggests that SARS-CoV-2 might particularly affect this specific region, for which the most frequent condition is called frontotemporal dementia[43], one of its main symptom being automatic obedience[44]

    SARS-CoV-2 was engineered to spread widely and silently and to reach the brain, affecting the region relating to moral-based decisions and obedience. What were the designers aiming to modify in carriers' brains? Was the objective of the virus to increase obedience?

    But viruses have the tremendous ability to mutate. Interestingly, mutations can totally reverse[45] the 'original' or 'intended' effects of a virus. That’s why the vaccine had to develop in a rush. RNA vaccines, unlike viruses, have a stable genetic code.

    While thinking about mass extinction, the removal of obsolete life and the introduction of new more evolved life forms via comets and the viruses they carry, we might draw an analogy on a human scale: the dynastic cycle, the fall of civilizations.

    One might wonder, if in a grand act of mercy from the Universe before the final harvest, each of us is given a last chance, a final opportunity to discriminate truth from lies.

    Does the COVID “pandemics”, this global event that deeply affects every one of us, represent our final opportunity, where the lies have never so blatant, the manipulations so transparent and the narratives so estranged from reality?

    We are in front of what might be our most fundamental and maybe last act of free will, the ultimate choice between truth and lies, where every single fact screams 'damn lie', Let's face it, if an individual can't see the lies in this surreal scam, his ability to transduce or just acknowledge truth is broken beyond repair.

    From this perspective, an elimination of individuals who embrace this persistently lies can be perceived as a necessary cleansing on a planetary scale.

    How could this selective cleansing work? The ones who believe the big lie will accept the vaccine and won’t take measures to counteract its adverse effects. We know that the previous RNA vaccine candidates against MERS and SARS were stopped because they increased the vulnerability to other viruses. What if, likewise, the Covid vaccine increases vulnerability to a new real deadly virus? It would be one way to remove the ones who believed the ultimate lie.

    Remember that it will take only one inoculated individual - among billions of vaccine recipients - displaying the right genetic make-up, including the proper Black Death viral sequence, and the right viral recombination to give birth to the new Black Death 2.0 virus.

    But the two mechanisms (real pandemics and cometary events) are not mutually exclusive. We know about the Justinian plague that appeared soon after a major cometary bombardment wipe out most of the decadent oppressive late Roman Empire.

    Cometary bodies enable the introduction of new viruses. For all we know the new plague might soon be here as suggested by the ever increasing number of fireball observations:

    ​

    © American Meteor Society
    Reported fireballs (2006-2022)

    ​
    If the human species is about to follow the fate of the dinosaurs, we shall remember that like in the previous mass extinctions there will be survivors, even evolutionary leaps induced by the new plague virus that removed most but some will “sparred” maybe even “upgraded”.

    From this perspective, the ones who pay attention to reality left and right might be the reality of the future, while the ones who ignore it might become a mere dream of the past.

    These topics and these questions will be addressed in Part III: 6th Extinction and Coronavirus.


    [1] See for example: Rupert Sheldrake (2009) “Morphic Resonance: The Nature of Formative Causation” Inner Traditions/Bear
    [2] Roger Lewin (1980) “Is your brain really necessary?” Science, Dec 12, Vol.210, p.1232(3)
    [3] Those six meta-analyses cover 108 scientific papers published between 1974 and 2008.
    [4] P. Tressoldi et al. (2010) “Extrasensory Perception and Quantum Models of Cognition” NeuroQuantology 4: S81-87
    [5] Tressoldi, Op. cit., p.84
    [6] C. Honorton, D. Ferrari (1989) “Meta-analysis of forced-choice precognition experiments 1935 – 1987” Journal of Parapsychology vol 53, 281 - 308
    [7] Wikipedia contributors (2023) “Ludwig Boltzmann” Wikipedia
    [8] W. Thomson (1862) “On the age of the sun’s heat” Macmillan’s Mag. 5, 288–93
    [9] T. Stonier (1990) “Information and the Internal Structure of the Universe” Springer
    [10] Stonier, op. cit., pp. 41-57
    [11] B. Shiller (2004) “Origin of Life: The 5th Option”, Trafford pp. 305-315
    [12] The photon is a fundamental carrier of information, possessing numerous information carrying degrees of freedom including frequency, phase, arrival time, polarization, orbital angular momentum, linear momentum, entanglement, etc.
    See: P. Kumar (2023) “information in a photon” DARPA
    [13] M. Blank, R. Goodman (2011) “DNA is a fractal antenna in electromagnetic fields”. Int J Radiat Biol. 87(4):409-15
    [14] Andrew Wagner (2020) ‘’Communicating via Long-Distance Lasers” NASA
    [15] Bischof, Marco (2005) “Biophotons- The Light in Our Cells” Journal of Optometric Phototherapy 15. 1-5
    [16] Popp F.A. & Yan Y. (2002) “Delayed luminescence of biological systems in terms of coherent states” Physics Letters A. 293. 93-97
    [17] RP. Bajpai (1998) “Coherent Nature of Biophotons: Experimental Evidence and Phenomenological Model” in: Biophotons Springer
    [18] RP. Bajpai (1999) “Coherent nature of the radiation emitted in delayed luminescence of leaves” J Theor Biol. 198(3):287-99
    [19] Maurizio Benfatto et al. (2021) "Biophotons and Emergence of Quantum Coherence—A Diffusion Entropy Analysis" Entropy 23, no. 5: 554
    [20] Mae-Wan Ho (2008) “The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms” World Scientific
    [21] Glen Caulkins (2012) ‘’ Biophoton Energy Water’’ Personal website
    [22] Hend Sroor et al. (2019) “Fractal light from lasers” Phys. Rev. A 99, 013848
    [23] Gu, Q., F.A. Popp (1992) “Nonlinear response of biophoton emission to external perturbations” Experientia 48, 1069–1082
    [24] M. Dlask et al. (2019) “Short-time fractal analysis of biological autoluminescence” PLoS ONE 14(7): e0214427
    [25] AH Mohammed (1993) “Viruses and behavioural changes: a review of clinical and experimental findings” Rev Neurosci. 4(3):267-86
    [26] Chris Reiber et al. (2010) “Change in Human Social Behavior in Response to a Common Vaccine” Annals of Epidemiology Pages 729-733
    [27] Wikipedia contributors (2023) "Paul Berg" Wikipedia
    [28] Albarelli, 2009, p.60
    [29] ‎ Glenn E. Tagatz (2013) “Enigma: A Veteran's Quest for Truth” Xlibris
    [30] Wikipedia contributors (2023) “Fort Detrick” Wikipedia
    [31] Boston University (2018) “Egyptian fruit bat genome yields clues about bats' ability to harbor and transmit deadly pathogens without getting sick” Phys.org
    [32] Cong Y et al. (2018) “MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells” PLoS One 22;13(3)
    [33] E.C. Clarke et al. (2017) “Production and Purification of Filovirus Glycoproteins in Insect and Mammalian Cell Lines” Sci Rep 7, 15091
    [34] B. Coutard et al. (2020) ‘’The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade’’ Antiviral Research Volume 176
    [35] ‘’Luc Montagnier (prix nobel) affirme que le coronavirus est un virus manipulé en laboratoire’’ Youtube
    [36] Prashant Pradhan et al. (2020) “Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag” biorxiv
    [37] Jean-Claude PEREZ (2020) “Wuhan Covid-19 Synthetic Origins And Evolution” International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 8(2), 285–324
    [38] Coutard B et al. (2020) “The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade” Antiviral Res. 176:104742
    [39] Frank Chen (2020) “Covid-19 may be man-made, claims Taiwan scholar” Asia Times
    [40] Dimsumdaily editors (2020) “Czech molecular biologist, Dr. Soňa Peková explains in layman terms that COVID-19 virus originates from a lab, and the Americans try to refute it” Dimsumdaily Hong Kong
    [41] Mike Adams (2020) “Dr. Judy Mikovits interviewed by the Health Ranger on the coronavirus pandemic: Fauci fraud, NIH corruption and more” Natural News
    [42] J. Helms et al. (2020) “Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection” N Engl J Med. 4;382(23):2268-2270
    [43] MF. Mendez (2006) “What frontotemporal dementia reveals about the neurobiological basis of morality” Med Hypotheses 67(2):411-8
    [44] W. Jaimes-Albornoz et al. (2015) “Catatonia in Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia” European Psychiatry Volume 30, Supplement 1, Page 1436
    [45] Alistair B. Russell et al. (2019) “Single-cell virus sequencing of influenza infections that trigger innate immunity” Journal of Virology 170","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":11897,"user":"PERLOU","id":1105833,"date":"2023-05-20T17:43:52+0200","text":"Merci Pierre pour ce livre, c'est un beau cadeau...

    Thank you Pierre for this book, it is a beautiful gift...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1105834,"date":"2023-05-20T17:53:09+0200","text":"Here the pdf for chapter 27","attachments":["
  • Chapter 27.pdf
    Chapter 27.pdf
    1.3 MB· Views: 134
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15533,"user":"Deliverance","id":1105870,"date":"2023-05-20T21:50:15+0200","text":"Bravo Pierre et merci \":clap:\" \":flowers:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":15539,"user":"Channa","id":1105878,"date":"2023-05-20T23:16:05+0200","text":"Bonjour Pierre,
    Voici le chapitre 26 et le 27 en pdf en français.
    Merci pour tout votre travail acharné, vos recherches et le plaisir de partager ces connaissances.
    Channa","attachments":["
  • Chapitre 26.pdf
    Chapitre 26.pdf
    488 KB· Views: 84
  • Conclusion.docx
    Conclusion.docx
    5.6 MB· Views: 67
  • Conclusion PDF.pdf
    Conclusion PDF.pdf
    648 KB· Views: 91
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":16791,"user":"Benjamin","id":1105933,"date":"2023-05-21T08:59:39+0200","text":"Great chapter! I finally have a much clearer visualization of entropy as well as the Information Field. That's also quite a cliffhanger of an ending.

    Pierre said:
    More than that, we have discovered how viruses punctate evolutionary leaps but on a civilizational level and more fundamentally on a speciation level.
    Click to expand...
    - ...punctuate...

    - remove 'but'? or add a 'rather than on a ... level' at the end of the sentence?

    Pierre said:
    At this point one obvious question emerges: “How does viral DNA manage to shape new complex life forms?” It will be central topic my fourth book...
    Click to expand...
    - ...point, one...be a central...

    Pierre said:
    Different DNA → different proteins → different morphology. It’s straightforward process, but is it true?
    Click to expand...
    - It's a straightforward...

    Pierre said:
    How can this process explain that in one organism every single cell carries the same DNA, however these cells follow different developmental paths. One becomes muscle cell, ...
    Click to expand...
    - ...DNA, even though these... paths? One becomes a muscle...

    Pierre said:
    Where is template, where is the blueprint of the whole limb?
    Click to expand...
    - ...is the template? Where...

    Pierre said:
    Steps in salamander limbs regeneration
    Click to expand...
    - ...limb...

    Pierre said:
    An individual virtually devoid of any brain and being fully functional intellectually and socially suggest that our ideas, thoughts, memories might be non-local instead of stored/created in our brain as usually assumed.
    Click to expand...
    - ...functional, both intellectually and socially, suggests... thoughts and memories...

    Pierre said:
    In similar vein, precognition has been demonstrated...
    Click to expand...
    - In a similar...

    Pierre said:
    The cumulative probability associated with the overall results was 1 in 10^24.
    Click to expand...
    In the PDF version, there is no period.

    Pierre said:
    But, mainstream science is that virtually ignore information. That is why, according the second law of thermodynamics...
    Click to expand...
    - But mainstream science virtually ignores this information. ... according to the...

    Pierre said:
    Order is highly improbable according to the laws of thermodynamics.
    Click to expand...
    In the PDF version, there is no period.

    Pierre said:
    While energy-driven entropy tends to increase with time (usual decay process), information-driven entropy can decrease over time if sufficient information or intelligence is present inside the system.[11] Hence the increase in complexity noticed among numerous living forms despite the energy-driven entropy that pushes them towards increased disorder:
    Click to expand...
    - Hence, the increase in complexity is (becomes?) noticed (if 'becomes' then 'noticable') among numerous living forms despite the energy-driven entropy that pushes them towards increased disorder:

    Pierre said:
    That is a quick summary of the concept of information field presented in Part I: “The information Field”.
    Click to expand...
    - ...of the Information Field... Information...

    Pierre said:
    If information, including morphic information is non-local, and the acquisition of new viral DNA enables morphologically more complex life-forms, so virus/proteins must be able somehow to modulate the connection of life-forms to the Information Field. How?
    Click to expand...
    - ... information, is... morphologically enables more complex life-forms, virus/proteins must be somehow able to modulate...

    Pierre said:
    Viruses are DNA and DNA recently revealed all the feature of a fractal antenna when exposed to electromagnetic fields[13]. DNA codes for proteins that act as a tuner to specific information within the Information Field. Biophotons seem to be the messenger between the information field and the virus / proteins:
    Click to expand...
    - ... DNA, and DNA research has recently revealed it has all the features... remove "that"?... Information Field... virus/proteins:

    Pierre said:
    A Laser is a coherent flow of light that is why it can carry tremendous amount of information...
    Click to expand...
    - ...laser... which... amounts...

    Pierre said:
    According several papers[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] biophotons display coherence like Lasers do.
    Click to expand...
    - ...lasers...

    Pierre said:
    Living organisms could appear like a dynamic liquid crystal is because all of the molecules in the tissues and cells including especially the water molecules are not only globally aligned as liquid crystals, but also moving coherently together as a whole Like Laser lights.
    Click to expand...
    - ...remove "is"... cells, including... remove "the"... molecules, are... move... like laser...

    Pierre said:
    Here is a picture made by Mae Wang Ho...
    Click to expand...
    - ...photo taken?...

    Pierre said:
    In addition they've shown the fractal light...
    Click to expand...
    - ...addition, they've... that...

    Pierre said:
    Fractal light created by Laser
    Click to expand...
    - ...by a laser

    Pierre said:
    Likewise, live creatures, through their biophotons emissions, generate fractal[23] patterns, which are a specific kind coherent state...
    Click to expand...
    - ... kind of coherent...

    Pierre said:
    Let’s take one example: two proteins have exactly the same composition; they only differ in handedness. The difference in chirality leads to different biophotons emissions enabling connections the different area of the Information Field, that in turn confer the two molecules with two different informational content i.e. chemical properties:
    Click to expand...
    - The difference in chirality leads to different biophoton emissions enabling connections to different areas of the Information Field that, in turn, confer with two (corresponding? random?) molecules having two different types of informational content: i.e. chemical properties.

    (This reads clearer to me but I'm not sure if its correct.)

    Pierre said:
    2 molecules same composition but different geometries (chirality)
    Click to expand...
    - Two molecules with the same composition but with different...

    Pierre said:
    We can represent the breadth and depth of the Information Field depending biophotons fractal types and depth:
    Click to expand...
    - depending on the biophoton's... type...

    Pierre said:
    A new viral sequence provides new proteins emitting biophotons acting as specific connecting to the Information Field, thus providing the host with an augmented information receivership capability.
    Click to expand...
    - ...connectors... italicise "augmented"...

    Pierre said:
    More specifically, virally-altered DNA might lead to upgraded proteins that emit biophotons which have the capacity because of their higher fractal dimension of deepening the connection with the information Field. Similarly, virus-altered DNA can produce new proteins which, through their new biophotons emissions acting as supplementary tuners – providing access to a broader selection of “FM stations” or specific/topical information.
    Click to expand...
    - ......have increased/augmented(?) capacity... Information... biophoton emissions, act... tuners providing...

    Pierre said:
    While those human activities have certainly negative impacts on life, including human life, it might the vaccine that is supposed to protect human life that will take the biggest toll far ahead of man-made global warming and the likes.
    Click to expand...
    - ......it might be (vaccines?), which are supposed to protect human life, that...

    Pierre said:
    Off course, for a long time, the PTB are aware of the power of the viruses and in particular their capacity to modulate our connection to the information field.
    Click to expand...
    - ...powers that be(?) have been... delete "the"... Information Field.

    Pierre said:
    And one of the best ways to profoundly and durably modify human DNA is viruses:
    Click to expand...
    - ...is with viruses:

    Pierre said:
    [MKULTRA] activities that were concerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behavior.
    Click to expand...
    - ...operations, were designed to...

    Pierre said:
    So for at least 60 years, but both the CIA and Fort Detrick have been experimenting with viruses to alter human behavior.
    Click to expand...
    - Delete "but".

    Pierre said:
    Over the last 70 years it has invested billions of dollars in mind control and engineered viruses
    Click to expand...
    - ...through(?)... add period.

    Pierre said:
    Over the past years part research were very focused in Fort Detrick, in 2016 they involved in research concerning the use of bats[31] and the viruses they carry as bioweapons. In 2018, Fort Detrick conducted research[32] on the MERS coronavirus, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2.
    Click to expand...
    - In previous years, Fort Detrick was very focused on viral research. In 2016, they were involved with research concerned with using bats, and the viruses they carry, as bioweapons, and in 2018 they conducted research on the MERS coronavirus, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2.

    (Again, clearer but check if correct.)

    Pierre said:
    Therefore we can deduce what were the objectives of the virus designers.
    Click to expand...
    - ...what the objectives of the virus designers were.

    Pierre said:
    It suggests that SARS-CoV-2 might particularly affect this specific region, for which the most frequent condition is called frontotemporal dementia[43], one of its main symptom being automatic obedience[44]
    Click to expand...
    - ...symptoms...

    - In the PDF version, there are two hyperlinks located under the words 'symptom' and 'automatic obedience'.

    Pierre said:
    That’s why the vaccine had to develop in a rush.
    Click to expand...
    - ...had to be develpoed in...

    Pierre said:
    Does the COVID “pandemics”, this global event that deeply affects every one of us, represent our final opportunity, where the lies have never so blatant,...
    Click to expand...
    - ..."pandemic"... never been so...

    Pierre said:
    We are in front of what might be our most fundamental and maybe last act of free will, the ultimate choice between truth and lies, where every single fact screams 'damn lie',
    Click to expand...
    - ...lie'.

    Pierre said:
    From this perspective, an elimination of individuals who embrace this persistently lies can be perceived as a necessary cleansing on a planetary scale.
    Click to expand...
    - ... this persistent lie / these persistent lies... (?)

    Pierre said:
    What if, likewise, the Covid vaccine increases vulnerability to a new real deadly virus?
    Click to expand...
    - ...italicise 'real'?

    Pierre said:
    We know about the Justinian plague that appeared soon after a major cometary bombardment wipe out most of the decadent oppressive late Roman Empire.
    Click to expand...
    - ...wiped... decadent and oppressive...

    Pierre said:
    If the human species is about to follow the fate of the dinosaurs, we shall remember that like in the previous mass extinctions there will be survivors, even evolutionary leaps induced by the new plague virus that removed most but some will “sparred” maybe even “upgraded”.
    Click to expand...
    - ...that, like... extinctions, there... most. But...

    In the footnotes:

    Pierre said:
    [25] AH Mohammed (1993) “Viruses and behavioural changes: a review of clinical and experimental findings” Rev Neurosci. 4(3):267-86
    Click to expand...
    - Needs a space between AH.

    In the PDF version, that last page is blank.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1106005,"date":"2023-05-21T15:14:02+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    Great chapter, Pierre! Thanks!

    As for the fixes, some of these have already been mentioned by other members. (Thanks guys!) I didn't feel like seperating them all out so I just did my usual.
    Click to expand...
    Thanks! All corrections are included in the master file.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":18583,"user":"SasaM","id":1106140,"date":"2023-05-22T02:52:28+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Not only is information a prime constituent of the Universe and the core driver of living forms and creation, it also intimately interacts with matter and energy:


    © Sott.net, adapted from Stonier
    Information, energy and matter: Three interrelated constituents​

    The image above shows three different forms of interactions:

    1) A mixture of energy and matter, devoid of information, is represented, for example, by boiling water: energetic and disorganized water molecules.

    2) A mixture of matter and information, devoid of energy, is exemplified by a crystal at absolute zero, a highly organized and non-energetic ice crystal.

    3) A mixture of information and energy, involving no matter, could be illustrated by light travelling in space: photons are energetic, massless particles moving in an orderly way and carrying information.[12]

    That is a quick summary of the concept of information field presented in Part I: “The information Field”.
    Click to expand...

    Great summary, it makes me want to read Part I and the whole book posted so far, thank you. \":flowers:\"

    Maybe an example of this interconnection of matter-energy-information on atomic inorganic scale/level might be carbon and its so called allotropes or physical manifestations. Carbon as a material can appear in chain-like structures which would be most favorable physical expressions energy-wise, speaking from material point of view. On the other hand, for these same structures, the 'perception' would be more like 1d where given carbon atom has only two neighboring atoms with which it has established bonds (like front and back neighbors). Then there is graphite where carbon atoms appear in ring-like structures with loose connections between neighboring planes, apparently giving the 'perception' of 2d space. And then there are crystalline structures like diamond where spatial arrangement of neighboring atoms gives sort of 3d 'perception' which, being closer to truth about the space carbon atoms find themselves in, might reflect 'firmer' connection of the material to the Information Field.

    Also, diamond-like structures with their long-range spatial arrangement would carry more information than graphite or chain-like structures. Same would be valid energy-wise regarding the energy stored in material manifestations, for example diamonds are extremely hard and resilient to very high energy radiation while graphite is rather soft. Since diamonds also need high pressure to be created (physically manifested), maybe a stretch that more information carries more weight (has more mass) could be made, as very appearance/existence of diamonds speaks itself about high pressure conditions needed for their physical/material creation?

    Well, just some ideas that came to mind reading this part of the chapter. Thanks again! \":thup:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":5809,"user":"Breo","id":1106165,"date":"2023-05-22T08:03:18+0200","text":"Thank you so much for sharing your amazingly interesting findings. Through your scientific research the meaning of "Knowledge protects" opens to another most essential universe. I am very grateful to be able to read.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14284,"user":"iamthatis","id":1106213,"date":"2023-05-22T13:39:53+0200","text":"Thanks a ton for your effort, Pierre! You have a great gift for taking what could be a lot of very complex esoteric stuff and putting it in very reasonable and easy to understand terms. It's very accessible.

    It was also good for me to read this because daily life has picked up pace, mostly in terms of work. Taking a moment to read through your presentation of the big picture again was very grounding.

    So yeah, much appreciated - hope you're doing well!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17583,"user":"ziutek","id":1106218,"date":"2023-05-22T14:13:59+0200","text":"Pierre napisał:
    A new viral sequence provides new proteins emitting biophotons acting as specific connecting to the Information Field, thus providing the host with an augmented information receivership capability.
    Click to expand...
    As for the DNA mutations of a cell causing cancer, it can be said that the cell then produces antenna proteins and begins to receive information from the information field completely at random? When the mutation damage comes from radiation, for example? And then we have to deal with random symptoms of the disease?
    Or when a cancer-causing DNA mutation is carried out by a particular virus then it is a change in the received frequencies from the information field to those that cause a concraet disease?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4706,"user":"stellar","id":1106607,"date":"2023-05-24T13:50:59+0200","text":"Another amazing book! Thank you, Pierre.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":409,"user":"Pierre","id":1106619,"date":"2023-05-24T16:14:36+0200","text":"
    ziutek said:
    As for the DNA mutations of a cell causing cancer, it can be said that the cell then produces antenna proteins and begins to receive information from the information field completely at random? When the mutation damage comes from radiation, for example? And then we have to deal with random symptoms of the disease?
    Or when a cancer-causing DNA mutation is carried out by a particular virus then it is a change in the received frequencies from the information field to those that cause a concraet disease?
    Click to expand...
    In a nutshell yes. In my 4th book there is chapter dedicated to the topic. it's called "Pathogenesis and healing as information directed processes"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4663,"user":"zim","id":1107153,"date":"2023-05-27T17:54:53+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:

    Chapter 3: The 27 million year cometary cycle​


    Until the 1980’s cometary impacts as the main cause of mass extinctions was still controversial. Despite the understandable[1] scarcity of dated impact craters, the cometary induced mass extinction scenario gained a lot of traction with the discovery of a very distinct cycle punctuating most mass extinctions experienced by our planet. But before addressing this point and this mounting evidence of the cometary impacts, let’s have look at our solar system.

    As everybody knows, our solar system is powered by a single star, the Sun. Well, it is assumed that ours is a single-star solar system because we see only one sun rise each morning. However, this is actually quite a peculiar configuration, since most stars astronomers have observed are part of multi-star systems (most often binary).

    Based on data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory, it’s estimated that over 80% of all stars may be in either binary or multiple-star systems.[2] Grazia and Milton, who studied the 60 star systems nearest to our own reached a comparable conclusion:



    A twin-star model for our own solar system is a tantalizing prospect, not least because it could account for many ‘anomalies’ exhibited by the single-star hypothesis. As stated by the Binary Research Institute (BRI):




    View attachment 51603
    © NASA
    Sirius is a binary star. Sirius A is the brightest.
    Sirius B is dimmer and so close to Sirius A that it was not sighted until 1862.     ​


    Bear in mind that the binary systems identified above are composed of stars bright enough to be detected with a telescope. This means that the percentage of binary systems may be even higher, since some systems can include ‘unlit’ stars, like so-called ‘brown dwarfs’, for example.

    For plasma cosmologists, a binary system is the logical way for individual stars to cope with high electric stress, causing any given star to go through a process of fission (i.e. splitting into two or more parts).[5] When a sphere is divided into two equally-sized spheres, the total mass will remain the same (no matter disappears) but the total surface area of this pair will be about 26% larger than the area of the original single sphere.[6] This increases the total surface area exposed to the electric field and thus decreases the current density (amperes per square meter). Thus, electrically-induced fission enables stars to reduce the electric stress they are subjected to by spreading it between two or more stars.

    Because of the lower level of electric stress exerted on a binary system after fission, brown dwarfs (stars exposed to a weak electric field, hence their reduced brightness) should be quite common in binary systems:


    It’s clear that binary stars are very common, probably even more common than acknowledged in the scientific literature. So, is our Sun one more anomaly in the rather anomalous universe depicted by mainstream science? Is our Sun really single?

    A significant clue that our star may in fact be part of a binary system appeared in Nature in the year 1982,[8] when paleontologists David Raup and Jack Sepkoski unveiled a cyclical pattern of mass-extinction events in the fossil record.[9] Their research revealed that over the last 250 million years, the Earth regularly experienced mass extinctions, as depicted in the chart below:


    View attachment 51604
    © Sott.net adapted from Melottt & Bambach
    27 MY periodicity of mass extinctions    ​

    In the graph above we can see, out of 19 events - circled points-, 11 - green circled points - lie on the vertical lines showing the 27-My (million year) interval.

    The above strongly suggests that mass extinctions, at least a majority of them, are due to a cyclical phenomenon, but doesn’t clarify the nature of this phenomenon.

    The mystery lasted until Berkeley physicist Richard Muller discovered another significant clue 1986 when he compiled the iridium levels measured at the K/T boundary, which marked the mass extinction that occurred about 66 million years ago and matches the 27 My-cycle (3 cycles ago).

    Muller checked the iridium levels in no less than 66 different locations across the whole planet. As shown on the map below, the results were unexpected: in each of those 66 different locations, Muller found abnormal levels of iridium.[10]


    View attachment 51605

    © R. Muller
    66 iridium concentration anomalies measured at the K/T boundary.     ​

    The discovery of Muller was confirmed by several researchers amongst which Frank T. Kyte and John T. Wasson who measured iridium in 149 samples of Pacific abyssal clay covering the time span 33 to 67 million years ago. They showed a prominent spike at K/T boundary (66 Mya) with an increase 200-fold compared to the background concentration[11].

    What’s the big deal with iridium, you might wonder. Together with gold, platinum, osmium and rhenium, iridium is one of the ‘noble elements’ which are 10,000 times as abundant in meteoric material than in the Earth’s crust.[12] But it’s not just meteors that deliver these elements to Earth; the massive radiations emitted by supernovas can also generate large quantities of heavy elements, including iridium.

    So, while iridium anomalies at the K/T boundary signal that the mass extinction about 66 million years ago was due to a cosmic event, it remained to be seen whether the culprit was a supernova or a meteor bombardment.

    Initially, Luis Alvarez[13] was a proponent of the supernova theory. To prove his case he reasoned as follows: Pu-244, one of the isotopes of plutonium, isn’t naturally present in the Earth’s crust, nor in meteorites. However, it is one of the heavy elements created by supernovas. So if mass extinctions were due to supernova explosions, then we should find abnormally high levels of Pu-244 in the geological era boundary material because of its very long half-life of 80 million years. The analysis of Pu-244 concentrations in the clay sample from the E-O boundary led to the following conclusion:



    If it was not a supernova, then the only possible cause was an asteroid / cometary bombardments (which we can refer to interchangeably[15]). Since then, several research teams, including University of Louisiana astronomer Dr. Daniel Whitmire and the Mellot and Bambach[16] team, have published papers confirming that meteor bombardments were indeed the cause of these cyclical mass extinction events.

    Once it was established that cyclical mass extinctions were due to space rocks, another question arose: what is the main driver of these cyclical bombardments? The idea that a single asteroid or a swarm of asteroids can follow a stable 27-million-year orbit is highly unlikely.

    Small celestial objects cannot remain in stable and very long orbits for hundreds of million years. As we’ve seen repeatedly in recent years, when comets approach massive celestial objects like Saturn, Jupiter or the Sun they are either destroyed, disintegrated, drastically weakened, ‘sucked in’ (hence the name ‘sun-diving comets’), or the encounter alters their orbit as they’re violently ejected back out of the inner solar system. So it is very unlikely that an asteroid swarm alone could cross the solar system, maintain a stable orbit throughout the journey, then return to the inner solar system on its next revolution and do it again and again for over 500 million years as suggested by Raupp and Sepkovsky’s research[17].

    In addition such a long orbit implies that the hypothetical asteroid(s) would travel several light years away[18] from the Solar system and be subjected to the disruptive gravitational forces of local stars.


    View attachment 51606
    © Hermitage Museum
    Alfred Rethel, Nemesis    ​

    If asteroid(s) can’t follow such a stable 27-MY orbit by themselves, then something else obviously does; something large enough to maintain a stable orbit; and something that regularly sends fresh comets our way. That’s where Richard Muller came up with the idea that a solar companion – a twin Sun – followed such an orbit. Every 27 million years, on its approach towards the solar system, such a companion would disturb asteroids or comets local to its orbit, pushing and pulling them along its trajectory. Muller named this hypothetical Sun’s companion Nemesis[19] after the Greek goddess who relentlessly persecutes the excessively rich, proud and powerful.

    After Muller’s ground-breaking work, several research teams, including astronomer Frank Low[20] and Thomas Chester[21], began exploring the sky to find Nemesis. This quest lasted for years but returned no positive results, so observers have yet to find still Nemesis. But as we noted earlier, some stars are not bright at all, as is the case with brown dwarfs (Dan Whitmire’s star category of choice for Nemesis[22]) and, to a lesser extent, extinct red dwarfs, which is Muller’s choice[23].

    If the Sun’s companion is a brown dwarf – and if it is also orbiting in the ecliptic plane – finding it would be literally like finding a dark, invisible object surrounded by millions of bright, shining ones, a feat way more difficult than finding a needle in a haystack. This is quite an apt metaphor since up until now the technology hasn’t existed to allow us to successfully and systematically detect dark celestial bodies like brown dwarfs, as Whitmire explains:



    If Nemesis exists, the fact that it hasn’t been found despite years of research strongly advocates for it being a dark star.

    View attachment 51607

    © Wikimedia Commons
    Artistic depiction of a brown dwarf    ​

    As a side note, according to mainstream science, brown dwarfs are small stars nearing the end of their life. In standard cosmology, their ‘internal Fermi reactions’ are decreasing due to lack of fuel (hydrogen), making them progressively dimmer and dimmer. However, there are several problems with this model. For starters, brown dwarfs emit X-rays:


    In standard astronomical models, Brown dwarfs are ‘supposed to be’ too cool and too small to maintain fusion reactions in their cores. The minimum temperature ‘should be’ three million degrees kelvin and the mass should be at least seven percent of the Sun’s mass, but some ‘brown dwarfs’ do not meet those requirements, they can’t trigger nuclear fusion although they emit X-ray radiation. [26]

    But a brown dwarf presents no anomaly in electric models. It’s simply a star that is not glowing because the local electric field is too weak. From this perspective it’s not the size (and therefore the limited gravitational field) that makes a star dark, but the electric stress. If the electric stress is too low, the star (whatever its size) doesn’t glow. Thus the size and temperature range determined by mainstream science to define brown dwarfs is irrelevant.

    Now, let’s go back to the main idea of this chapter: the 27-My extinction cycle and its cometary nature.

    In 1982[27], Raup and Sepkoski discovered that most major extinctions coincide with a 27 million years cycle. In 1980[28], Alvarez proved that the K/T extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs 66 Mya (3 cycles ago) was due to cometary bombardments. The combination of these two pieces of evidence strongly suggests that the 27 million year cycle was, at least partly, of a cometary nature, but that’s not all.

    In 2017, almost 40 years after Alvarez, Raup and Sepkoski discoveries, New York University geologist and NASA consultant Michael Rampino[29] discovered that four of the six largest known impact craters of the last 250 My are correlated with three recognized extinction events, which coincide with the 27-million year cycle:

    - the Chesapeake and Popigai impact craters ca. 34 Mya coeval late Eocene extinction (2 cycles ago) confirmed by anomalous level of iridium independently detected by Kyte[30] and Alvarez [31]
    - the Chicxulub impact crater ca. 66 Mya (3 cycles ago) coincident with the end Cretaceous (or K/T) extinction
    - the Morokweng/Mjolnir impact crater ca. 145 Mya (6 cycles ago), Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction


    View attachment 51609

    © Rampino
    Correlation between the 6 largest known impact craters and five recognized extinction events    ​

    Notice also that, as indicated in the graph above:

    - the end-Permian extinction ca. 252 Mya (10 cycles ago) coincidences with marked increase in impact crater formation rate although no time matching large impact crater has been identified yet.

    - the Triassic-Jurassic extinction ca. 201 Mya (8 cycles ago) stratigraphic analysis reveals several evidence of cometary impact:



    In addition, three craters dating back to the times of this extinction (Manicouagan, Rochechouart and Saint Martin) are aligned[33] along the 22.8 N longitudes, which strongly suggest a crater chain formed by multiple successive impacts à la Shoemaker Levy.

    At this point the correlation between the 27-My cycle, cometary bombardments and mass extinction is very strong.

    We saw in the previous chapter that events like mass volcanism, ice ages or mass seismicity were proposed as the cause of several mass extinctions. We suggested that these events, while being a contributing factor to mass extinction, are the effects of cometary bombardments, which are, consequently, the primary triggering cause of extinctions.

    This hypothesis was considerably strengthened in 2021 when Rampino[34] demonstrated that during last 260 My the last 89 major geological events, including cometary bombardments, mass volcanism, anoxia and sea level change and mass earthquakes where in sync with the 27-My cycle, as illustrated by the diagram below, which shows on the left the timing of major geological events (smoothed) while the graph on the right reveals the 27.5-My cyclicity of these major geological events as indicated by the black arrow:



    View attachment 53191
    © Rampino
    Timing (left) and cyclicity (right) of the 89 major geological events over the past 260 My    ​

    At this point, what is left to examine are extinction events outside the 27 My-cycle. Several of them also reveal the tell-tale signs of cometary encounters: impact craters and/or iridium and/or tektite:

    - The mid-Ordovician extinction, also known as the Ordovician Meteor Event happened ca. 467 Mya. This extinction was marked by the dramatic increase in the rate at which chondrite meteorites[35] fell to Earth, by the Charlevoix Crater[36] and by a spike in iridium[37].

    The Kellwasser Event (ca. 372 Mya) part the late Devonian extinction, is coeval with the Siljan[38] and the Alamo[39] crater, a concentration in iridium 20 times greater than the average[40] and a spike in micro-tektite[41].

    The Hangelberg Event (ca. 358 Mya) part the late Devonian extinction, is synchronous with the Woodleigh crater[42]

    - the Carboniferous-Permian extinction ca. 307 Mya also known as the Carboniferous rainforest collapse coeval with a iridium anomaly[43]

    The above strongly suggests that mass extinctions, within the 27-My cycle and without, are, in a vast majority, caused by cometary impacts. What would happen to this proportion if the research in this field was not underfunded?


    [1] Searching for impact craters on Earth is not an easy task because wind, rain, earthquakes, sea-level changes, vegetation growth and urbanization tend to erase these geological features. Plus, the search for impact craters doesn't seem to be a priority for modern science, maybe due to the strong ideological resistance – uniformitarianism - against the very idea of cometary impacts and their obvious catastrophic consequences. Nonetheless, at least three databases EDEIS , Somerikko and EID list some of the impact craters found on Earth. As of 2019, there are approximately 200 confirmed impact craters and 700 probable/possible ones despite the chronic under-funding this field of research.
    [2] Cruttenden, W. (2005) “Lost Star”, St. Lynn's Press p.111 ‎
    [3] De Grazia, A. & Milton, E.R. (2018), ‘’Solaria Binaria’’, Metron Publications p.17
    [4] Binary Research Institute Editors (2011) “Introduction to Binary Companion Theory”, Binary Research Institute.
    [5] Scott, D. (2006) “The Electric Sky”, ‎Mikamar Publishing p. 157-159
    [6] Scott, D. (2013) “Electric cosmology – Stellar Evolution”, Electric Cosmos.org
    [7] Scott, (2006) p.158
    [8] Raup, D. & Sepkoski, J. (1982), “Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record”, Science, 215- 4539, pp. 1501-1503
    [9] According to calculations made by Raup & Sepkoski, the probability of a 27-MY mass extinction cycle being due to random chance is less than 1%.
    [10] Muller, R. (1990) “Nemesis : The Death Star”, Arrow p.74-77
    [11] Kyte FT, Wasson JT. (1986) “Accretion rate of extraterrestrial matter: iridium deposited 33 to 67 million years ago”. Science 232(4755):1225-9
    [12] Muller, 1990 p.44
    [13] At the time Luis Alvarez was the director of the Princeton research laboratories where Muller was conducting his research about Nemesis.
    [14] Ibid., p.59
    [15] Lescaudron, 2014. Chapter 18
    [16] Melott A. & Bambach R., (2010) “Nemesis Reconsidered”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters 407, issue 1, pp L99–L102
    [17] Raup, D. & Sepkoski, J. (1982), “Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record”, Science, 215-4539, pp. 1501-1503
    [18] An asteroid of neglectable mass (several tons) relative to the Sun would have an aphelion of roughly 200.000 AU that is 3.16 light years. Such a remote aphelion would subject the asteroid to the gravitational forces of nearby stars like Proxima Centauri (4.24 light years from the Sun) or the binary stars Alpha Centauri A and B (4.35 light years from the Sun) while the gravitational forces exerted by the Sun would be virtually null.
    [19] Muller, 1990, p.114
    [20] (1933-2009) Astronomer who worked for the University of Arizona
    Jeff Harrison, (2009) “Astronomer Frank J. Low, 1933-2009” University of Arizona
    [21] Thomas Jay Chester worked for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
    Thomas Chester (2004) “Thomas Jay Chester's Website”
    [22] D. Whitmire et al. (1984). ‘Are periodic mass extinctions driven by a distant solar companion?’, Nature 308, 713–715
    [23] Muller, 1990 p.109
    [24] Bruce A. (2009) “Science or Superstition”, ‎Disinformation Books p.67
    [25] Scott , 2006, p. 127
    [26] Ibid, p. 127-129
    [27] David M. Raup, J. John Sepkoski Jr. (1982). “Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record”. Science: 1501-1503
    [28] Alvarez, L.W et al. (1980). "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction". Science. 208 (4448):
    [29] Rampino, Michael R.& Caldeira, Ken. (2017). “Correlation of the largest craters, stratigraphic impact signatures, and extinction events over the past 250 Myr”. Geoscience Frontiers, 8- 6, Pages 1241-1245,
    [30] Kyte FT, Wasson JT. (1986) “Accretion rate of extraterrestrial matter: iridium deposited 33 to 67 million years ago”. Science 232(4755):1225-9
    [31] Alvarez, W. et al. (1982) “Iridium anomaly approximately synchronous with terminal Eocene extinctions” Science, v. 216, p. 886-888.
    [32] Tanner, Lawrence et al. (2004). “Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinction”. Earth-Science Reviews. 65. 103-139. 10.1016
    [33] Spray, J.G et al. (1998). “Evidence for a Late Triassic multiple impact event on Earth”. Nature 392,171–173
    [34] Michael R. Rampino et al. (2021). “A pulse of the Earth: A 27.5-Myr underlying cycle in coordinated geological events over the last 260 Myr”. Geoscience Frontiers
    [35] Korochantseva, Ekaterina et al. (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (1): 113–130.
    [36] Schmieder, M. et al. (2019). “In situ U–Pb analysis of shocked zircon from the Charlevoix impact structure, Québec, Canada”. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 54(8) pp. 1808-1827.
    [37] Richard Grieve (1997) “Extraterrestrial impact events: the record in the rocks and the stratigraphic column” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
    [38] Victor Clube, Bill Napier (1982) “The Cosmic Serpent: A Catastrophist View of Earth History” Universe Books p.121
    [39] Sandberg, Charles et al. (2002). “Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinctions”. Geological Soc Am. 356. 473–87
    [40] Playford PE, et al. (1984) “Iridium anomaly in the upper devonian of the canning basin, Western australia”. Science. 226(4673):437-9
    [41] Sandberg, 2002
    [42] Reimold, W.U. et al. (2003), “Woodleigh impact structure, Australia: Shock petrography and geochemical studies”. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 38: 1109-1130.
    [43] Mizukami, Takuya et al. (2014). “A spike of woody plant biomarkers in the deep-sea iridium layer at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 412. 241–248.
    Click to expand...
    Hello @Pierre

    Thanks for the information above, something very funny happened to me today, I bought your book some time now, yesterday I took it and began to read it, mainly cause I thought that your book could have an answer to the heat we are facing in our zone and was focused with the reading but then I started to look in the forum more information, well I read so many things and opened some pages that I found in the forum about twin star and information related, but was very tired yesterday to continue, today I woke up and continued reading the book and Im in CAP 15 Enter Nemesis page 59, then I opened my computer and see my Forum page opened and then you are with the same information I was reading in the same page in the book.

    So it was funny for me to see that what I was reading in your book, was the page in the forum with the same information that I have opened on my computer, this same thread where Im wrinting now.

    I´ve been feeling down all these days because in my place it's getting hot more than ever I felt, so I´ve been wondering what could it be.
    The first information I got here is the Fenomeno DEl Niño, which makes dry conditions, no rain, and high temperatures.

    So yesterday I decided to bring more energy and learn about this more and trying to connect with the dots, came across all the information in the forum and your book Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic Connection, and it's just amazing that the work that has been done from all of you.

    As easy to read the Laura´s Books its easy to understand in your book the terms for a nonscientific person, so I would like to say thanks to you, Laura and all of the crew, for the amazing work that has been done with all the incredible information is here, so a person is capable the understand all that is happening in the world now in a very scientific way but so easy to digest.
    \":clap:\"\":clap:\"\":clap:\"\":clap:\"\":thup:\"\":thup:\"\":thup:\"\":thup:\"\":thup:\"\":thup:\"\":flowers:\"\":flowers:\"\":flowers:\"\":flowers:\"\":flowers:\"\":flowers:\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17307,"user":"Asa","id":1107802,"date":"2023-05-31T14:20:18+0200","text":"Thanks for sharing all of this Pierre. To be clear and credible on arguably the biggest questions of all - where did life come from, and how did it evolve to its current state - is a remarkable achievement.

    Your work also brings to mind Gurdjieff's concentric circles. I suspect the people reading this thread have a wide range of ability in terms of scientific understanding. Certainly, I have zero formal education in it and struggle to understand some of your concepts deeply. However, it is presented in such a way that I can 'contemplate' the correlation between the various data points in order to understand the hypothesis as a whole; in other words, someone who is potentially accessing the exoteric circle can contemplate your ideas, and arrive at an understanding that is co-linear with more advanced members who, presumably, can 'calculate' in relation to some of your concepts.

    Thanks again and looking forward to more of your work in the future.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1116837,"date":"2023-07-15T10:41:13+0200","text":"
    Benjamin said:
    - ...had to be develpoed in...
    Click to expand...
    -> developed

    Pierre said:
    If the human species is about to follow the fate of the dinosaurs, we shall remember that like in the previous mass extinctions there will be survivors, even evolutionary leaps induced by the new plague virus that removed most but some will “sparred” maybe even “upgraded”.
    Click to expand...
    -> But some will be "spared" maybe even "upgraded".","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1119344,"date":"2023-07-29T07:20:05+0200","text":"@Pierre there seems to be a contradiction here:

    Pierre said:
    In addition, this information carrying capacity is de-multiplied if the group of photons behaves in a coherent manner
    Click to expand...
    Multiplied?","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1119346,"date":"2023-07-29T07:37:34+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Likewise In 2019, for the first time, scientists managed to produce fractal light patterns from lasers, i.e. coherent photons[22]. In addition they've shown the fractal light could be created in 3D rather than just in 2D:
    Click to expand...
    -> Likewise, in 2019","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9123,"user":"Anthony","id":1119348,"date":"2023-07-29T08:06:58+0200","text":"Chapter 18: The Black Death

    Like the Plague of Justinian, the Bleak Death lasted several centuries from its first recorded apparition in 1347 until 1850[1] and it, likewise, exhibits numerous outbreaks – evaluated officially[2] to 16[3] in total:
    Click to expand...

    This should be Black Death.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9769,"user":"Altair","id":1119351,"date":"2023-07-29T08:34:12+0200","text":"
    Pierre said:
    Over the past years part research were very focused in Fort Detrick, in 2016 they involved in research concerning the use of bats[31] and the viruses they carry as bioweapons.
    Click to expand...
    It must be 2018. Footnote: Boston University (2018) "Egyptian fruit bat genome yields clues about bats' ability to harbor and transmit deadly pathogens without getting sick" Phys.org ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9123,"user":"Anthony","id":1119586,"date":"2023-07-30T12:16:02+0200","text":"Chapter 18: The Black Death

    Notice in the graph above, the dashed line represents the plague incidence over the years 1680-1830, but this incidence is magnified six times. It’s as if we have one graph for two different diseases: the Black Death from 1348 and 1680 (high incidence) which would have lasted about two centuries like the plague of Justinian and another disease, smallpox or bubonic plaque from 1680 to 1830.
    Click to expand...

    This should be bubonic plague.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":12453,"user":"Abats","id":1138775,"date":"2023-10-31T14:13:29+0100","text":"This post may be premature and I don't want to offend anyone by sharing this idea, but Pierre's book that was being written contains 18 chapters that seem "finished" and I imagine that the remaining parts contain information that is not yet well organized or detailed.

    Pierre was able to analyze and put in order so much information and make it intellectually accessible enough that I wondered if it was possible that together we could perhaps finish his book with the remaining information.

    We learned a lot from him and his way of thinking, and the number of messages and corrections made by various members of this topic show how the power of the network was able to move this project forward. Of course, we're not Pierre, but I believe that publishing his posthumous work would also be a fine acknowledgement that even after his time here with us, he will continue to leave his mark on us and teach us.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":19656,"user":"JandI","id":1138864,"date":"2023-10-31T19:11:58+0100","text":"
    Abats said:
    This post may be premature and I don't want to offend anyone by sharing this idea, but Pierre's book that was being written contains 18 chapters that seem "finished" and I imagine that the remaining parts contain information that is not yet well organized or detailed.

    Pierre was able to analyze and put in order so much information and make it intellectually accessible enough that I wondered if it was possible that together we could perhaps finish his book with the remaining information.

    We learned a lot from him and his way of thinking, and the number of messages and corrections made by various members of this topic show how the power of the network was able to move this project forward. Of course, we're not Pierre, but I believe that publishing his posthumous work would also be a fine acknowledgement that even after his time here with us, he will continue to leave his mark on us and teach us.
    Click to expand...
    We second this.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":17406,"user":"Pat","id":1139053,"date":"2023-11-01T15:57:59+0100","text":"
    Abats said:
    This post may be premature and I don't want to offend anyone by sharing this idea, but Pierre's book that was being written contains 18 chapters that seem "finished" and I imagine that the remaining parts contain information that is not yet well organized or detailed.

    Pierre was able to analyze and put in order so much information and make it intellectually accessible enough that I wondered if it was possible that together we could perhaps finish his book with the remaining information.

    We learned a lot from him and his way of thinking, and the number of messages and corrections made by various members of this topic show how the power of the network was able to move this project forward. Of course, we're not Pierre, but I believe that publishing his posthumous work would also be a fine acknowledgement that even after his time here with us, he will continue to leave his mark on us and teach us.
    Click to expand...
    I agree also, understanding it was Pierre's will to share with others","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":537,"user":"Jacques","id":1139155,"date":"2023-11-01T23:48:01+0100","text":"
    Abats said:
    This post may be premature and I don't want to offend anyone by sharing this idea, but Pierre's book that was being written contains 18 chapters that seem "finished" and I imagine that the remaining parts contain information that is not yet well organized or detailed.
    Click to expand...

    I might be wrong but Pierre had already published here the conclusion of his book.

    So it is probably finished but surely need a final proofreading.


    Pierre said:
    Thanks! All corrections are included in the master file.
    Click to expand...

    If so and when the final version is available, the French team will be more than happy to translate this other great book from Pierre.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4383,"user":"Maat","id":1139166,"date":"2023-11-02T01:06:43+0100","text":"Maybe there is some confusion with this one which was in progress

    \"cassiopaea.org\"

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field

    The book titled "Comets, Virus and Evolutionary Leap" is almost finished. Only 2 chapters are missing of which about 80% have been written. The following book is titled, for now, "Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field". Here are two drafts of chapter 4: Proteins as Antenna and Chapter...
    \"cassiopaea.org\"cassiopaea.org
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":23,"user":"Vulcan59","id":1156907,"date":"2024-01-20T21:07:45+0100","text":"FWIW, Chandra Wickramasinghe lecture on the origin of life was cancelled without courtesy or explanation!

    \"cosmictusk.com\"

    Chandra Wickramasinghe, Cambridge ('60), Member of the Order of the British Empire ('22), cancelled for life lecture at Durham University: A Tusk Investigation - The Cosmic Tusk

    Tusk buddy Dr. Chandra Wickramasinghe was gleefully invited by Durham University to give an evening lecture this April on the origin of life. And was cancelled today without courtesy or explanation. Queen Elizabeth II thought...
    \"cosmictusk.com\"cosmictusk.com

    https://twitter.com/x/status/1747924106945667092
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":6992,"user":"whitecoast","id":1188431,"date":"2024-07-01T05:46:27+0200","text":"This was an incredible lecture that spoke about how the electrical potentials of a tissue act as a morphogenic template for the development of organisms. In the concluding Q&A Michael Levin comments that consciousness as we understand it is likely to be a much more embodied phenomenon than those who attempt to find it solely in the brain may realize. I also found it interesting that he stressed in his concluding slide that we must be careful to avoid jumping to either teleophobia (literally fear of higher purpose) or animism (the idea that all things have souls). It seems like he is attempting to fill in a couple of modest rungs on the ladder between our knowledge about the non-physical nature of information/consciousness and a fully fleshed-out understanding of the information field.

    Bioelectricity: The Body's Cognitive Glue - Michael Levin - 4/18/24​


    I'll share two slides which triggered WOW moments for me. The first was this diagram of cross-sections of kidney tubules. As they grow smaller fewer and fewer cells are utilized, and in the smallest instance it is one cell wraped around itself as a sheath. In the former portions it is merely cell-to-cell communication, but in the final instance the cytoskeleton itself bends to accomodate the desired form. These are two molecularly distinct programs, but at the both the tissue and singe-cell scale the cells and their proteins knew what had to happen to assume the required form of producing kidney tubules.


    The second slide (around 40 minutes in) showed how editing the electrical pattern of a flatworm called a planarian resulted in its regenerative potential to form two heads instead of one. And this bioelectrical pattern was stored in the organism's electrical potentials, and instead of telling what the organism was shaped like, told it how to behave in the event of certain developmental cues (e.g. in response to injury). The author brought this to humans as well: the liver itself has an incredible capacity to regenerate, and apparently even young children can lose the tips of their fingers and have them regenerate fully.




    To show how important the cellular potentials of any given cell's environment (i.e. the cells around it in a multicellular organism) are, they've been able to actually remove blastomere cells and culture them independently. This resulted in small ball-like organisms which could replicate in the presence of other frog cells, and even form memories and navigate their environments. They made a completely different sort of organisms from cells with DNA identical to the frogs they were taken from. They've also developed similar "bots" out of human cells as well, which they are hoping to use at some point in regenerative therapies.



    In a test to see how cancer showed up in these types of potentials, injecting oncogenes into a tadpole resulted in there being an isolated electrical potential, where the affected cells were no longer able to recognize neighboring cells as part of themselves, which thereby resulted in its atavistic reversion to an amoeba or slime mold-like growth (far left). In the middle diagram they did the same injection, but also added an additional electrical influence which would keep the affected cells still behaving in the same electrical environment. In that situation the tumor was suppressed, because in spite of that charge it still recognized and listened to morphogenetic cues from the environment.




    Some of the stuff was pretty mind-blowing, since it shows how critical electromagnetism is to the morphology of organisms.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9535,"user":"daddycat","id":1188436,"date":"2024-07-01T06:24:00+0200","text":"
    whitecoast said:
    Some of the stuff was pretty mind-blowing, since it shows how critical electromagnetism is to the morphology of organisms.
    Click to expand...
    "Your physiology and etheric orientation are both tied into the magnetic state of your environment."
    Laura said:
    Q: (A) Yes, but why is this reality shift related to magnetic field disturbance? What is the connection?

    A: Your physiology and etheric orientation are both tied into the magnetic state of your environment.

    Q: (L) Okay, you said before that the magnetic field is going to reverse...

    A: Magnetic poles reverse.

    Q: (L) Okay, what is the magnetic field going to do. It is going to change in some way. Is it going to increase, decrease... is this to a degree - something other than direction - amplification? (T) Will anything change in the strength of the field?

    A: Let us illustrate. Now: Earth. [A circle is drawn with radiating spikes all around fairly close to the surface.] Earth after: [A circle is drawn with double radiating spikes with those in polar regions considerably longer than the others.]

    Q: (T) So, it is the same, except it is larger?

    A: Close.

    Q: (T) Are you indicating that the magnetic field will be stronger?

    A: Broader and larger.

    Q: (L) What is the cross in the middle?

    A: Geodirectional grid reference. You incorrectly added circle on side. Lines of magnetic field alignment should be shown as longer at poles. "Crosshairs" in illustration are for directional reference only.

    Q: (T) Does this mean it will be stronger also?

    A: Larger and broader.

    Q: (A) People work near strong magnets much stronger than the Earth's magnetic field, yet nothing happens to them that we can see.

    A: Not true. Body chemistry is altered. Is not long term or permanent exposure.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4470,"user":"Mari","id":1215727,"date":"2024-11-04T16:05:59+0100","text":"I haven´t found in this thread all the chapters in English merged into one pdf document/book, so I created one big pdf with all the chapters merged into a book.","attachments":["
  • Mass Extinctions Evolutionary Leaps and Viral Information.pdf
    Mass Extinctions Evolutionary Leaps and Viral Information.pdf
    18.3 MB· Views: 185
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":5.809447058092057e+48,"user":"BreoMariBreopalestineSTARSEEDJonespalestinepalestineaxjWandering StarKJS","id":1215729,"date":"2024-11-04T16:19:19+01002024-11-04T16:45:00+01002024-11-04T16:55:58+01002025-03-24T13:41:05+01002025-10-25T11:04:39+02002025-10-25T11:54:19+02002025-11-06T02:18:01+01002025-11-06T02:27:25+01002025-11-06T05:07:46+01002025-11-06T07:31:06+01002026-07-01T12:14:56+0200","text":"
    Mari said:
    I haven´t found in this thread all the chapters in English merged into one pdf document/book, so I created one big pdf with all the chapters merged into a book.
    Click to expand...
    Thank you, Mari for this work! Added to my reading list :)

    FYI, in the table of contents, from chap. 2 on, at the page links, it says: Error! Bookmark not defined.
    Breo said:
    FYI, in the table of contents, from chap. 2 on, at the page links, it says: Error! Bookmark not defined.
    Click to expand...
    I know; it´s not perfect.... Those errors should be references to pages so you can click on it and go to particular page, but since all the chapters are in separate file, all is now jumbled up.
    I´ll try to edit it and see if I can fix it or at least remove remove the links so there are no errors.
    Mari said:
    I know; it´s not perfect.... Those errors should be references to pages so you can click on it and go to particular page, but since all the chapters are in separate file, all is now jumbled up.
    I´ll try to edit it and see if I can fix it or at least remove remove the links so there are no errors.
    Click to expand...
    It was just a small reminder. It´s a great service you do and a lot of work. All who want to read it will manage anyway :)Pierre laid down very interesting points. I am a newbie but here is something that caught my attention:

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field
    The difference in chirality leads to different biophotons emissions
    Click to expand...

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field
    The preeminence of shape over chemical composition is perfectly illustrated by the concept of chirality, also known as handedness.
    Click to expand...

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field
    According to the prevalent mechanistic paradigm, the properties of a given substances, whether a proteins, an element, or a therapeutic molecule is defined by its chemical
    Click to expand...

    Pierre spots that a molecule exhibits "chirality", "handedness". He explains how this is part of the basic "information acquisition" mecanism - and wonders about this "dynamic feature". "how come that, being teh same substance, two molecules will act completely differently? This is puzzling".

    I was pondering if this may be relevant in the context of Ian McGilchrist's teachings, & the right and left hemispheres.

    The left would be leaned towards "utilitarianism", while the right hemisphere would be relating to non-utilitarian (I suppose that this term is used in teh context of "us in materialistic 3D", it's a bit pejorative) values - such as beauty, God, goodness and Truth.

    I was wondering if molecule's chirality, as observed by Pierre, would be a match - meaning that molecules have such intrinsic quality - and even more, if the chirality Pierre observed refers to a similar "dichotomy".
    Jones said:
    Thanks Pierre, this is such an interesting read and I really appreciate your ability to distil what seems to be copious information down into the most salient details.

    - detail

    - practitioners in osteopathy,

    - illustrates the point that

    - the virus doesn't cause any sickness

    - extent

    - throwing the baby (terrain) out with the bathwater

    Maybe with the group helping out with editing you will get the time to publish this one too?
    Click to expand...
    I am now conflicted with the work of Dr Tom Cowan Dr Andrew Kaufman Dr Stefan Lanka and the earlier Research of Gaston Naessens. Virus .....Dead Cell Debris or maybe an exosome this research reveals that viruses have no mechanism to reproduce they are not living in any normal sense and the revelation we don't have an immune system but a detox system.
    The Somatid cycle reveals much.
    STARSEED said:
    I am now conflicted with the work of Dr Tom Cowan Dr Andrew Kaufman Dr Stefan Lanka and the earlier Research of Gaston Naessens. Virus .....Dead Cell Debris or maybe an exosome this research reveals that viruses have no mechanism to reproduce they are not living in any normal sense and the revelation we don't have an immune system but a detox system.
    The Somatid cycle reveals much.
    Click to expand...

    Hi Starseed, the works that you mention were discussed in the following thread. Perhaps reading that will help sort out your conflict on the ideas presented.

    \"Mandatory

    Thread 'Germ Theory vs Terrain Theory / Pleomorphism / Béchamp, Rife, Naessens, Reich'

    In simple terms, the Germ Theory states that disease comes from germs. The Terrain Theory states that germs are the result of a disease, not the cause.

    The creature credited with giving us the germ theory is Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). He mainly stole ideas from others, and his real contribution was perverting those ideas and coming up with a result that has caused untold damage since. The germ theory is largely responsible for the barbaric idea of vaccination, for Big Pharma, and generally for people being a lot sicker than they need to.

    A fascinating part of our hidden...
    • \"Like\"
    • \"Love\"
    In simple terms, the Germ Theory states that disease comes from germs. The Terrain Theory states that germs are the result of a disease, not the cause.

    The creature credited with giving us the germ theory is Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). He mainly stole ideas from others, and his real contribution was perverting those ideas and coming up with a result that has caused untold damage since. The germ theory is largely responsible for the barbaric idea of vaccination, for Big Pharma, and generally for people being a lot sicker than they need to.

    A fascinating part of our hidden...I sometimes come across posts describing a translation from 4D to 3D—and it has to do with the perception of a phenomenon whose origin lies beyond 3D.

    For example: we sometimes read, "This is how we perceive X or Y." Aliens, types of aliens, etc. "This is how you perceive their essence"—as the C's would say.

    In the light of this thread, I would observe comets in a similar way.

    Must first sum up Pierre's framework:

    He demonstrates a bidirectional mechanism, from the human to the Information Field, which I would schematize as follows:

    [Human]
    > emission of biophotons from its proteins
    > connection to the Information Field
    [Information Field]
    > feedback
    > sending of "data" back to the human
    > alterations of matter at the individual level
    [Human]

    The process is dynamic because the Information Field can change the data it sends at any time. The Information Field's nature is unknown to me, but I suspect it to be closer to 7D than a strict 4th D entity.

    Any way, it is in this feedback context that comets appear, as agents of change. They not only have an impact on Earth, but they also carry viruses (the plague outbreaks seem to fall under this category).

    For several years, I've been observing comets and their study here on the forum, but it's always been from a rather 3D perspective. A comet appears, hits Earth, and so on.

    I was thinking that from the perspective of "translating 4D into a 3D understanding," comets would be manifestations of the Information Field.

    From there on, there would be all sorts of possibilities for a different description of the source (the Information Field) and the agent (the comet), if we get a bit out of the 3D perspective.

    Until now, I've been picturing "agents of change," "a meteor," of different colors, streaking across the sky and destroying.

    I wonder if considering them based on their original density would allow for the development of an even more objective model. In this model, "a comet" becomes a pure manifestation of will on the part of the Information Field—a direct transmission of data intended to change various specific things.

    A comet would be pure "data" rather than an agent of impact/explosion \"☄️\" Well - it still is, but I was wondering about the idea. I am sure that many members already made this link, I just figured that out right now. \":-[\"

    A basic conclusion would be the discarding of all things negative/pejorative, about comets. The consideration of a comet as "data" seems relevant, too: I think that a scientific mind can appreciate the difference, and its potential for various very interesting studies.

    The gap is huge: for instance, the Black Death would slide, from medieval rodents, to a positive & common human mechanism. This is not few. It's at man that the plague originates - and the comet sends the plague - all of it being a basic function of man in the Universe (anthropocosmos connection).

    Pierre describes a mechanism involving proteins and biophotons, as the connection to the Information Field. The C's have been mentioning that the glands, in humans, were the bridges between 3D and higher densities. I would be wondering if those participate, too, in the process!Sorry, I don't always manage to fully develop my ideas—and the summary of my post, which I would have included towards the end, would be:

    "If the origin of comets is the Information Field, which operates at a different density than 3D, an objective / fruitful approach might consist of studying the properties at this density of existence." \";-)\"
    palestine said:
    If the origin of comets is the Information Field, which operates at a different density than 3D, an objective / fruitful approach might consist of studying the properties at this density of existence.
    Click to expand...
    Ultimately, everything in every density seems to 'originate' in the information field or consciousness. The C's also did not say that all comets originate in 4D, only that some can.
    axj said:
    The C's also did not say that all comets originate in 4D, only that some can.
    Click to expand...
    April 23rd 2022


    A: Meteoric object breaching realm barrier.

    Q: (Andromeda) That was my first guess.

    (Pierre) Yeah, me too. We agreed on that. Breaching the realm barrier...

    (Niall) The meteor wasn't coming through space. It merged...

    (Andromeda) It came through a portal, pretty much.

    (Niall) Was it a merging of...

    (Pierre) From 4D?

    A: Every object entering your realm does not have to come from 4D. Refer back to Ark's questions about dimensions. Also consider what has been said about window fallers and Flight 19.I went through quite a rabbit hole during the past weekend, starting from Whitley Strieber and stylometric analysis of his books and arrived at Max Rempel's DNA Resonance research. Rempel became popular recently because of his alien-hybrid DNA paper, which is super unusual for a well-credentialed scientist like him. I went through his biography and he seems to conduct two lines of research - a mainstream one and a very novel, "fringe" one. This makes sense, as the mainstream is a funding vehicle for the cutting edge. It also fits what Pierre presented here. Below is a summary of Rempel's introductory video. Keep in mind that he was working with Richard Allan Miller, a scientist with intelligence, Rockefeller Foundation and DuPont ties. His alien-hybrid DNA site is also heavily colored with NHI being benign.

    Some of his sites:
    - Google Scholar (h-index 21)
    - DNA Resonance
    - Starseed Genetics

    1. The Core Architecture: DNA → Microtubules → Synaptic Gap​

    Rempel builds on Hameroff-Penrose (microtubules as information transmitters in neurons) and extends it:
    • DNA is vibrationally coupled to microtubules. Microtubules connect to nucleoli and "plug in" to the nucleus through vibrational coupling — hypothesized, not proven.
    • Microtubules transmit vibrational information between cells. They bridge the gap between DNA in one cell's nucleus and DNA in another's.
    • The synaptic gap is the key locus. Chemistry alone (dopamine, serotonin, GABA) doesn't explain qualities of mind — the resonance property of the gap (from Richard Alan Miller) is where consciousness-relevant processing happens.
    • Net result: all DNA in the body forms one unified vibrational system.

    2. What Vibrates: The Non-Coding Genome​

    The human genome: 3 billion base pairs, ~2 meters stretched, packed into a ~5–7 µm nucleus.

    Component% of Genome
    Protein-coding exons4.5%
    Introns (repetitive portion)~24%
    Intergenic (repetitive portion)~28%
    Total repetitive~55%

    The argument: Resonance requires multiple identical units vibrating together. The 55% repetitive fraction — transposons, LINEs, SINEs, other repeats — is the substrate. Non-coding DNA (95.5% total) is not junk; it's the vibrational engine.

    3. The Misinheritability Gap: Twin Studies Overestimate DNA​

    Rempel cites Rupert Sheldrake and argues:
    • Twin studies form the evidence base for high heritability estimates (e.g., schizophrenia claimed at ~80%).
    • Identical twins synchronize in the womb — their DNA vibrationally entrains, making them more similar than genetics alone predicts.
    • This inflates twin-study heritability. True genetic heritability is less than half, often 10–30%.
    • The gap is known but "swept under the carpet" by geneticists because high heritability numbers attract funding.
    • Non-coding DNA resonance contributes significantly to the true heritable fraction. Conservation of non-coding sequences across evolution supports functional importance.

    4. The Model of Consciousness​

    4.1 Universal → Individual Consciousness
    • A universal consciousness exists (present in all cultures, perennial philosophy).
    • Individual consciousness is a fractal fragment of it.
    • DNA is the interface — much of the mind exists outside the body, connected to physical conscious mind through DNA resonance.
    • The external subconscious connects to the internal mind via this vibrational bridge.
    4.2 Reality as Simulation (Inside-Out Rendering)
    • The external world is created from inside out — a "natural simulation," not a computer one.
    • It's structured to protect the illusion of separateness and resist detection.
    • You can have personal experience of this, but sharing/proving it to others is blocked by "protective programs."
    4.3 The Consciousness-Brain Loop
    • Consciousness creates the body → body creates a brain → brain creates consciousness.
    • The dilemma resolves by splitting into universal and individual consciousness.
    • The brain develops individual consciousness through experience, embedded within universal consciousness.

    5. Free Will as Time-Pressure Optimization​

    Free will is not metaphysical magic — it's choice under the pressure of time with incomplete information. Given unlimited time and information, an optimal solution is calculable. The "bump-and-go car" (mechanical toy from the 50s–60s) demonstrates that apparently autonomous choice requires no consciousness at all.

    DNA plays a role in creating the illusion of the flow of time (Rempel has a separate paper on this).

    6. Fractal Rendering & The Mirror​

    • Reality renders as you attend to it — like a multiplayer game world streaming in as each player moves through it.
    • You are a fractal fragment of universal consciousness.
    • What's inside the skin is a fractal mirror transformation of what's outside — related to monism, solipsism, and the hermetic "as above, so below."
    • DNA, morphogenesis, brain, and mind are the four players in this mirror.

    7. The Telepathy Tapes & The Next Branch​

    Rempel points to the Telepathy Tapes (Ky Dickens, ~2024) as a breakthrough:
    • Non-speaking autistic children and adults are reliably telepathic. When taught spelling/typing, the phenomenon becomes measurable.
    • This population is creating a global telepathic network.
    • Rempel frames them as the next branch of human evolution (cf. Strugatsky's "Ugly Swans") — genetically different, possessing innate telepathy.
    • They can teach "neurotypical" people telepathy. Caregivers and teachers now communicate and even teach lessons in silence.
    • Key academic researchers behind this: Diane Hennacy Powell (ESP: The Scientific Case for Psychic Phenomena), Dean Radin (Real Magic), and Rupert Sheldrake (Morphic Resonance).
    Materialism is incomplete. Solving consciousness requires paranormal research and quantum physics.

    8. Polywater & The DNA-Water Dance​

    The Structure
    • DNA is not naked — it wraps around nucleosomes, then tetranucleosomes, then disorderly chromatin. No larger ordered structures are known.
    • DNA is heavily hydrated. The water structure around it is essential and tightly coupled.
    Polywater / Exclusion Zone Water
    • First described by Lippincott (1969), building on Derjaguin's polywater (~1959). Later discarded by mainstream science.
    • Gerald Pollack's "EZ water" — flat, layered water structures — build around charged surfaces.
    • These layers have gaps and canyons that allow electrical neutrality. Filling them creates negative charge. Continuous building and dissolving of the structure = a dance.
    The Hexagonal Conflict
    • Polywater is hexagonal. DNA has hexagonal rings (bases), but the double helix has 10.5 base pairs per turn.
    • 2 turns = 21 steps (7 × 3). This disagreement with hexagonal water symmetry makes DNA "uncomfortable."
    • DNA vibrates and spins, trying to fit into the water structure.
    • This conflict is the basis of life's energy — why we're warm-blooded at 36.6°C: to drive DNA vibration in water.
    • Because DNA is charged, this creates oscillating electromagnetic fields in the nucleus — an acoustic, electric, and electromagnetic dance across many frequencies.
    Pin-Tumbler Lock Model
    • Layers of polywater shift perpendicular to DNA, like pins in a lock.
    • DNA sequence information imprints onto the shifting layers — the sequence determines layer positions.
    • After 2 steps, up to 18+ positions are possible — a rich encoding space.

    9. Transposon Coupling: Verified​

    Rempel tested the hypothesis that similar repetitive sequences (transposons) attract each other in 3D nuclear space:
    • Used public Hi-C / chromatin conformation capture datasets.
    • Built the analysis pipeline via AI-assisted programming.
    • Result: Transposons of the same family (e.g., MIR, L2B, L2C) are enriched near ligation junctions — they come together. Signal fades to background with distance.
    • Some transposons repel each other (e.g., L2 C3N) — equally important.
    • Reproducible across biological replicates and individuals. Submitted for publication.
    This confirms homological coupling — a weak, quantum-mediated attraction between similar DNA sequences in water.

    10. Coherence, Quantum Biology & Health​

    • Quantum entanglement is central to biological signaling (citing Philip Ball and others).
    • Sunlight is coherent → absorbed by eyes and skin → makes us coherent and healthy. Same principle for healthy food.
    • Red light therapy (discovered 1968, FDA-cleared ~2015) works through quantum entanglement, delivering coherence.
    • Meditation, yoga, tai chi, qigong, reiki increase coherence in the mind → coherence in the body → healthier chromatin.
    • Coherence is key to neuroplasticity and neuronal health. Chromatin damage comes from environment and mind — both directions matter.

    11. The Emerging Telepathic Network​

    Three paths converging:
    1. Natural telepathy — spreading from the non-speaking autistic community to neurotypicals.
    2. Synthetic telepathy — helmets using optical quantum entanglement (non-surgical; Neuralink is the surgical fork). Richard Alan Miller wrote about this ~1980–1990.
    3. AI integration — artificial intelligence as a unifying layer, helping connect humans into a coherent network.
    Rempel sees this as inevitable, albeit bumpy.

    12. Vibrational Ecology: The Warning​

    • The entire biosphere is one vibrational system.
    • Genetic manipulation of plants and animals is fully underway. Human genetic manipulation is illegal in most countries but technically trivial — likely already happening.
    • Military interest in genetically engineered soldiers is stated.
    • Modifying DNA without understanding the vibrational ecology damages the collective vibration of humanity.
    • Discovering DNA vibrational ecology is essential for survival.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":["
  • cme.JPG
    35.2 KB· Views: 103
    • "],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4470,"user":"Mari","id":1215734,"date":"2024-11-04T16:45:00+0100","text":"
    Breo said:
    FYI, in the table of contents, from chap. 2 on, at the page links, it says: Error! Bookmark not defined.
    Click to expand...
    I know; it´s not perfect.... Those errors should be references to pages so you can click on it and go to particular page, but since all the chapters are in separate file, all is now jumbled up.
    I´ll try to edit it and see if I can fix it or at least remove remove the links so there are no errors.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":5809,"user":"Breo","id":1215738,"date":"2024-11-04T16:55:58+0100","text":"
    Mari said:
    I know; it´s not perfect.... Those errors should be references to pages so you can click on it and go to particular page, but since all the chapters are in separate file, all is now jumbled up.
    I´ll try to edit it and see if I can fix it or at least remove remove the links so there are no errors.
    Click to expand...
    It was just a small reminder. It´s a great service you do and a lot of work. All who want to read it will manage anyway :)","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":20569,"user":"palestine","id":1239492,"date":"2025-03-24T13:41:05+0100","text":"Pierre laid down very interesting points. I am a newbie but here is something that caught my attention:

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field
    The difference in chirality leads to different biophotons emissions
    Click to expand...

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field
    The preeminence of shape over chemical composition is perfectly illustrated by the concept of chirality, also known as handedness.
    Click to expand...

    New book: Proteins, Biophotons and the Information Field
    According to the prevalent mechanistic paradigm, the properties of a given substances, whether a proteins, an element, or a therapeutic molecule is defined by its chemical
    Click to expand...

    Pierre spots that a molecule exhibits "chirality", "handedness". He explains how this is part of the basic "information acquisition" mecanism - and wonders about this "dynamic feature". "how come that, being teh same substance, two molecules will act completely differently? This is puzzling".

    I was pondering if this may be relevant in the context of Ian McGilchrist's teachings, & the right and left hemispheres.

    The left would be leaned towards "utilitarianism", while the right hemisphere would be relating to non-utilitarian (I suppose that this term is used in teh context of "us in materialistic 3D", it's a bit pejorative) values - such as beauty, God, goodness and Truth.

    I was wondering if molecule's chirality, as observed by Pierre, would be a match - meaning that molecules have such intrinsic quality - and even more, if the chirality Pierre observed refers to a similar "dichotomy".","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":9493,"user":"STARSEED","id":1273262,"date":"2025-10-25T11:04:39+0200","text":"
    Jones said:
    Thanks Pierre, this is such an interesting read and I really appreciate your ability to distil what seems to be copious information down into the most salient details.

    - detail

    - practitioners in osteopathy,

    - illustrates the point that

    - the virus doesn't cause any sickness

    - extent

    - throwing the baby (terrain) out with the bathwater

    Maybe with the group helping out with editing you will get the time to publish this one too?
    Click to expand...
    I am now conflicted with the work of Dr Tom Cowan Dr Andrew Kaufman Dr Stefan Lanka and the earlier Research of Gaston Naessens. Virus .....Dead Cell Debris or maybe an exosome this research reveals that viruses have no mechanism to reproduce they are not living in any normal sense and the revelation we don't have an immune system but a detox system.
    The Somatid cycle reveals much.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":4717,"user":"Jones","id":1273268,"date":"2025-10-25T11:54:19+0200","text":"
    STARSEED said:
    I am now conflicted with the work of Dr Tom Cowan Dr Andrew Kaufman Dr Stefan Lanka and the earlier Research of Gaston Naessens. Virus .....Dead Cell Debris or maybe an exosome this research reveals that viruses have no mechanism to reproduce they are not living in any normal sense and the revelation we don't have an immune system but a detox system.
    The Somatid cycle reveals much.
    Click to expand...

    Hi Starseed, the works that you mention were discussed in the following thread. Perhaps reading that will help sort out your conflict on the ideas presented.

    \"Mandatory

    Thread 'Germ Theory vs Terrain Theory / Pleomorphism / Béchamp, Rife, Naessens, Reich'

    In simple terms, the Germ Theory states that disease comes from germs. The Terrain Theory states that germs are the result of a disease, not the cause.

    The creature credited with giving us the germ theory is Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). He mainly stole ideas from others, and his real contribution was perverting those ideas and coming up with a result that has caused untold damage since. The germ theory is largely responsible for the barbaric idea of vaccination, for Big Pharma, and generally for people being a lot sicker than they need to.

    A fascinating part of our hidden...
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    In simple terms, the Germ Theory states that disease comes from germs. The Terrain Theory states that germs are the result of a disease, not the cause.

    The creature credited with giving us the germ theory is Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). He mainly stole ideas from others, and his real contribution was perverting those ideas and coming up with a result that has caused untold damage since. The germ theory is largely responsible for the barbaric idea of vaccination, for Big Pharma, and generally for people being a lot sicker than they need to.

    A fascinating part of our hidden...","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":20569,"user":"palestine","id":1275012,"date":"2025-11-06T02:18:01+0100","text":"I sometimes come across posts describing a translation from 4D to 3D—and it has to do with the perception of a phenomenon whose origin lies beyond 3D.

    For example: we sometimes read, "This is how we perceive X or Y." Aliens, types of aliens, etc. "This is how you perceive their essence"—as the C's would say.

    In the light of this thread, I would observe comets in a similar way.

    Must first sum up Pierre's framework:

    He demonstrates a bidirectional mechanism, from the human to the Information Field, which I would schematize as follows:

    [Human]
    > emission of biophotons from its proteins
    > connection to the Information Field
    [Information Field]
    > feedback
    > sending of "data" back to the human
    > alterations of matter at the individual level
    [Human]

    The process is dynamic because the Information Field can change the data it sends at any time. The Information Field's nature is unknown to me, but I suspect it to be closer to 7D than a strict 4th D entity.

    Any way, it is in this feedback context that comets appear, as agents of change. They not only have an impact on Earth, but they also carry viruses (the plague outbreaks seem to fall under this category).

    For several years, I've been observing comets and their study here on the forum, but it's always been from a rather 3D perspective. A comet appears, hits Earth, and so on.

    I was thinking that from the perspective of "translating 4D into a 3D understanding," comets would be manifestations of the Information Field.

    From there on, there would be all sorts of possibilities for a different description of the source (the Information Field) and the agent (the comet), if we get a bit out of the 3D perspective.

    Until now, I've been picturing "agents of change," "a meteor," of different colors, streaking across the sky and destroying.

    I wonder if considering them based on their original density would allow for the development of an even more objective model. In this model, "a comet" becomes a pure manifestation of will on the part of the Information Field—a direct transmission of data intended to change various specific things.

    A comet would be pure "data" rather than an agent of impact/explosion \"☄️\" Well - it still is, but I was wondering about the idea. I am sure that many members already made this link, I just figured that out right now. \":-[\"

    A basic conclusion would be the discarding of all things negative/pejorative, about comets. The consideration of a comet as "data" seems relevant, too: I think that a scientific mind can appreciate the difference, and its potential for various very interesting studies.

    The gap is huge: for instance, the Black Death would slide, from medieval rodents, to a positive & common human mechanism. This is not few. It's at man that the plague originates - and the comet sends the plague - all of it being a basic function of man in the Universe (anthropocosmos connection).

    Pierre describes a mechanism involving proteins and biophotons, as the connection to the Information Field. The C's have been mentioning that the glands, in humans, were the bridges between 3D and higher densities. I would be wondering if those participate, too, in the process!","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":20569,"user":"palestine","id":1275013,"date":"2025-11-06T02:27:25+0100","text":"Sorry, I don't always manage to fully develop my ideas—and the summary of my post, which I would have included towards the end, would be:

    "If the origin of comets is the Information Field, which operates at a different density than 3D, an objective / fruitful approach might consist of studying the properties at this density of existence." \";-)\"","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":1789,"user":"axj","id":1275027,"date":"2025-11-06T05:07:46+0100","text":"
    palestine said:
    If the origin of comets is the Information Field, which operates at a different density than 3D, an objective / fruitful approach might consist of studying the properties at this density of existence.
    Click to expand...
    Ultimately, everything in every density seems to 'originate' in the information field or consciousness. The C's also did not say that all comets originate in 4D, only that some can.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":14181,"user":"Wandering Star","id":1275037,"date":"2025-11-06T07:31:06+0100","text":"
    axj said:
    The C's also did not say that all comets originate in 4D, only that some can.
    Click to expand...
    April 23rd 2022


    A: Meteoric object breaching realm barrier.

    Q: (Andromeda) That was my first guess.

    (Pierre) Yeah, me too. We agreed on that. Breaching the realm barrier...

    (Niall) The meteor wasn't coming through space. It merged...

    (Andromeda) It came through a portal, pretty much.

    (Niall) Was it a merging of...

    (Pierre) From 4D?

    A: Every object entering your realm does not have to come from 4D. Refer back to Ark's questions about dimensions. Also consider what has been said about window fallers and Flight 19.","attachments":[],"reactions":[]},{"user_id":13515,"user":"KJS","id":1307379,"date":"2026-07-01T12:14:56+0200","text":"I went through quite a rabbit hole during the past weekend, starting from Whitley Strieber and stylometric analysis of his books and arrived at Max Rempel's DNA Resonance research. Rempel became popular recently because of his alien-hybrid DNA paper, which is super unusual for a well-credentialed scientist like him. I went through his biography and he seems to conduct two lines of research - a mainstream one and a very novel, "fringe" one. This makes sense, as the mainstream is a funding vehicle for the cutting edge. It also fits what Pierre presented here. Below is a summary of Rempel's introductory video. Keep in mind that he was working with Richard Allan Miller, a scientist with intelligence, Rockefeller Foundation and DuPont ties. His alien-hybrid DNA site is also heavily colored with NHI being benign.

    Some of his sites:
    - Google Scholar (h-index 21)
    - DNA Resonance
    - Starseed Genetics

    1. The Core Architecture: DNA → Microtubules → Synaptic Gap​

    Rempel builds on Hameroff-Penrose (microtubules as information transmitters in neurons) and extends it:
    • DNA is vibrationally coupled to microtubules. Microtubules connect to nucleoli and "plug in" to the nucleus through vibrational coupling — hypothesized, not proven.
    • Microtubules transmit vibrational information between cells. They bridge the gap between DNA in one cell's nucleus and DNA in another's.
    • The synaptic gap is the key locus. Chemistry alone (dopamine, serotonin, GABA) doesn't explain qualities of mind — the resonance property of the gap (from Richard Alan Miller) is where consciousness-relevant processing happens.
    • Net result: all DNA in the body forms one unified vibrational system.

    2. What Vibrates: The Non-Coding Genome​

    The human genome: 3 billion base pairs, ~2 meters stretched, packed into a ~5–7 µm nucleus.

    Component% of Genome
    Protein-coding exons4.5%
    Introns (repetitive portion)~24%
    Intergenic (repetitive portion)~28%
    Total repetitive~55%

    The argument: Resonance requires multiple identical units vibrating together. The 55% repetitive fraction — transposons, LINEs, SINEs, other repeats — is the substrate. Non-coding DNA (95.5% total) is not junk; it's the vibrational engine.

    3. The Misinheritability Gap: Twin Studies Overestimate DNA​

    Rempel cites Rupert Sheldrake and argues:
    • Twin studies form the evidence base for high heritability estimates (e.g., schizophrenia claimed at ~80%).
    • Identical twins synchronize in the womb — their DNA vibrationally entrains, making them more similar than genetics alone predicts.
    • This inflates twin-study heritability. True genetic heritability is less than half, often 10–30%.
    • The gap is known but "swept under the carpet" by geneticists because high heritability numbers attract funding.
    • Non-coding DNA resonance contributes significantly to the true heritable fraction. Conservation of non-coding sequences across evolution supports functional importance.

    4. The Model of Consciousness​

    4.1 Universal → Individual Consciousness
    • A universal consciousness exists (present in all cultures, perennial philosophy).
    • Individual consciousness is a fractal fragment of it.
    • DNA is the interface — much of the mind exists outside the body, connected to physical conscious mind through DNA resonance.
    • The external subconscious connects to the internal mind via this vibrational bridge.
    4.2 Reality as Simulation (Inside-Out Rendering)
    • The external world is created from inside out — a "natural simulation," not a computer one.
    • It's structured to protect the illusion of separateness and resist detection.
    • You can have personal experience of this, but sharing/proving it to others is blocked by "protective programs."
    4.3 The Consciousness-Brain Loop
    • Consciousness creates the body → body creates a brain → brain creates consciousness.
    • The dilemma resolves by splitting into universal and individual consciousness.
    • The brain develops individual consciousness through experience, embedded within universal consciousness.

    5. Free Will as Time-Pressure Optimization​

    Free will is not metaphysical magic — it's choice under the pressure of time with incomplete information. Given unlimited time and information, an optimal solution is calculable. The "bump-and-go car" (mechanical toy from the 50s–60s) demonstrates that apparently autonomous choice requires no consciousness at all.

    DNA plays a role in creating the illusion of the flow of time (Rempel has a separate paper on this).

    6. Fractal Rendering & The Mirror​

    • Reality renders as you attend to it — like a multiplayer game world streaming in as each player moves through it.
    • You are a fractal fragment of universal consciousness.
    • What's inside the skin is a fractal mirror transformation of what's outside — related to monism, solipsism, and the hermetic "as above, so below."
    • DNA, morphogenesis, brain, and mind are the four players in this mirror.

    7. The Telepathy Tapes & The Next Branch​

    Rempel points to the Telepathy Tapes (Ky Dickens, ~2024) as a breakthrough:
    • Non-speaking autistic children and adults are reliably telepathic. When taught spelling/typing, the phenomenon becomes measurable.
    • This population is creating a global telepathic network.
    • Rempel frames them as the next branch of human evolution (cf. Strugatsky's "Ugly Swans") — genetically different, possessing innate telepathy.
    • They can teach "neurotypical" people telepathy. Caregivers and teachers now communicate and even teach lessons in silence.
    • Key academic researchers behind this: Diane Hennacy Powell (ESP: The Scientific Case for Psychic Phenomena), Dean Radin (Real Magic), and Rupert Sheldrake (Morphic Resonance).
    Materialism is incomplete. Solving consciousness requires paranormal research and quantum physics.

    8. Polywater & The DNA-Water Dance​

    The Structure
    • DNA is not naked — it wraps around nucleosomes, then tetranucleosomes, then disorderly chromatin. No larger ordered structures are known.
    • DNA is heavily hydrated. The water structure around it is essential and tightly coupled.
    Polywater / Exclusion Zone Water
    • First described by Lippincott (1969), building on Derjaguin's polywater (~1959). Later discarded by mainstream science.
    • Gerald Pollack's "EZ water" — flat, layered water structures — build around charged surfaces.
    • These layers have gaps and canyons that allow electrical neutrality. Filling them creates negative charge. Continuous building and dissolving of the structure = a dance.
    The Hexagonal Conflict
    • Polywater is hexagonal. DNA has hexagonal rings (bases), but the double helix has 10.5 base pairs per turn.
    • 2 turns = 21 steps (7 × 3). This disagreement with hexagonal water symmetry makes DNA "uncomfortable."
    • DNA vibrates and spins, trying to fit into the water structure.
    • This conflict is the basis of life's energy — why we're warm-blooded at 36.6°C: to drive DNA vibration in water.
    • Because DNA is charged, this creates oscillating electromagnetic fields in the nucleus — an acoustic, electric, and electromagnetic dance across many frequencies.
    Pin-Tumbler Lock Model
    • Layers of polywater shift perpendicular to DNA, like pins in a lock.
    • DNA sequence information imprints onto the shifting layers — the sequence determines layer positions.
    • After 2 steps, up to 18+ positions are possible — a rich encoding space.

    9. Transposon Coupling: Verified​

    Rempel tested the hypothesis that similar repetitive sequences (transposons) attract each other in 3D nuclear space:
    • Used public Hi-C / chromatin conformation capture datasets.
    • Built the analysis pipeline via AI-assisted programming.
    • Result: Transposons of the same family (e.g., MIR, L2B, L2C) are enriched near ligation junctions — they come together. Signal fades to background with distance.
    • Some transposons repel each other (e.g., L2 C3N) — equally important.
    • Reproducible across biological replicates and individuals. Submitted for publication.
    This confirms homological coupling — a weak, quantum-mediated attraction between similar DNA sequences in water.

    10. Coherence, Quantum Biology & Health​

    • Quantum entanglement is central to biological signaling (citing Philip Ball and others).
    • Sunlight is coherent → absorbed by eyes and skin → makes us coherent and healthy. Same principle for healthy food.
    • Red light therapy (discovered 1968, FDA-cleared ~2015) works through quantum entanglement, delivering coherence.
    • Meditation, yoga, tai chi, qigong, reiki increase coherence in the mind → coherence in the body → healthier chromatin.
    • Coherence is key to neuroplasticity and neuronal health. Chromatin damage comes from environment and mind — both directions matter.

    11. The Emerging Telepathic Network​

    Three paths converging:
    1. Natural telepathy — spreading from the non-speaking autistic community to neurotypicals.
    2. Synthetic telepathy — helmets using optical quantum entanglement (non-surgical; Neuralink is the surgical fork). Richard Alan Miller wrote about this ~1980–1990.
    3. AI integration — artificial intelligence as a unifying layer, helping connect humans into a coherent network.
    Rempel sees this as inevitable, albeit bumpy.

    12. Vibrational Ecology: The Warning​

    • The entire biosphere is one vibrational system.
    • Genetic manipulation of plants and animals is fully underway. Human genetic manipulation is illegal in most countries but technically trivial — likely already happening.
    • Military interest in genetically engineered soldiers is stated.
    • Modifying DNA without understanding the vibrational ecology damages the collective vibration of humanity.
    • Discovering DNA vibrational ecology is essential for survival.
    Click to expand...
    ","attachments":[],"reactions":[]}]}